Preoperative radiotherapy and curative surgery for the management of localised rectal carcinoma

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2018, Issue 10, 2018, Pages

  Abraha, Iosief ^a   Aristei, Cynthia ^b   Palumbo, Isabella ^b   Lupattelli, Marco ^c   Trastulli, Stefano ^b   Cirocchi, Roberto ^b   De Florio, Rita ^d   Valentini, Vincenzo ^e  

^a Regional Health Authority of Umbria   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^c Perugia General Hospital   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^e FONDAZIONE POLICLINICO UNIVERSITARIO A GEMELLI IRCCS   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANUS SPHINCTER; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DISTANT METASTASIS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; MORBIDITY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECTUM CARCINOMA; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ANAL CANAL; MORTALITY; PATHOLOGY; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECTUM; RECTUM TUMOR; TUMOR RECURRENCE;

ANAL CANAL; DOSE FRACTIONATION, RADIATION; HUMANS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; ORGAN SPARING TREATMENTS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PREOPERATIVE CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RECTAL NEOPLASMS; RECTUM;

EID: 85054350935     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002102.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. Jones DJ, Zaloudik J, James RD, Haboubi N, Moore M, Schofield PF. Predicting local recurrence of carcinoma of the rectum after preoperative radiotherapy and surgery. British Journal of Surgery 1989;76:1172-5. 3204708
2. Marsh PJ, James RD, Schofield PF. Adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma: results of a prospective randomized trial. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1994;37:1205-14. 3204709
3. Marsh PJ, James RD, Schofield PF. Definition of local recurrence after surgery for rectal carcinoma. British Journal of Surgery 1995;82(4):465-8. [MEDLINE: 95338621]3204710
4. Quirke P, Sebag-Montefiore D, Steele R, Khanna S, Monson J, Holliday A, et al. Local recurrence after rectal cancer resection is strongly related to the plane of surgical dissection and is further reduced by pre-operative short course radiotherapy. Preliminary results of the Medical Research Council (MRC) CR07 trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24(18 suppl):3512. 9255656
5. Sebag-Montefiore D, Steele R, Monson J, Couture J, de Metz C, Pugh C, et al. OC-0219 THE MRC CR07 TRIAL NCIC CO16 TRIAL AFTER A MEDIAN FOLLOW UP OF 8 YEARS. OC-0219 THE MRC CR07 TRIAL NCIC CO16 TRIAL AFTER A MEDIAN FOLLOW UP OF 8 YEARS. 103 2012. 9255657
6. Sebag-Montefiore D, Steele R, Quirke P, Grieve R, Khanna S, Monson J, et al. Routine short course pre-op radiotherapy or selective post-op chemoradiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer? Preliminary results of the MRC CR07 randomised trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006, 2006;24(18_suppl):3511. 9255658
7. Sebag-Montefiore D, Steele R, Quirke P, Grieve R, Khanna S, Monson J, et al. Routine short course pre-op radiotherapy or selective post-op chemoradiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer? Preliminary results of the MRC CR07 randomised trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24(suppl 18):3511. 9255659
8. Sebag-Montefiore D, Stephens RJ, Steele R, Monson J, Grieve R, Khanna S, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet 2009;373(9666):811-20. 3204714
9. Stephens RJ, Thompson LC, Quirke P, Steele R, Grieve R, Couture J, et al. Impact of short-course preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer on patients' quality of life: data from the Medical Research Council CR07/National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group C016 randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010;28(27):4233-9. 3204716
10. Adell G, Sun Xiao-Feng, Stal O, Klintenberg C, Sjödahl R. p53 status: an indicator for the effect of preoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology 1999;51:169-74. 3204718
11. Birgisson H, Påhlman L, Gunnarsson U, Glimelius B. Adverse effects of preoperative radiation therapy for rectal cancer: long term follow-up of the Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(34):8697-9705. 3204719
12. Dahlberg M, Glimelius B, Graf W, Påhlman L. Preoperative irradiation affects functional results after surgery for rectal cancer: results from a randomized study. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1998;41(5):543-9. 3204720
13. Dahlberg M, Glimelius B, Påhlman L. Improved survival and reduction in local failure rates after preoperative radiotherapy: evidence for the generalizability of the results of Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Annals of Surgery 1999;229:493-7. 3204721
14. Dahlberg M, Stenborg A, Påhlman L, Glimelius B. Cost-effectiveness of preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer: results from the Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 2002;54(3):654-60. 3204722
15. Folkesson J, Birgisson H, Påhlman L, Cedermark B, Glimeliux B. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: Long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(24):5644-50. 3204723
16. Graf W, Dahlberg M, Osman MM, Holmberg L, Påhlman L, Glimelius B. Short-term preoperative radiotherapy results in down-staging of rectal cancer: a study of 1316 patients. Radiotherapy & Oncology 1997;43(2):133-7. 3204724
17. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;336:980-7. 3204725
18. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Increased 5-years survival after preoperative irradiation in rectal cancer. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 1996;11:128. 3204726
19. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Initial report from a Swedish multicenter study examining the role of preoperative irradiation in the treatment of patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. British Journal of Surgery 1993;80:1333-6. 3204727
20. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Local recurrence rate in a randomised multicentre trial of preoperative radiotherapy compared with operation alone in resectable rectal carcinoma. European Journal of Surgery 1996;162:397-402. 3204729
21. Chen TYT, Wiltink LM, Nout RA, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Laurberg SO, Marijnen CAM, et al. Bowel function 14 years after preoperative short-course radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. Clinical Colorectal Cancer 2015;14(2):106-14. 3204732
22. Kapiteijn E, Kranenbarg EK, Steup WH, Taat CW, Rutten HJ, Wiggers T, et al. Total mesorectal excision (TME) with or without preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of primary rectal cancer. Prospective randomised trial with standard operative and histopathological techniques. Dutch Rectal Cancer Group. European Journal of Surgery 1999;165(5):410-20. 3204733
23. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Putter H, Steup WH, Wiggers T, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(9):690-2. 3204734
24. Kusters M, Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJ, Rutten HJ, Lahaye MJ, Kim JH, et al. Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer; a study of the Dutch TME trial. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2010;36(5):470-6. [PUBMED: 20096534]3204736
25. Lange MM, den Dulk M, Bossema ER, Maas CP, Peeters KC, Rutten HJ, et al. Risk factors for faecal incontinence after rectal cancer treatment. British Journal of Surgery 2007;94(10):1278-84. [PUBMED: 17579345]3204737
26. Marijnen CA, Kapiteijn E, Nagtegaal ID, Mulder-Stapel AA, van de Velde CJH, Schrier P, et al. p53 expression in human rectal tissue after radiotherapy: up regulation in normal mucosa versus functional loss in rectal carcinomas. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 2002;52(3):720-8. 3204741
27. Marijnen CA, Kapiteijn E, van de Velde CJ, Marrtijn H, Steup WH, Wiggers T, et al. Acute side effects and complications after short-term preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2002;20(3):817-25. 3204738
28. Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Kapiteijn E, Kranenbarg EK, Noordijk EM, van de Velde CJH, et al. Radiotherapy does not compensate for positive resection margins in rectal cancer patients: report of a multicenter randomized trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 2003;55(5):1311-20. 3204744
29. Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Klein KE, Hermans J, van de velde CJ, Leer JW, et al. No downstaging after short-term preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2001;19(7):1976-84. 3204740
30. Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJH, Putter H, van den Brink M, Maas CP, Martijn H, et al. Impact of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on health related quality of life and sexual functioning in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(9):1847-58. 3204746
31. Nagtegaal I, van de Velde CJH, Marijnen CA, van Krieken JHJM. Low rectal cancer: a call for a change of approach in abdominoperineal resection. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(36):9257-64. 3204748
32. Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJH, van der Warp E, Kapiteijn E, Quirke P, van Krieken HJM, the Pathology Review Committee for the Cooperative Clinical Investigators of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Macrosopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2002;20(7):1729-34. 3204749
33. Peeters KC, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Kranenbarg EK, Putter H, Wiggers T, et al. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Annals of Surgery 2007;246(5):693-701. [PUBMED: 17968156]3204750
34. van Gijn W, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Kranenbarg EM-K, Putter H, Wiggers T, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial. Lancet Oncology 2011;12(6):575-82. 3204751
35. van den Brink M, Stiggelbout AM, van den Hout WB, Kievit J, Kranenbarg EK, Marijnen CA, et al. Clinical nature and prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer after total mesorectal excision with or without preoperative radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004;22(19):3958-64. 3204752
36. van den Brink M, can den Hout WB, Kievit J, Marijnen AM, Putter H, van de Velde CJH, et al. The impact of diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer on paid and unpaid labor. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2005;48(10):1875-82. 3204753
37. van den Brink M, van den Hout WB, Stiggelbout AM, Kranenbarg EK, Marijnen CAM, van de Velde CJH, et al. Cost-utility analysis of preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer undergoing total mesorectal excision: a study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004;22(2):244-53. 3204754
38. Atif E, Sakr H, Teama S, Zayed D. Effect of radical surgery combined with pre- or postoperative radiotherapy in treatment of resectable rectal cancer. Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;11(7):384-90. 9255660
39. Gerard J, Romestaing P, Chapet O, Ortholan C. Clinical Tumor Response after Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy in Rectal Cancer and Conservative Treatment: Ten Years Results of the Lyon R96-02 Randomized Trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology • Biology • Physics 2011;81(2):S95-6. 9255661
40. Bosset JF, Calais G, Daban A, Berger C, Radosevic-Jelic L, Maingon P, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy versus preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients: assessment of acute toxicity and treatment compliance. Report of the 22921 randomised trial conducted by the EORTC Radiotherapy Group. European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990) 2004;40(2):219-24. [PUBMED: 14728936]9255663
41. Boulis-Wassif S. The role of pre-operative adjuvant therapy in the management of borderline operability rectal cancer. Clinical Radiology 1982;33(3):353-8. 9255665
42. Boulis-Wassif S, Gerard A, Loygue J, Camelot D, Buyse M, Duez N. Final results of a randomized trial on the treatment of rectal cancer with preoperative radiotherapy alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil, followed by radical surgery. Trial of the European Organization on Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. Cancer 1984;53(9):1811-8. [PUBMED: 6423263]9255667
43. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Michalski W, Bebenek M, Pudelko M, et al. Sphincter preservation following preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomised trial comparing short-term radiotherapy vs. conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology: journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2004;72(1):15-24. [PUBMED: 15236870]9255669
44. Bujko K, Richter P, Smith FM, Polkowski W, Szczepkowski M, Rutkowski A, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy and local excision of rectal cancer with immediate radical re-operation for poor responders: a prospective multicentre study. Radiotherapy and Oncology: journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2013;106(2):198-205. [PUBMED: 23333016]3204758
45. Camma C, Giunta M, Fiorica F, Pagliaro L, Craxi A, Cottone M. Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: a metaanalysis. JAMA 2000;284(8):1008-15. 3204760
46. CCCG, Colorectal Cancer Collaborative Group. Adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a systematic review of 8507 patients from 22 randomized trials. Lancet 2001;358(9290):1291-304. 3204762
47. Cedermark B, Johansson H, Rutqvist LE, Wilking N for the Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group. The Stockholm I Trial of preoperative short term radiotherapy in operable rectal carcinoma. Cancer 1995;75:2269-75. 3204764
48. Cedermark B, Theve NO, Rieger A. Preoperative short-term radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma: a preliminary report of a prospective randomized study. Cancer 1985;55:1182-5. 3204765
49. Holm T, Cedermark B, Rutqvist LE. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma after "curative" surgery with and without preoperative radiotherapy. British Journal of Surgery 1994;81:452-5. 3204766
50. Holm T, Johansson H, Cedermark B, Ekelund G, Rutqvist LE. Influence of hospital and surgeon related factors on outcome after treatment of rectal cancer with or without preoperative radiotherapy. British Journal of Surgery 1997;84(5):657-63. 3204767
51. Holm T, Rutqvist LE, Johansson H, Cedermark B. Abdominoperineal resection and anterior resection in the treatment of rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 1995;82:1213-6. 3204768
52. Holm T, Rutqvist LE, Johansson H, Cedermark B. Postoperative mortality in rectal cancer treated with or without preoperative radiotherapy: causes and risk factors. British Journal of Surgery 1996;83:964-8. 3204769
53. Pollack J, Holm T, Cedermark B, Holmström B, Mellgren A. Long-term effect of preoperative radiation therapy on anorectal function. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2006;49(3):345-52. 3204770
54. Stockholm Rectal Cancer Study Group. Preoperative short-term radiation therapy in operable rectal carcinoma. Cancer 1990;66:49-55. 3204771
55. Stockholm Rectal Cancer Study Group. Short -term preoperative radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum: an interim analysis of a randomized muticenter trial. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 1987;10(5):369-75. 3204772
56. Ceelen W, Pattyn P, Boterberg T, Peeters M. Preoperative combined modality therapy in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2005;32:259-68. 3204774
57. Cummings BJ. Radiation therapy and rectal carcinoma: The Princess Margaret Hospital experience. British Journal of Surgery 1985;72 Suppl:S64-6. 3204776
58. Dahl O, Horn A, Mella O. Do acute side-effects during radiotherapy predict tumour response in rectal carcinoma?. Acta Oncologica 1994;33(4):409-13. [MEDLINE: 94289050]3204778
59. Dahl O, Horn A, Morild I, Halvorsen JF, Odland G, Reinertsen S, et al. Low-dose preoperative radiation postpones recurrences in operable rectal cancer: results of a randomized multicenter trial in western Norway. Cancer 1990;66:2286-94. 3204779
60. Horn A, Halvorsen JF, Dahl O. Preoperative radiotherapy in operable rectal cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1990;33:823-8. 3204780
61. Horn A, Morild I, Dahl O. Tumor shrinkage and down staging after preoperative radiation of rectal adenocarcinomas. Radiotherapy & Oncology 1990;18:19-28. 3204781
62. Dubois JB, Bussieres E, Richaud P, Rouanet P, Becouarn Y, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, et al. Intra-operative radiotherapy of rectal cancer: results of the French multi-institutional randomized study. Radiotherapy and Oncology: journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2011;98(3):298-303. [PUBMED: 21339010]3204783
63. Erlandsson J, Holm T, Pettersson D, Berglund A, Cedermark B, Radu C, et al. Optimal fractionation of preoperative radiotherapy and timing to surgery for rectal cancer (Stockholm III): a multicentre, randomised, non-blinded, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncology 2017;18(3):336-46. [PUBMED: 28190762]9255671
64. Figueredo A, Zuraw L, Wong RKS, Agboola O, Rumble B, Tandan V, members of the CCO's Program in Evidence Based Care's Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group. The use of preoperative radiotherapy in the management of patients with clinically resectable rectal cancer: a practice guideline. BioMed Central 2003;1:1. 3204785
65. Francois E, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S, Jarlier M, Martel-Laffay I, Hennequin C, et al. Results in the elderly with locally advanced rectal cancer from the ACCOR12/PRODIGE 2 phase III trial: tolerance and efficacy. Radiotherapy & Oncology 2014;110(1):144-9. 3204787
66. Frykholm GJ, Glimelius B, Påhlman L. Preoperative or postoperative irradiation in adenocarcinoma of the rectum: final treatment results of a randomized trial and an evaluation of late secondary effects. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1993;36(6):564-72. [PUBMED: 8500374]9255673
67. Frykholm GJ, Påhlman L, Glimelius B. Combined chemo and radiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in the treatment of primary, non resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 2001;50(2):427-34. 3204789
68. Gerard A, Berrod J-L, Pene F, Loygue J, Laugier A, Bruckner R, et al. Interim analysis of a phase III study on preoperative radiation therapy in resectable rectal carcinoma. Cancer 1985;55:2373-9. 9255675
69. Gerard A, Berrod JL, Pene F, Loygue J, Laugier A, Bruckner R. Preoperative radiotherapy and radical surgery as combined treatment in rectal cancer. Recent Results in Cancer Research 1988;110:130-3. 9255676
70. Gerard A, Buyse M, Nordlinger B, Loygue J, Pene F, Kempf P, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment in rectal cancer: final results of a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Annals of Surgery 1988;208(5):606-14. 9255677
71. Kutzner J, Bruckner R, Kempf P. Preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Strahlentherapie 1984;160:236-8. 9255678
72. Metzger U, Magdeburg W, Largiader F. Preliminary radiation for rectal carcinoma. Results of a randomised European multicenter study. Helvetica Chimica Acta 1985;52:707-11. 9255679
73. Gerard JP, Chapet O, Nemoz C, Hartweig J, Romestaing P, Coquard R, et al. Improved sphincter preservation in low rectal cancer with high-dose preoperative radiotherapy: the Lyon R96-02 randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004;22(12):2404-9. [PUBMED: 15197202]9255681
74. Gerard J, Romestaing P, Chapet O, Ortholan C. Clinical tumor response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer and conservative treatment: ten years results of the Lyon R96-02 Randomized Trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology* Physics 2011;81(2):S95-6. 9255683
75. Gérard J-P, Ortholan C, Chapet O, Romestaing P. Ten-year results of the Lyon R96-2 randomized trial in distal rectal cancer: radiation dose escalation to increase organ preservation. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;30(Suppl 4):Abstract 556. 3204799
76. Glehen O, Chapet O, Adham M, Nemoz JC, Gerard J-P. Long-term results of the Lyons R90-01 randomized trial of preoperative radiotherapy with delayed surgery and its effect on sphincter-saving surgery in rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 2003;90(8):996-8. [PUBMED: 12905554]9255685
77. Goldberg PA, Nicholls RJ. Prediction of local recurrence and survival of carcinoma of the rectum by surgical and histopathological assessment of local clearance. British Journal of Surgery 1995;82(8):1054-6. 9255688
78. Goldberg PA, Nicholls RJ, Porter NH, Love S, Grimsey JE. Long term results of a randomised trial of short course low-dose adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: reduction in local treatment failure. European Journal of Cancer 1994;30A(11):1602-6. 9255687
79. Porter NH, Nicholls RJ. Pre-operative radiotherapy in operable rectal cancer: interim report of a trial carried out by the Rectal Cancer Group. British Journal of Surgery 1985;72 Suppl:62-4. 9255689
80. Guckenberger M, Saur G, Wehner D, Sweeney RA, Thalheimer A, Germer CT, et al. Comparison of preoperative short-course radiotherapy and long-course radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie: Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft. [et al] 2012;188(7):551-7. [PUBMED: 22638934]3204805
81. Gunderson LL, Haddock MG, Schild SE. Preoperative versus postoperative irradiation as a component of adjuvant treatment. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 2003;13(4):419-32. 3204807
82. Higgins GA, Conn JH, Jordan PH, Humphrey EW, Roswit B, Keehn RJ. Preoperative radiotherapy for colorectal cancer. Annals of Surgery 1975;181(5):624-30. 3204809
83. Higgins GA, Humphrey EW, Dwight RW, Roswit B, Lee LE, Keehn RJ. Preoperative radiation and surgery for cancer of the rectum: Veterans Administration Surgical Oncology Group Trial II. Cancer 1986;58:352-9. 3204811
84. Illenyi L, Grexa E, Gecser G, Kott I. Local recurrence of rectal cancer following preoperative irradiation. Acta Chirurgica Hungarica 1994;34(3-4):333-47. 3204855
85. Kim TW, Lee JH, Lee JH, Ahn JH, Kang YK, Lee KH, et al. Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant therapy in Stage II and III rectal cancer to define the optimal sequence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy: 10-year follow-up. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 2011;81(4):1025-31. [PUBMED: 20932669]3204813
86. Kimura K, Tuchiya S, Yasutomi M, Ohkawa T, Hirose T, Tani C, et al. Comparison of surgical therapy and combined irradiation in rectal cancer. First report, Effect of irradiation on the tumor. Japanese Journal of Cancer and Chemotherapy 1989;16(9):3161-72. 3204857
87. Kligerman MM, Urdaneta N, Knowlton A, Vidone R, Hartman PV, Vera R. Preoperative irradiation of rectosigmoid carcinoma including its regional lymph nodes. American Journal of Roentgenology 1972;114:498-503. 3204815
88. Latkauskas T, Pauzas H, Gineikiene I, Janciauskiene R, Juozaityte E, Saladzinskas Z, et al. Initial results of a randomized controlled trial comparing clinical and pathological downstaging of rectal cancer after preoperative short-course radiotherapy or long-term chemoradiotherapy, both with delayed surgery. Colorectal Disease: the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland 2012;14(3):294-8. [PUBMED: 21899712]3204817
89. MRC Working Party. A trial of preoperative radiotherapy in the management of operable rectal cancer: first report of an MRC Working Party. British Journal of Surgery 1982;69:513-9. 9255691
90. MRC Working Party. Clinico-pathological features of prognostic significance in operable rectal cancer in 17 centers in the U.K.: third report of an MRC Working Party. British Journal of Cancer 1984;50:435-42. 9255692
91. MRC Working Party. The evaluation of low dose pre-operative X-ray therapy in the management of operable rectal cancer; results of a randomly controlled trial: second report of an MRC Working Party. British Journal of Surgery 1984;71:21-5. 9255693
92. Medical Research Council Rectal Cancer Working Party. Randomized trial of surgery alone versus radiotherapy followed by surgery for potentially operable locally advanced rectal cancer. Lancet 1996;348:1605-10. 3204823
93. Ngan SY, Burmeister B, Fisher RJ, Solomon M, Goldstein D, Joseph D, et al. Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial 01.04. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;30(31):3827-33. [PUBMED: 23008301]3204825
94. Niebel W, Schulz U, Ried M, Erhard J, Beersiek F, Blocher G, et al. Five year results of a prospective and randomized study: experience with combined radiotherapy and surgery of primary rectal carcinoma. Recent Results in Cancer Research 1988;110:111-3. 3204827
95. Parc Y, Zutshi M, Zalinski S, Ruppert R, Furst A, Fazio VW. Preoperative radiotherapy is associated with worse functional results after coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2009;52(12):2004-14. 3204829
96. Herrmann T, Petersen S, Hellmich G, Baumann M, Ludwig K. Delayed toxicity of brief preoperative irradiation and risk-adjusted postoperative radiotherapy of operative rectal carcinoma. Results of a randomized prospective study. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 1999;175(9):430-6. 3204831
97. Petersen S, Baumann M, Hellmich G, Herrmann Th, Ludwig K. Preoperative short-term radiotherapy of rectal cancer: results of a prospective randomised trial. The European Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1998; Vol. 48:S1-240. 3204832
98. Petersen S, Hellmich G, Baumann M, Herrmann T, Henke G, Ludwig K. Brief preoperative radiotherapy in surgical therapy of rectal carcinoma. Chirurg 1998;69(7):759-65. 3204833
99. Pettersson D, Lorinc E, Holm T, Iversen H, Cedermark B, Glimelius B, et al. Tumour regression in the randomized Stockholm III Trial of radiotherapy regimens for rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 2015;102(8):972-8. 3204835
100. Reis Neto JA, Quilici FA, Reis JA Jr. A comparison of nonoperative vs preoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma: a 10 year randomized trial. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1989;32:702-10. 3204837
101. Rider WD, Palmer JA, Mahoney LJ, Robertson CT. Preoperative irradiation in operable cancer of the rectum: report of the Toronto Trial. Canadian Journal of Surgery 1977;20(4):335-8. 3204839
102. Rouanet P, Rivoire M, Lelong B, Rullier E, Dravet F, Mineur L, et al. Sphincter preserving surgery after preoperative treatment for ultra-low rectal carcinoma. A French multicenter prospective trial: GRECCAR 1. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24(suppl 18):3527. 9255694
103. Sause WT, Pajak TF, Noyes RD, Dobelbower R, Fischbach J, Doggett S, et al. Evaluation of preoperative radiation therapy in operable colorectal cancer. Annals of Surgery 1994;220(5):668-75. 3204843
104. Cedermark B. The Stockholm II trial on preoperative short term radiotherapy in operable rectal carcinoma: a prospective randomised trial. Proceedings of the American Society for Clinical Oncology 1994;14:198. 3204859
105. Holm T, Johannson H, Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B. Tumor location and the effects of preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 2001;88:839-43. 3204860
106. Holm T, Rutqvist LE, Johansson H, Cedermark B. Abdominoperineal resection and anterior resection in the treatment of rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 1995;82:1213-6. 3204861
107. Holm T, Rutqvist LE, Johansson H, Cedermark B. Postoperative mortality in rectal cancer treated with or without preoperative radiotherapy: causes and risk factors. British Journal of Surgery 1996;83:964-8. 3204862
108. Martling A, Holm T, Johansson H, Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B, the Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group. The Stockholm II trial on preoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma - long term follow up of a population based study. Cancer 2001;92:896-902. 3204863
109. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Randomized study on preoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma. Annals of Surgical Oncology 1996;3(5):423-30. 3204864
110. Stockholm Rectal Cancer Study Group. Preoperative short-term radiation therapy in operable rectal carcinoma. Cancer 1990;66:49-55. 3204865
111. Valentini V, Coco C, Minsky BD, Gambacorta MA, Cosimelli M, Bellavita R, et al. Randomized, multicenter, phase IIb study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in T3 mid-distal rectal cancer: raltitrexed + oxaliplatin + radiotherapy versus cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil + radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 2008;70(2):403-12. [PUBMED: 17919844]3204845
112. You QS, Wang RZ, Suen GQ, Yan FC, Gao YJ, Cui SR, et al. Combination preoperative radiation and endocavitary hyperthermia for rectal cancer: long term results of 44 patients. International Journal of Hyperthermia 1993;9:19-24. 3204847
113. Zehra F, Siddiqui MRS, Andrews KG, Faiz O, Jalaludin B, Warusavitarne J. Rectal dysfunction and QOL in patients after curative treatment for rectal cancer. Colorectal Disease 2015;17:45. 3204849
114. Abraha I, Cherubini A, Cozzolino F, De Florio R, Luchetta ML, Rimland JM, et al. Deviation from intention to treat analysis in randomised trials and treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2015;350:h2445. [PUBMED: 26016488]
115. Abraha I, Cozzolino F, Orso M, Marchesi M, Germani A, Lombardo G, et al. A systematic review found that deviations from intention-to-treat are common in randomized trials and systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2017;84:37-46. [PUBMED: 28088592]
116. Adam IJ, Mohamdee MO, Martin IG, Scott N, Finan PJ, Johnston D, et al. Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer. Lancet 1994;344(8924):707-11. [PUBMED: 7915774]
117. Aschele C, Cionini L, Lonardi S, Pinto C, Cordio S, Rosati G, et al. Primary tumor response to preoperative chemoradiation with or without oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: pathologic results of the STAR-01 randomized phase III trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(20):2773-80. [PUBMED: 21606427]
118. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):401-6. [PUBMED: 21208779]
119. Beets-Tan RG. MRI in rectal cancer: the T stage and circumferential resection margin. Colorectal Disease 2003;5(5):392-5. [PUBMED: 12925068]
120. Beets-Tan RG, Lettinga T, Beets GL. Pre-operative imaging of rectal cancer and its impact on surgical performance and treatment outcome. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2005;31(6):681-8. [PUBMED: 16023947]
121. Benson AB 3rd, Venook AP, Bekaii-Saab T, Chan E, Chen YJ, Cooper HS, et al. Rectal Cancer, Version 2.2015. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2015;13(6):719-28; quiz 728. [PUBMED: 26085388]
122. Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, Mineur L, Maingon P, Radosevic-Jelic L, et al. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355(11):1114-23. [PUBMED: 16971718]
123. Boulis-Wassif S, Langenhorst BL, Hop WCJ. The contribution of preoperative radiotherapy in the management of borderline rectal cancer. Adjuvant Therapy of Cancer. Vol. II, Grune & Stratton, 1979:613-20.
124. Braendengen M, Tveit KM, Berglund A, Birkemeyer E, Frykholm G, Pahlman L, et al. Randomized phase III study comparing preoperative radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy in nonresectable rectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008;26(22):3687-94. [PUBMED: 18669453]
125. Brenner H, Kloor M, Pox CP. Colorectal cancer. Lancet 2014;383(9927):1490-502. [PUBMED: 24225001]
126. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Michalski W, Bebenek M, Kryj M. Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 2006;93(10):1215-23. [PUBMED: 16983741]
127. Cai Y, Li Z, Gu X, Fang Y, Xiang J, Chen Z. Prognostic factors associated with locally recurrent rectal cancer following primary surgery (Review). Oncology Letters 2014;7(1):10-6. [PUBMED: 24348812]
128. Caricato M, Borzomati D, Ausania F, Valeri S, Rosignoli A, Coppola R. Prognostic factors after surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer: an overview. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2006;32(2):126-32. [PUBMED: 16377120]
129. Chan AW, Hrobjartsson A, Haahr MT, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG. Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: comparison of protocols to published articles. JAMA 2004;291(20):2457-65. [PUBMED: 15161896]
130. Chen TYT, Wiltink LM, Nout RA, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Laurberg S, Marijnen CA, et al. Bowel function 14 years after preoperative short-course radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. Clinical Colorectal Cancer 2015;14(2):106-14.
131. Cummings B, Rider W, Harwood A, Keane T, Thomas G. Radical external beam radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1982;26:30-6.
132. De Caluwe L, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Ceelen WP. Preoperative chemoradiation versus radiation alone for stage II and III resectable rectal cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006041.pub3]
133. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 1986; Vol. 7, issue 3:177-88.
134. Dukes CE. The classification of cancer of the rectum. Journal of Pathological Bacteriology 1932;35:323.
135. Enker WE. Total Mesorectal Excision - The new golden standard of surgery for rectal cancer. Annals of Medicine 1997;29:127-33.
136. Enker WE, Merchant N, Cohen AM, Lanouette NM, Swallow C, Guillem J, et al. Safety and efficacy of low anterior resection for rectal cancer: 681 consecutive cases from a specialty service. Annals of Surgery 1999;230(4):544-52; discussion 552-4. [PUBMED: 10522724]
137. Eu KW, Seow-Choen F, Ho JM, Ho YH, Leong AF. Local recurrence following rectal resection for cancer. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1998;43(6):393-6. [PUBMED: 9990786]
138. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International Journal of Cancer 2015;136(5):E359-86. [PUBMED: 25220842]
139. Fernandez-Esparrach G, Ayuso-Colella JR, Sendino O, Pages M, Cuatrecasas M, Pellise M, et al. EUS and magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of rectal cancer: a prospective and comparative study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2011;74(2):347-54. [PUBMED: 21802588]
140. Fiorica F, Cartei F, Licata A, Enea M, Ursino S, Colosimo C, et al. Can chemotherapy concomitantly delivered with radiotherapy improve survival of patients with resectable rectal cancer? A meta-analysis of literature data. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2010;36(7):539-49. [PUBMED: 20334979]
141. Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rockette H, Redmond C, Deutsch M, Wickerham DL, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP protocol R-01. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1988;80(1):21-9. [PUBMED: 3276900]
142. Folkesson J, Birgisson H, Påhlman L, Cedermark B, Glimelius B, Gunnarsson U. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(24):5644-50. [PUBMED: 16110023]
143. Francois Y, Nemoz CJ, Baulieux J, Vignal J, Grandjean JP, Partensky C, et al. Influence of the interval between preoperative radiation therapy and surgery on downstaging and on the rate of sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer: the Lyon R90-01 randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999;17(8):2396. [PUBMED: 10561302]
144. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;312(23):1465-72. [PUBMED: 2859523]
145. Gerard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F, Bouche O, Chapet O, Closon-Dejardin MT, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24(28):4620-5. [PUBMED: 17008704]
146. Gilbert SG. Symptomatic local tumor failure following abdomino-perineal resection. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 1978;4(9-10):801-7. [PUBMED: 711549]
147. Glimelius B, Grönberg H, Jarhult J, Wallgren A, Cavallin-Stahl E. A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in rectal cancer. Acta Oncologica 2003;42(5-6):476-92.
148. Glimelius B, Holm T, Blomqvist L. Chemotherapy in addition to preoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer - a systematic overview. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials 2008;3(3):204-11. [PUBMED: 18782078]
149. Glimelius B, Tiret E, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology 2013;24 Suppl 6:vi81-8. [PUBMED: 24078665]
150. Goldberg S, Klas JV. Total mesorectal excision in the treatment of rectal cancer: a view from the USA. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 1998;15:87-90.
151. Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery - the clue to pelvic recurrence?. British Journal of Surgery 1982;69(10):613-6. [PUBMED: 6751457]
152. Heald RJ, Ryall RD. Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 1986;1(8496):1479-82. [PUBMED: 2425199]
153. Higgins JPT, Green S. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org 2011.
154. Holm T, Cedermark B, Rutqvist LE. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma after 'curative' surgery with and without preoperative radiotherapy. British Journal of Surgery 1994;81:452-5.
155. Krook JE, Moertel CG, Gunderson LL, Wieand HS, Collins RT, Beart RW, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 1991;324(11):709-15. [PUBMED: 1997835]
156. Law WL, Chu KW. Anterior resection for rectal cancer with mesorectal excision: a prospective evaluation of 622 patients. Annals of Surgery 2004;240(2):260-8. [PUBMED: 15273550]
157. Lipska MA, Bissett IP, Parry BR, Merrie AE. Anastomotic leakage after lower gastrointestinal anastomosis: men are at a higher risk. ANZ journal of surgery 2006;76(7):579-85. [PUBMED: 16813622]
158. Macura A, Abraha I, Kirkham J, Gensini GF, Moja L, Iorio A. Selective outcome reporting: telling and detecting true lies. The state of the science. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2010;5(2):151-5. [PUBMED: 20300879]
159. Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, van den Brink M, Maas CP, Martijn H, et al. Impact of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on health-related quality of life and sexual functioning in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(9):1847-58. [PUBMED: 15774778]
160. Matthiessen P, Hallbook O, Andersson M, Rutegard J, Sjödahl R. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after anterior resection of the rectum. Colorectal Disease: the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland 2004;6(6):462-9. [PUBMED: 15521937]
161. Mauvais F, Sabbagh C, Brehant O, Viart L, Benhaim T, Fuks D, et al. The current abdominoperineal resection: oncological problems and surgical modifications for low rectal cancer. Journal of Visceral Surgery 2011;148(2):e85-93. [PUBMED: 21481666]
162. McCall JL, Cox MR, Wattchow DA. Analysis of local recurrence rates after surgery alone for rectal cancer. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 1995;10(3):126-32. [PUBMED: 7561427]
163. Mendenhall WM, Million RR, Pfaff WW. Patterns of recurrence in adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid treated with surgery alone: implications in treatment planning with adjuvant radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 1983;9(7):977-85. [PUBMED: 6863077]
164. Miles WE. A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon. Lancet 1908;2:1812-3.
165. Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Corporation, 2010.
166. Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P. What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer?. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008;26(2):303-12. [PUBMED: 18182672]
167. NIH consensus conference 1990. NIH consensus conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 1990;264(11):1444-50. [PUBMED: 2202842]
168. Ooi BS, Tjandra JJ, Green M. Morbidities of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer. An overview. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1999;42:403-18.
169. Pakkastie TE, Luukkonen PE, Jarvinen HJ. Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection of the rectum. European Journal of Surgery (Acta Chirurgica) 1994;160(5):293-7; discussion 299-300. [PUBMED: 8075199]
170. Park SH, Lee JH, Lee SS, Kim JC, Yu CS, Kim HC, et al. CT colonography for detection and characterisation of synchronous proximal colonic lesions in patients with stenosing colorectal cancer. Gut 2012;61(12):1716-22. [PUBMED: 22115824]
171. Parmar MKB, Torri V, Stewart L. Extracting summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints. Statistics in Medicine. 17 1998; Vol. 17:2815-34.
172. Perez CA, Brady LW. Chapter 1. Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
173. Perry BW, Connaughton CJ. Abdominoperineal resection: how is it done and what are the results?. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2007;20(3):213-20.
174. Petersen SH, Harling H, Kirkeby LT, Wille-Jørgensen P, Mocellin S. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in rectal cancer operated for cure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004078.pub2]
175. Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Reddy JB, Choudhary A, Antillon MR, Brugge WR. How good is endoscopic ultrasound in differentiating various T stages of rectal cancer? Meta-analysis and systematic review. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2009;16(2):254-65. [PUBMED: 19018597]
176. Quirke P, Durdey P, Dixon MF, Williams NS. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision. Lancet 1986;2(8514):996-9. [PUBMED: 2430152]
177. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
178. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, Rodel C, Wittekind C, Fietkau R, et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;351(17):1731-40. [PUBMED: 15496622]
179. Savovic J, Jones H, Altman D, Harris R, Juni P, Pildal J, et al. Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomised controlled trials: combined analysis of meta-epidemiological studies. Health Technology Assessment 2012;16(35):1-82. [PUBMED: 22989478]
180. Schulz KF, Grimes DA, Altman DG, Hayes RJ. Blinding and exclusions after allocation in randomised controlled trials: survey of published parallel group trials in obstetrics and gynaecology. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1996;312(7033):742-4. [PUBMED: 8605459]
181. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11. Presenting results and 'Summary of findings' tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
182. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
183. Siegel R, Burock S, Wernecke KD, Kretzschmar A, Dietel M, Loy V, et al. Preoperative short-course radiotherapy versus combined radiochemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: a multi-centre prospectively randomised study of the Berlin Cancer Society. BMC Cancer 2009;9:50. [PUBMED: 19200365]
184. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2012;62(4):220-41. [PUBMED: 22700443]
185. Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz M, Wittekind C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 7th Edition. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
186. Stephens RJ, Thompson LC, Quirke P, Steele R, Grieve R, Couture J, et al. Impact of short-course preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer on patients' quality of life: data from the Medical Research Council CR07/National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group C016 randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010;28(27):4233-9. [PUBMED: 20585099]
187. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D. Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
188. Stewart DB, Dietz DW. Total mesorectal excision: what are we doing?. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2007;20(3):190-202. [PUBMED: 20011200]
189. Sun Z, Adam MA, Kim J, Shenoi M, Migaly J, Mantyh CR. Optimal timing to surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2016;222(4):367-74. [PUBMED: 26897480]
190. Swartling T, Kalebo P, Derwinger K, Gustavsson B, Kurlberg G. Stage and size using magnetic resonance imaging and endosonography in neoadjuvantly-treated rectal cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013;19(21):3263-71. [PUBMED: 23745028]
191. Tanis PJ, Doeksen A, van Lanschot JJB. Intentionally curative treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer: a systematic review. Canadian Journal of Surgery 2013;56(2):135-44.
192. Tierney JF, Stewart LA, Ghersi D, Burdett S, Sydes MR. Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis. Trials 2007;8:16. [PUBMED: 17555582]
193. Twomey P, Burchell M, Strawn D, Guernsey J. Local control in rectal cancer. A clinical review and meta-analysis. Archives of Surgery 1989;124:1174-9.
194. Valentini V, Aristei C, Glimelius B, Minsky BD, Beets-Tan R, Borras JM, et al. Multidisciplinary Rectal Cancer Management: 2nd European Rectal Cancer Consensus Conference (EURECA-CC2). Radiotherapy and Oncology 2009;92(2):148-63. [PUBMED: 19595467]
195. van de Velde CJ, Aristei C, Boelens PG, Beets-Tan RG, Blomqvist L, Borras JM, et al. EURECCA colorectal: multidisciplinary mission statement on better care for patients with colon and rectal cancer in Europe. European Journal of Cancer 2013;49(13):2784-90. [PUBMED: 23769991]
196. van de Velde CJ, Boelens PG, Borras JM, Coebergh JW, Cervantes A, Blomqvist L, et al. EURECCA colorectal: Multidisciplinary management: European consensus conference colon & rectum. European Journal of Cancer 2014;50(1):1.e1-34. [PUBMED: 24183379]
197. van den Brink M, van den Hout WB, Kievit J, Marijnen CA, Putter H, van de Velde CJ, et al. The impact of diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer on paid and unpaid labor. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2005;48(10):1875-82. [PUBMED: 16175329]
198. Viani GA, Stefano EJ, Soares FV, Afonso SL. Evaluation of biologic effective dose and schedule of fractionation for preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: meta-analyses and meta-regression. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 2011;80(4):985-91. [PUBMED: 20615619]
199. Walz BJ, Green MR, Lindstrom ER, Butcher HR Jr. Anatomical prognostic factors after abdominal perineal resection. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 1981;7(4):477-84. [PUBMED: 7251417]
200. Wiig JN, Søreide O. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a view from Europe. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 1998;15(2):78-86.
201. Wong CS, Cummings BJ, Brierley MB, Catton CN, McLean M, Catton P, et al. Treatment of locally recurrent rectal carcinoma - results and prognostic factors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology * Biology * Physics 1998;40(2):427-35.
202. Wong R, Figueredo A, Tandan V. Pre-operative radiotherapy and curative surgery for the management of localized rectal carcinoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000, issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002102; CD002102]
203. Wood L, Egger M, Gluud LL, Schulz KF, Juni P, Altman DG, et al. Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2008;336(7644):601-5. [PUBMED: 18316340]
204. Wong RK, Tandan V, De Silva S, Figueredo A. Pre-operative radiotherapy and curative surgery for the management of localized rectal carcinoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002102.pub2]