Smart cities: A conjuncture of four forces

Cities

Volumn 47, Issue , 2015, Pages 95-106

  Angelidou, Margarita ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

History; Knowledge economy; Market; Policy; Smart city; Technology

Indexed keywords

STRATEGIC APPROACH; URBAN DEVELOPMENT; URBAN ECONOMY; URBAN HISTORY; URBAN PLANNING; URBAN POLICY;

EID: 84939416880     PISSN: 02642751     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2015.05.004     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. ABI Research (2011a). $39.5 Billion will be spent on smart city technologies in 2016. Retrieved 07.02.12. http://www.abiresearch.com/press/3768.
2. ABI Research (2011b). Smart city technologies will grow fivefold to exceed $39 billion in 2016. Retrieved 07.02.12. http://www.abiresearch.com/press/3715-Smart+City+Technologies+Will+Grow+Fivefold+to+Exceed+%2439+Billion+in+2.
3. Ajuntament de Barcelona (2013). Barcelona smart city; the vision, focus and projects of the City of Barcelona in the context of smart cities. http://www.slideshare.net/MicrosoftSuomi/city-next-smartbarcelona-28102013.
4. Angelidou M. Smart city policies: A spatial approach. Cities 2014, 41:S3-S11. 10.1016/j.cities.2014.06.007.
5. Angelidou M., Gountaras N., Tarani P. Engaging digital services for the creation of urban knowledge ecosystems: The case of Thermi, Greece. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development 2012, 3(4):331-350.
6. ARUP (2011). The smart solution for cities.
7. Atkinson R. Technological change and cities. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 1998, 3(3):129-170.
8. Auci, S., & Mundula, L. (2012). Smart cities and a Stochastic Frontier Analysis: A comparison among European cities (preliminary version).
9. Aurigi A. New technologies, same dilemmas: Policy and design issues for the augmented city. Journal of Urban Technology 2006, 13(3):5-28. 10.1080/10630730601145989.
10. Aurigi A., Graham S. Cyberspace and the city: The "Virtual City" in Europe. A companion to the city 2000, 489-502. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. G. Bridge, S. Watson (Eds.).
11. Bakici, T. (2012). State of the art - Open innovation in smart cities OPEN INNOVATION mechanisms in smart cities. Project co-funded by the European Commission within the ICT Policy Support Programme (Deliverable D1.1.1).
12. Barcelona Smart City official website (2014). BCN smart city. Retrieved 28.05.14. http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en/.
13. Batty M. Intelligent cities: Using information networks to gain competitive advantage. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 1990, 17(3):247-256. 10.1068/b170247.
14. Batty M. Smart cities, big data. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2012, 39:191-193.
15. Batty, M., Axhausen, K., Fosca, G., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., et al. (2012). Smart cities of the future (paper 188). UCL CASA working paper series.
16. BBC News (2013, 16 December 2013). Tomorrow's cities: Just how smart is Songdo?, by Williamson, L., from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23757738.
17. Bélissent, J. (2010). Getting clever about smart cities: New opportunities require new business models. Forrester for Vendor Strategy Professionals: Forrester.
18. Bélissent, J. (2011). Smart city leaders need better governance tools. Forrester for Vendor Strategy Professionals: Forrester.
19. Bélissent, J. (2012). Governments embrace new modes of constituent engagement; social media, mobility, and open data transform eGovernment. Forrester for CIOs: Forrester.
20. Boulton A., Brunn S., Devriendt L. Cyberinfrastructures and "smart" world cities: Physical, human, and soft infrastructures. International handbook of globalization and world cities 2012, Edward Elgar, UK. P. Taylor, B. Derudder, M. Hoyler, F. Witlox (Eds.).
21. Bria, F. (2012). New governance models towards an open Internet ecosystem for smart connected European cities and regions. Open Innovation, Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media, European Commission (pp. 62-71).
22. Brooker, D. M. (2008). Intelligent cities? Disentangling the symbolic and material effects of Technopole planning practices in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. Doctoral thesis, Durham University. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2464/.
23. Cairncross, F. (1997). A connected world. http://www.economist.com/node/598895?story_id=598895.
24. Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart cities in Europe. Serie Research Memoranda 0048 (VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics).
25. Carillo F. Knowledge cities. Approaches, experiences, and perspectives 2006, Butterworth-Heinemann.
26. Chatzkel J. Greater Phoenix as a knowledge capital. Journal of Knowledge Management 2004, 8(5):61-72.
27. Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., et al. (2012). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. Proceedings of the 45th international conference on system sciences, Hawaii.
28. City of New York (2011). Roadmap for the digital city; achieving New York City's digital future. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doitt/html/about/reports.shtml.
29. Cohen, B. (2012). The Skolkovo project: Can Russia recreate Silicon Valley? Retrieved 02.09.14. http://www.fastcoexist.com/1679376/the-skolkovo-project-can-russia-recreate-silicon-valley.
30. Crang M., Graham S. Sentient cities: Ambient intelligence and the politics of urban space. Information, Communication & Society 2007, 10(6):789-817.
31. Cutler, K.-M. (2013). Skolkovo, Russia's massive project to emulate Silicon Valley, gets A $4B commitment. Retrieved 02.09.14. http://techcrunch.com/2013/08/09/skolkovo-15b/.
32. Drucker P. The post-capitalist society 1994, Harper-Collins, New York.
33. Dvir R. Innovation engines for knowledge cities: An innovation ecology perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management 2004, 8(5):16-27.
34. Economic Cities Authority (2014). Knowledge economic city (KEC). http://eca.gov.sa/.
35. Edvinsson L. Aspects on the city as a knowledge tool. Journal of Knowledge Management 2006, 10(5):6-13. 10.1108/13673270610691134.
36. Ergazakis K., Metaxiotis K., Psarras J. Towards knowledge cities: Conceptual analysis and success stories. Journal of Knowledge Management 2004, 8(5):5-15.
37. European Network of Living Labs (2013). The European network of living labs - The first step towards a new innovation system. Retrieved 11.05.13. http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/.
38. Florida R. Toward the learning region. Futures: The Journal of Forecasting and Planning 1995, 27(5):527-536.
39. Florida R. The rise of the creative class 2002, Basic Books.
40. Fondation Le Corbusier (2014). http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr.
41. Forbes (2014). Cities of the future: What do they look like, how do we build them and what's their impact?, by Morgan, J., from http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/09/04/cities-of-the-future-what-do-they-look-like-how-do-we-build-them-and-whats-their-impact/.
42. Freeman C. The 'national system of innovation' in historical perspective. Cambridge Journal of Economics 1995, 19(1):5-24.
43. Frenchman, D., Joroff, M., & Albericci, A. (2011). Smart cities as engines of sustainable growth. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, prepared for the World Bank Institute.
44. Frost & Sullivan (2013). Strategic opportunity analysis of the global smart city market. http://www.frost.com/sublib/display-report.do?id=M920-01-00-00-00.
45. Gibson D., Kozmetsky G., Smilor R. The technopolis phenomenon: Smart cities, fast systems, global networks 1992, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
46. Gigaom Research (2013). Annual smart-city investment by industry. http://research.gigaom.com/chart/figure-1-annual-smart-city-investment-by-industry-2010-2020/.
47. González, J. A. A., & Rossi, A. (2012). New trends for smart cities; OPEN INNOVATION mechanisms in smart cities. Project co-funded by the European Commission within the ICT Policy Support Programme (Deliverable D2.2.21).
48. Gottman J. Megalopolis: The urbanized northeastern seaboard of the United States 1961, The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
49. Greater London Authority official website (2013). Smart London vision. Retrieved 21.08.14. https://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/business-economy/vision-and-strategy/smart-london.
50. Hall P. Cities in civilization 1998, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Great Britain.
51. Hall P. Cities of tomorrow: An intellectual history of urban planning and design in the twentieth century 2002, Wiley-Blackwell. 3rd ed.
52. Haque, U. (2012). Surely there's a smarter approach to smart cities? WIRED. Retrieved 18.04.12. http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-04/17/potential-of-smarter-cities-beyond-ibm-and-cisco.
53. Here East official website (2014). iCITY: London's new digital community. Retrieved 26.08.14. http://hereeast.com/.
54. Hodgkinson, S. (2011). Is Your City Smart Enough? Digitally enabled cities and societies will enhance economic, social, and environmental sustainability in the urban century. OVUM report.
55. Hollands R.G. Will the real smart city please stand up?. City 2008, 12(3):303-320. 10.1080/13604810802479126.
56. Honour H., Fleming J. A world history of art 2005, Laurence King Publishing, London.
57. IDC Government Insights (2014). Methods and practices: IDC government insights' worldwide smart city taxonomy, 2014. http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=GI244956.
58. Komninos, N. (2006). The architecture of intelligent cities. 2nd international conference on intelligent environments, institution of engineering and technology, 5-6 July 2006, Athens.
59. Komninos N. Intelligent cities: Towards interactive and global innovation environments. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, Special Issue: Intelligent Clusters, Communities and Cities: Enhancing Innovation with Virtual Environments and Embedded Systems 2009, 1(4):337-355.
60. Komninos N. Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence. Intelligent Buildings International 2011, 3(3):172-188. 10.1080/17508975.2011.579339.
61. Komninos, N., Pallot, M., & Schaffers, H. (2013). Open innovation towards smarter cities. Open innovation 2013 (pp. 34-41). Luxembourg: European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks Content and Technology.
62. Konza City official website (2014). Retrieved 04.02.14. http://www.konzacity.go.ke/.
63. Laterasse J. The intelligent city. Telecom, companies, territories 1992, Presses de L'ENPC, Paris. F. Rowe, P. Veltz (Eds.).
64. Lind D. Information and communications technologies creating livable, equitable, sustainable cities. State of the world 2012: Moving toward sustainable prosperity 2012, 66-76. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics. L. Starke (Ed.).
65. Liugailaite˙-Radzvickiene˙, L., & Jucevičius, R. (2012). An intelligence approach to city development. 7th international scientific conference "business and management 2012" May 10-11, 2012, Vilnius, Lithuania.
66. Living PlanIT SA official website (2013). Retrieved 02.02.13. http://www.living-planit.com.
67. Longworth N. Making lifelong learning work: Learning cities for a learning century 1999, Kogan Page, London.
68. Lunden, I. (2012). Skolkovo: Cisco, Bessemer Venture Partners put millions into Russia's latest answer to Silicon Valley. Retrieved 02.09.14. http://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/skolkovo-cisco-bessemer-venture-partners-put-millions-into-russias-latest-answer-to-silicon-valley/.
69. Lundvall B.-Å. National innovation systems: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning 1992, Pinter Publishers, London.
70. MarketsandMarkets (2014). Smart cities market (2014-2019). http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/smart-cities-market-542.html.
71. Martínez S.D. A comparative framework for knowledge cities. Knowledge cities: Approaches, experiences, and perspectives 2008, 17-30. Butterworth-Heinemann. F. Carillo (Ed.).
72. Marvin S. Telecommunications and sustainable cities. Global city regions: Their emerging forms 2000, 244-248. Spon Press, London. R. Simmonds, G. Hack (Eds.).
73. Meier R.L. A communications theory of urban growth 1962, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
74. Mihaud, P. (2003). Montreal: Knowledge city.
75. Morgan K. The learning region: Institutions, innovation and regional renewal. Regional Studies 1997, 31(5):491-503.
76. Mumford, L. (1961). The city in history: Its origins, its transformations, and its prospects. Harcourt, Brace & World.
77. Nam, T., & Pardo, T. (2011). Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context. 5th international conference on theory and practice of electronic governance, 26-28 September 2011, Tallinn, Estonia. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2072100.
78. Navigant Research (2011). Smart cities; intelligent information and communications technology infrastructure in the government, buildings, transport, and utility domains (research report). Retrieved 09.02.12. http://www.navigantresearch.com/research/smart-cities.
79. Neves B.B. Are digital cities intelligent? The Portuguese case. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 2009, 1(4):443-463.
80. Nikkei BP Cleantech Institute (2010). The smart city market will be worth a cumulative total of 3,100 trillion Yen for 2011-2030 - Nikkei BP Cleantech estimates based on its research on 100 smart cities worldwide. Retrieved 18.01.11. http://www.nikkeibp.com/news/100927.html.
81. Nordin, R. (2012). Creating knowledge-based clusters through urban development: A study of Cyberjaya, MSC Malaysia. Doctoral thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn. http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2012/2973/2973.pdf.
82. Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Senach, B., Schaffers, H., & Komninos, N. (2011). Future internet and living lab research domain landscapes: Filling the gap between technology push and application pull in the context of smart cities. EChallenges 2011 conference, 26-28 October 2011, Florence. http://www.urenio.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/2011-eChallenges-Nr-200-Future-Internet-and-Living-Labs-Published.pdf.
83. Ratti, C., & Townsend, A. (2011). Harnessing residents' electronic devices will yield truly smart cities. Scientific American, 16 August 2011. Retrieved 20.04.12. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-social-nexus.
84. Roche, S., Nabian, N., Kloeckl, K., & Ratti, C. (2012). Are 'smart cities' smart enough? Global geospatial conference 2012, spatially enabling government, industry and citizens, 14-17 May 2012, Québec City, Canada. http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi13/papers/182.pdf.
85. Sakaiya T. The knowledge-value revolution or a history of the future 1991, Kondasha, New York.
86. Saxenian A. The genesis of Silicon Valley. Built Environment 1983, 7-17.
87. Schaffers, H. (2012). Empowering citizens to realizing smart cities: Results from FIREBALL Smart city case studies (presentation). 2012 future internet assembly (FIA), "smart cities and internet of things", 10-11 May 2012, Aalborg. http://www.fi-aalborg.eu/downloads/Session_1.1_Hans_Schaffers.pdf.
88. Schmookler J. Invention and economic growth 1966, Harvard University Press.
89. Schumpeter J.A. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy 1947, Harper, New York, London. 2nd ed.
90. Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City official website (2014). http://www.ssgkc.com/.
91. Skolkovo Innovation City official website (2014). Retrieved 02.09.14. http://community.sk.ru/news/.
92. Songdo IBD official website (2013). Songdo IBD. Retrieved 01.02.13. http://www.songdo.com/.
93. Steria (2011). Smart cities will be enabled by Smart IT. Retrieved 22.02.12. http://www.steria.com/se/fileadmin/assets/media/download/STE3899-Smart_Cities_brochure_08_APP.pdf.
94. Streitz N. Smart cities, ambient intelligence and universal access. Universal access in HCI, Part III, HCII 2011, LNCS 6767 2011, 425-432. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. C. Stephanidis (Ed.).
95. The Atlantic (2014). Songdo, South Korea: City of the future?, by Arbes, R. and Bethea, C., from http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/09/songdo-south-korea-the-city-of-the-future/380849/.
96. The Atlantic CITYLAB (2013). How are those cities of the future coming along?, by Jaffe, E., from http://www.citylab.com/tech/2013/09/how-are-those-cities-future-coming-along/6855/.
97. The Economist (2012). Can Russia create a new Silicon Valley? Retrieved 02.09.14. http://www.economist.com/node/21558602.
98. Thornock, R., & Whitaker, W. (2011). Skolkovo: Russia's emerging Silicon Valley. Retrieved 07.09.14. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/skolkovo-russias-emerging-silicon-valley/.
99. Townsend, A. (2002). Mobile and wireless technologies: Emerging opportunities for digital government. 2002 annual national conference on digital government research Los Angeles, California.
100. Townsend, A., Pang, A. S.-K., & Weddle, R. (2009). Future knowledge ecosystems; the next twenty years of technology-led economic development. Institute for the Future.
101. Townsend, A., Maguire, R., Liebhold, M., & Crawford, M. (2010). The future of cities, information, and inclusion: A planet of civic laboratories. Institute for the Future.
102. Tranos E., Nijkamp P. The death of distance revisited: Cyber-place, physical and relational proximities. Journal of Regional Science 2013, 53(5):855-873.
103. United Nations (2012). World urbanization prospects; the 2011 revision. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
104. Weiser M. The computer for the 21st century. Scientific American 1991, 265(3):94-104.
105. Wolfram, M. (2012). Deconstructing smart cities: An intertextual reading of concepts and practices for integrated urban and ICT development. REAL CORP 2012, 14-16 May 2012, Schwechat. http://www.corp.at/archive/CORP2012_192.pdf.
106. World Bank (2007). Building knowledge economies; advanced strategies for development. World Bank Institute Development Studies.
107. Yigitcanlar, T. (2005). The making of knowledge cities: Lessons learned from Melbourne. International symposium on knowledge cities, 28-30 November 2005, Saudi Arabia, Medina.
108. Yigitcanlar T., O'Connor K., Westerman C. The making of knowledge cities: Melbourne's knowledge-based urban development experience. Cities 2008, 25(2):63-72.
109. Zenetos T. Electronic urbanism. Architectural Themes (Greek Architectural Journal) 1969, 3:114-125.