Unpacking open innovation neighborhoods: le milieu of the lean smart city

Management Decision

Volumn 56, Issue 6, 2018, Pages 1247-1270

  Dezi, Luca ^a   Pisano, Paola ^b   Pironti, Marco ^b   Papa, Armando ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES PARTHENOPE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^c LINK CAMPUS UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Citizen s engagement; External knowledge; Job to be done; Lean methodology; Open innovation; Smart city

Indexed keywords

EID: 85043452501     PISSN: 00251747     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/MD-04-2017-0407     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Adler, P.S. and Kwon, S. (2002), “Social capital: prospects for a new concept”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 17-40.
2. Almirall, E., Lee, M. and Majchrzak, A. (2014), “Open innovation requires integrated competition-community ecosystems: lessons learned from civic open innovation”, Business Horizons, Vol. 57 No. 3, pp. 391-400.
3. Alves, H. (2013), “Co-creation and innovation in public services”, The Service Industries Journal, Vol. 33 Nos 7-8, pp. 671-682.
4. Angelidou, M. (2015), “Smart cities: a conjuncture of four forces”, Cities, Vol. 47 No. 9, pp. 95-106.
5. Arnheiter, E.D. and Maleyeff, J. (2005), “The integration of lean management and Six Sigma”, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 5-18.
6. Bakıcı, T., Almirall, E. and Wareham, J. (2013), “A smart city initiative: the case of Barcelona”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 135-148.
7. Barbuto, J.E. Jr (2005), “Motivation and transactional, charismatic, and transformational leadership: a test of antecedents”, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 26-40.
8. Bettencourt, L.A. and Ulwick, A.W. (2008), “The customer-centered innovation map”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 86 No. 5, p. 109.
9. Boselie, P., Paauwe, J. and Jansen, P. (2001), “Human resource management and performance: lessons from the Netherlands”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 12 No. 7, pp. 1107-1125.
10. Bresciani, S., Del Giudice, M. and Papa, A. (2017), “Public control and strategic governance in state-owned public utilities: empirical evidence from Italian listed firms”, Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, Vol. 102.
11. Caetano, M. and Amaral, D.C. (2011), “Roadmapping for technology push and partnership: a contribution for open innovation environments”, Technovation, Vol. 31 No. 7, pp. 320-335.
12. Campanella, F., Della Peruta, M.R., Bresciani, S. and Dezi, L. (2017), “Quadruple Helix and firms’ performance: an empirical verification in Europe”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 267-284.
13. Campbell, T. (2013), Beyond Smart Cities: How Cities Network, Learn and Innovate, Routledge, New York, NY.
14. Carayannis, E.G. and Alexander, J. (1999), “Winning by co-opeting in strategic government-university-industry R&D partnerships: the power of complex, dynamic knowledge networks”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 24 Nos 2-3, pp. 197-210.
15. Carayannis, E.G. and Campbell, D.F. (2011), “Open innovation diplomacy and a 21st century fractal research, education and innovation (FREIE) ecosystem: building on the quadruple and quintuple helix innovation concepts and the ‘mode 3’ knowledge production system”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 2 No. 3, p. 327.
16. Carayannis, E.G. and Campbell, D.F. (2012), “Mode 3 knowledge production in quadruple helix innovation systems”, Mode 3 Knowledge Production in Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 1-63.
17. Carayannis, E.G. and Rakhmatullin, R. (2014), “The quadruple/quintuple innovation helixes and smart specialisation strategies for sustainable and inclusive growth in Europe and beyond”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 212-239.
18. Carayannis, E.G., Grigoroudis, E., Sindakis, S. and Walter, C. (2014), “Business model innovation as antecedent of sustainable enterprise excellence and resilience”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 440-463.
19. Carayannis, E.G., Rogers, E.M., Kurihara, K. and Allbritton, M.M. (1998), “High-technology spin-offs from government R&D laboratories and research universities”, Technovation, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 1-11.
20. Cautela, C., Pisano, P. and Pironti, M. (2014), “The emergence of new networked business models from technology innovation: an analysis of 3-D printing design enterprises”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 487-501.
21. Chaston, I. and Scott, G.J. (2012), “Entrepreneurship and open innovation in an emerging economy”, Management Decision, Vol. 50 No. 7, pp. 1161-1177.
22. Chesbrough, H. (2003), Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA.
23. Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. (2014), New Frontiers in Open Innovation, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
24. Chesbrough, H.W. (2007), “Why companies should have open business models”, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 48 No. 2, p. 22.
25. Choi, B., Poon, S.K. and Davis, J.G. (2008), “Effects of knowledge management strategy on organizational performance: a complementarity theory-based approach”, Omega, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 235-251.
26. Cisco (2000), available at: www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/annual-reports/annual-report-2000.html
27. CISCO (2010a), “Smart + connected communities; changing a city, a country, the world”, available at: www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/industries/smart-connectedcommunities.html (accessed November 12, 2016).
28. CISCO (2010b), “Smart + connected life”, Shanghai, available at: www.cisco.com/web/CN/expo/pdf/Smart_Connected_Life_Guide_EN.pdf (accessed January 13, 2017).
29. Curry, E., Dustdar, S., Sheng, Q.Z. and Sheth, A. (2016), “Smart cities – enabling services and applications”, Journal of Internet Services and Applications, Vol. 7 No. 6, pp. 1-3.
30. Damanpour, F. (1991), “Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 555-590.
31. Dameri, R.P. (2014), “Comparing smart and digital cities: initiatives and strategies in Amsterdam and Genoa. Are they digital and/or smart?”, in Dameri, R.P. and Rosenthal-Sabroux, C. (Eds), Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space, Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg, pp. 24-88.
32. Del Giudice, M. and Della Peruta, M.R. (2013), Unpacking Open: Highlights from a Co-Evolutionary Inquiry, Springer, New York, NY.
33. Del Giudice, M. and Della Peruta, M.R. (2016), “The impact of IT-based knowledge management systems on internal venturing and innovation: a structural equation modeling approach to corporate performance”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 484-498.
34. Del Giudice, M. and Maggioni, V. (2014), “Managerial practices and operative directions of knowledge management within inter-firm networks: a global view”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 841-846.
35. Del Giudice, M. and Straub, D. (2011), “Editor’s comments: IT and entrepreneurism: an on-again, off-again love affair or a marriage?”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 3-8.
36. Del Giudice, M., Carayannis, E.G. and Della Peruta, M.R. (2012), “Culture and cooperative strategies: knowledge management perspectives”, Cross-cultural Knowledge Management, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 49-62.
37. Del Giudice, M., Della Peruta, M.R. and Maggioni, V. (2013), “The ‘Right’ knowledge and spin-off processes: an empirical analysis on knowledge transfer”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 304-318.
38. Dezi, L., Gilardoni, A., Miglietta, A. and Testa, F. (2006), “L’esperienza delle public utilities locali: un modello di rapporto impresa-territorio?”, Sinergie, No. 70, pp. 151-179.
39. Drayton, W. (2002), “The citizen sector: becoming as entrepreneurial and competitive as business”, California Management Review, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 120-132.
40. Du Chatenier, E., Biemans, H.J.A., Verstegen, J.A.A.M. and Mulder, M. (2007), “Collaborative knowledge creation in open innovation teams”, Eighth International Conference on HRD Research and Practice Across Europe, Oxford University, Oxford, pp. 27-29.
41. Du Plessis, M. (2007), “The role of knowledge management in innovation”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 20-29.
42. Dyer, J.H. and Nobeoka, K. (2000), “Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: the Toyota case”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 345-367.
43. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989), “Building theories from case study research”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 532-550.
44. Ernst & Young (2016), “EY Italy smart city index”, Smart City Index Report, Ernst & Young, Milan,available at: www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssetsPI/EY-smart-city-index-2016/$FILE/2016-EY-smart-city-index.pdf (accessed March 11, 2017).
45. Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. (2000), “The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations”, Research Policy, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 109-123.
46. Ferraris, A. and Santoro, G. (2014), “Come dovrebbero essere sviluppati i progetti di Social Innovation nelle Smart City? Un’analisi Comparativa”, Impresa Progetto-Electronic Journal of Management, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 1-15.
47. Floyd, S.W. and Lane, P.J. (2000), “Strategizing throughout the organization: managing role conflict in strategic renewal”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 154-177.
48. Gassmann, O. and Enkel, E. (2004), “Towards a theory of open innovation: three core process archetypes”, R&D Management Conference (RADMA), Vol. 6, Lisbon, pp. 1-18.
49. Gephart, R.P. Jr (2004), “Qualitative research and the academy of management journal”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47 No. 4, pp. 454-462.
50. Giarratana, M.S. and Fosfuri, A. (2007), “Product strategies and survival in Schumpeterian environments: evidence from the US security software industry”, Organization Studies, Vol. 28 No. 6, pp. 909-929.
51. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H. and Meijers, E. (2007), “City-ranking of European medium-sized cities”, Centre for Regional Science, UT Vienna, pp. 1-12.
52. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N. and Meijers, E. (2007), “Smart cities – ranking of European medium-sized cities”, Rapport technique, Vienna Centre of Regional Science, University of Technology, Vienna.
53. Gomm, R., Hammersley, M. and Foster, P. (2000), Case Study Method: Key Issues, Key Texts, Sage, New York, NY.
54. González, J.A. and Rossi, A. (2011), “New trends for smart cities, open innovation mechanism in smart cities”, European Commission within the ICT Policy Support Programme, European Commission, Brussels.
55. Grant, R.M. and Baden‐Fuller, C. (2004), “A knowledge accessing theory of strategic alliances”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 61-84.
56. Guest, D.E. (2001), “Human resource management: when research confronts theory”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 12 No. 7, pp. 1092-1106.
57. Gurteen, D. (1998), “Knowledge, creativity and innovation”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 5-13.
58. Harrison, B., Kelley, M.R. and Gant, J. (1996), “Innovative firm behaviour and local milieu: exploring the intersection of agglomeration, firm effects, and technological change”, Economic Geography, Vol. 72 No. 3, pp. 233-258.
59. Harrison, C. and Donnelly, I.A. (2011), “A theory of smart cities”, Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2011, Hull, Vol. 55 No. 1
60. Hollands, R.G. (2008), “Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?”, City, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 303-320.
61. Inkpen, A.C. and Beamish, P.W. (1997), “Knowledge, bargaining power, and the instability of international joint ventures”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 177-202.
62. Jansen, J.J., Tempelaar, M.P., Van den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W. (2009), “Structural differentiation and ambidexterity: the mediating role of integration mechanisms”, Organization Science, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 797-811.
63. Johnson, K.L., Danis, W.M. and Dollinger, M.J. (2008), “Are you an innovator or adaptor? The impact of cognitive propensity on venture expectations and outcomes”, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 11 No. 2, p. 5.
64. Johnson, M.W., Christensen, C.M. and Kagermann, H. (2008), “Reinventing your business model”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 86 No. 12, pp. 57-68.
65. Kale, P. and Singh, H. (2007), “Building firm capabilities through learning: the role of the alliance learning process in alliance capability and firm‐level alliance success”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28 No. 10, pp. 981-1000.
66. Kale, P. and Singh, K. (2009), “Managing strategic alliances: what do we know now, and where do we go from here?”, The Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 45-62.
67. Kale, P., Singh, H. and Perlmutter, H. (2000), “Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: building relational capital”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 217-237.
68. Kang, S.C., Morris, S.S. and Snell, S.A. (2007), “Relational archetypes, organizational learning, and value creation: extending the human resource architecture”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 236-256.
69. Kivleniece, I. and Quelin, B.V. (2012), “Creating and capturing value in public-private ties: a private actor’s perspective”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 272-299.
70. Komninos, N. (2011), “Intelligent cities: variable geometries of spatial intelligence”, Intelligent Buildings International, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 172-188.
71. Komninos, N., Pallot, M. and Schaffers, H. (2013), “Special issue on smart cities and the future internet in Europe”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 119-134.
72. Laursen, K. and Salter, A.J. (2014), “The paradox of openness: appropriability, external search and collaboration”, Research Policy, Vol. 43 No. 5, pp. 867-878.
73. Lee, J.H., Hancock, M.G. and Hu, M.C. (2014), “Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: lessons from Seoul and San Francisco”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 89 No. 11, pp. 80-99.
74. Lee, M., Bakici, T., Almirall, E. and Wareham, J. (Eds) (2012), “New governance models towards an open internet ecosystem for smart connected European cities and regions”, Open Innovation, Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media, European commission, Brussels, pp. 91-93.
75. Lee, S.M., Hwang, T. and Choi, D. (2012), “Open innovation in the public sector of leading countries”, Management Decision, Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 147-162.
76. Levinthal, D.A. and March, J.G. (1993), “The myopia of learning”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 95-112.
77. Lhuillery, S. and Pfister, E. (2009), “R&D cooperation and failures in innovation projects: empirical evidence from French CIS data”, Research Policy, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 45-57.
78. Lichtenthaler, U. and Lichtenthaler, E. (2009), “A capability‐based framework for open innovation: complementing absorptive capacity”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 46 No. 8, pp. 1315-1338.
79. Lo, A.Y. and Jim, C.Y. (2012), “Citizen attitude and expectation towards greenspace provision in compact urban milieu”, Land Use Policy, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 577-586.
80. Maak, T. (2007), “Responsible leadership, stakeholder engagement, and the emergence of social capital”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 74 No. 4, pp. 329-343.
81. Maillat, D. (1995), “Territorial dynamic, innovative milieus and regional policy”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 157-165.
82. Malhotra, Y. (2000), “Knowledge management for e-business performance: advancing information strategy to ‘internet time’”, Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 5-16.
83. Mital, M., Choudhary, P., Chang, V., Papa, A. and Pani, A.K. (2017), “Adoption of internet of things in India: a test of competing models using a structured equation modeling approach”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change (forthcoming).
84. Möller, K., Rajala, A. and Svahn, S. (2005), “Strategic business nets: their type and management”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58 No. 2, pp. 1274-1284.
85. Morris, M.H. (1998), Entrepreneurial Intensity: Sustainable Advantages for Individuals, Organizations, and Societies, Greenwood Publishing Group, New York, NY.
86. Murray, A., Papa, A., Cuozzo, B. and Russo, G. (2016), “Evaluating the innovation of the internet of things: empirical evidence from the intellectual capital assessment”, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 341-356.
87. Nam, T. and Pardo, T.A. (2011), “Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions”, Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, ACM, pp. 282-291.
88. Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A.C., Mangano, G. and Scorrano, F. (2014), “Current trends in smart city initiatives: some stylised facts”, Cities, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 25-36.
89. Nicotra, M., Romano, M. and Del Giudice, M. (2014), “The evolution dynamic of a cluster knowledge network: the role of firms’ absorptive capacity”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 70-93.
90. Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford university press, New York, NY.
91. Paskaleva, K.A. (2011), “The smart city: a nexus for open innovation?”, Intelligent Buildings International, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 153-171.
92. Pinegar, J.S. (2006), “What customers want: using outcome‐driven innovation to create breakthrough products and services by Anthony W. Ulwick”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 464-466.
93. Pisano, P., Pironti, M. and Christodoulou, I.P. (2014), “The open long tail model between new culture and digital technology”, Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, pp. 79-93, available at: http://sinergiejournal.eu/index.php/sinergie/article/view/S93.2014.06
94. Pisano, P., Pironti, M. and Rieple, A. (2015), “Identify innovative business models: can innovative business models enable players to react to ongoing or unpredictable trends?”, Entrepreneurship Research Journal, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 181-199.
95. Popa, S., Soto-Acosta, P. and Martinez-Conesa, I. (2017), “Antecedents, moderators, and outcomes of innovation climate and open innovation: an empirical study in SMEs”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 118 No. 3, pp. 134-142.
96. Portney, K. (2005), “Civic engagement and sustainable cities in the United States”, Public Administration Review, Vol. 65 No. 5, pp. 579-591.
97. Radnor, Z., Walley, P., Stephens, A. and Bucci, G. (2006), “Evaluation of the lean approach to business management and its use in the public sector”, Scottish Executive Social Research, Vol. 20.
98. Ries, E. (2011), The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses, Crown Publishing Group, Crown Business, New York, NY, p. 320.
99. Rufín, C. and Rivera-Santos, M. (2012), “Between commonweal and competition understanding the governance of public-private partnerships”, Journal of Management, Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 1634-1654.
100. Santoro, G., Ferraris, A., Giacosa, E. and Giovando, G. (2016), “How SMEs engage in open innovation: a survey”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, pp. 1-14.
101. Santoro, G., Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A. and Dezi, L. (2017), “The internet of things: building a knowledge management system for open innovation and knowledge management capacity”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
102. Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M. and Oliveira, A. (2011), “Smart cities and the future internet: towards cooperation frameworks for open innovation”, The Future Internet Assembly, Springer, pp. 431-446.
103. Scuotto, V., Ferraris, A. and Bresciani, S. (2016), “Internet of things: applications and challenges in smart cities: a case study of IBM smart city projects”, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 357-367.
104. Shook, J. and Marchwinski, C. (2014), Lean Lexicon: A Graphical Glossary for Lean Thinkers, Lean Enterprise Institute, Cambridge, MA.
105. Siggelkow, N. (2007), “Persuasion with case studies”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 20-24.
106. Solima, L., Della Peruta, M.R. and Del Giudice, M. (2016), “Object-generated content and knowledge sharing: the forthcoming impact of the Internet of Things”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 738-752.
107. Soto-Acosta, P., Popa, S. and Palacios-Marqués, D. (2015), “E-business, organizational innovation and firm performance in manufacturing SMEs: an empirical study in Spain”, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp. 885-904.
108. Stewart, T. and Capital, I. (1997), The New Wealth of Organizations, Nicholas Brealey, London.
109. Teece, D.J. (2007), “Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28 No. 13, pp. 1319-1350.
110. Tseng, S.M. (2008), “Knowledge management system performance measure index”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 734-745.
111. Ulwick, A.W. (2005), What Customers Want: Using Outcome-Driven Innovation to Create Breakthrough Products and Services, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
112. Ulwick, A.W. and Bettencourt, L.A. (2008), “Giving customers a fair hearing”, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 62-68.
113. Vigoda, E. (2002), “From responsiveness to collaboration: governance, citizens, and the next generation of public administration”, Public Administration Review, Vol. 62 No. 5, pp. 527-540.
114. Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., Santoro, G. and Papa, A. (2016), “Ambidexterity, external knowledge and performance in knowledge-intensive firms”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 374-388.
115. Wang, Z., Chen, B., Wang, J., Begovic, M.M. and Chen, C. (2015), “Coordinated energy management of networked microgrids in distribution systems”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 45-53.
116. West, J. and Bogers, M. (2014), “Leveraging external sources of innovation: a review of research on open innovation”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 814-831.
117. Wolfram, M. (2012), “Deconstructing smart cities: an intertextual reading of concepts and practices for integrated urban and ICT development”, REAL CORP, Schwechat.
118. Womack, J.P. and Jones, D.T. (2003), Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, Free Press, New York, NY.
119. Yin, R.K. (2003), Case Study Research, Vol. 5, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
120. Batt, P.J. and Purchase, S. (2004), “Managing collaboration within networks and relationships”, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 169-174.
121. Carayannis, E.G. (2008), “Knowledge-driven creative destruction, or leveraging knowledge for competitive advantage Strategic knowledge arbitrage and serendipity as real options drivers triggered by co-opetition, co-evolution and co-specialization”, Industry and Higher Education, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp. 343-353.
122. Christensen, C.M., Hall, T., Dillon, K. and Duncan, D.S. (2016), “Know your customers jobs to be done”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 54-62.
123. Del Giudice, M., Carayannis, E.G. and Maggioni, V. (2017), “Global knowledge intensive enterprises and international technology transfer: emerging perspectives from a quadruple helix environment”, The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 229-235.
124. Della Peruta, M.R. and Del Giudice, M. (2013), “Knowledge accumulation and reuse for spinning off firms from learning organizations: an individual knowledge based perspective”, International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 20-29.
125. McDonnell, L.M. and Elmore, R.F. (1987), “Getting the job done: alternative policy instruments”, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 133-152.