Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 609, Issue , 2017, Pages 682-693

  Dat, Nguyen Duy ^a   Chang, Moo Been ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Ambient air; Characteristics; Control technologies; PAHs; Sources

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; CARBON; COAL COMBUSTION; COMBUSTION; ELEMENTARY PARTICLE SOURCES;

AMBIENT AIR; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS; CHARACTERISTICS; CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES; INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION; METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS);

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

ACENAPHTHENE; ACENAPHTHYLENE; ANTHRACENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE; BENZO[GHI]PERYLENE; BENZO[K]FLUORANTHENE; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; BIODIESEL; CHRYSENE; COBALT; COPPER; DIBENZ[A,H]ANTHRACENE; DIESEL FUEL; FLUORANTHENE; FLUORENE; GASOLINE; INDENO[1,2,3 CD]PYRENE; IRON; NAPHTHALENE; NICKEL; PALLADIUM; PHENANTHRENE; PLATINUM; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVE; PYRENE; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; VANADIUM PENTOXIDE;

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ORGANIC COMPOUND; PAH;

ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER; ACTIVATED CARBON INJECTION; AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICE; ATMOSPHERE; CATALYST; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); FUEL GAS DESULFURIZATION; GAS; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION; TECHNOLOGY; WET ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION; WET FUEL GAS DESULFURIZATION;

EID: 85026394124     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Abdel-Shafy, H.I., Mansour, M.S.M., A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt. J. Pet. 25 (2016), 107–123.
2. Air Quality Standard in China, Regulatory Documents of G.B.3095-2012, 2012 http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=China:_Air_Quality_Standards (last accessed 18.07.2017).
3. Air Quality Standard in India, (n.d.) http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards_in_India (last accessed 18.07.2017).
4. Akyüz, M., Çabuk, H., Gas–particle partitioning and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Zonguldak, Turkey. Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010), 5550–5558.
5. Allen, J.O., Dookeran, N.M., Smith, K.E., Sarofilm, A.F., Sarofim, A.F., Taghizadeh, K., Lafeur, A.L., Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with size segregated atmospheric aerosols in Massachusetts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (1996), 1023–1031.
6. Anastasopoulos, A.T., Wheeler, A.J., Karman, D., Kulka, R.H., Intraurban concentrations, spatial variability and correlation of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and PM2.5. Atmos. Environ. 59 (2012), 272–283.
7. Arhami, M., Minguillon, M.C., Polidori, A., Schauer, J.J., Delfino, R.J., Sioutas, C., Organic compound characterization and source apportionment of indoor and outdoor quasi-ultrafine particulate matter in retirement homes of the Los Angeles Basin. Indoor Air 20 (2010), 17–30.
8. Atmospheric Quality Standards and Criteria in France (n.d.) (in French). http://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/air/criteres/index-en.htm (last accessed: 19.07.2017).
9. Baek, S.O., Goldstone, M.E., Lester, J.N., Perry, R., Phase distribution and particle size dependency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere. Chemosphere 5–6 (1991), 503–520.
10. Bari, M.A., Baumbach, G., Kuch, B., Scheffknecht, G., Particle-phase concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of rural residential areas in southern Germany. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 3 (2010), 103–116.
11. Bian, Q., Alharbi, B., Jr, Jeffrey Collett, Kreidenweis, S., Pasha, M.J., Measurements and source apportionment of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Atmos. Environ. 137 (2016), 186–198.
12. Birgul, A., Tasdemir, Y., Concentrations, gas-particle partitioning, and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at four sites in Turkey. Arch. Environ. Con. Tox. 68 (2015), 46–63.
13. Brown, A.S., Brown, R.J., Correlations in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in UK ambient air and implications for source apportionment. J. Environ. Monit. 14 (2012), 2072–2082.
14. Callen, M.S., Lopez, J.M., Mastral, A.M., Characterization of PM10- bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of Spanish urban and rural areas. J. Environ. Monit. 13 (2011), 319–327.
15. Caneghem, J.V., Vandecasteele, C., Characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in flue gas and residues of a full scale fluidized bed combustor combusting non-hazardous industrial waste. Waste Manag. 34 (2014), 2407–2413.
16. Cao, X., Hao, X., Shen, X., Jiang, X., Wu, B., Yao, Z., Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel trucks based on on-road measurements. Atmos. Environ. 148 (2017), 190–196.
17. Carreras, H.A., Calderón-Segura, M.E., Gómez-Arroyo, S., Murillo-Tovar, A., Amador-Muñoz, O., Composition and mutagenicity of PAHs associated with urban airborne particles in Córdoba, Argentina. Environ. Pollut. 178 (2013), 403–410.
18. Chang, K.F., Fang, G.C., Chen, J.C., Wu, Y.S., Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Asia: a review from 1999 to 2004. Environ. Pollut. 142 (2006), 388–396.
19. Chen, S.J., Su, H.B., Chang, J.E., Lee, W.J., Huang, K.L., Hsieh, L.T., Huang, Y.C., Lin, W.Y., Lin, C.C., Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the pyrolysis of scrap tires. Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007), 1209–1220.
20. Chen, Y., Feng, Y., Xiong, S., Liu, D., Wang, G., Sheng, G., Fu, J., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Shanghai, China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 172 (2011), 235–247.
21. Chen, Y., Zhao, R., Xue, J., Li, J., Generation and distribution of PAHs in the process of medical waste incineration. Waste Manag. 33 (2013), 1165–1173.
22. Chen, Y., Zhi, G., Feng, Y., Tian, C., Bi, X., Li, J., Zhang, G., Increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions due to briquetting: a challenge to the coal briquetting policy. Environ. Pollut. 204 (2015), 58–63.
23. Cheruiyot, N.K., Lee, W.J., Mwangi, J.K., Wang, L.C., Lin, N.H., Lin, Y.C., Cao, J., Zhang, R., Chang-Chien, G.C., An overview: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from the stationary and mobile sources and in the ambient air. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 15 (2015), 2730–2762.
24. Chien, S.M., Huang, Y.J., Sizes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition distributions of nano, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particulates emitted from a four-stroke motorcycle. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 45 (2010), 1768–1774.
25. Cincinelli, A., Bubba, M.D., Martellini, T., Gambaro, A., Lepri, L., Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy). Chemosphere 68 (2007), 472–478.
26. Conesa, J.A., Ortuño, N., Abad, E., Rivera-Austrui, J., Emissions of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, dioxin like-PCBs and PAHs from a cement plant using a long-term monitoring system. Sci. Total Environ. 571 (2016), 435–443.
27. Cristale, J., Silva, F.S., Zocolo, G.J., Marchi, M.R.R., Influence of sugarcane burning on indoor/outdoor PAH air pollution in Brazil. Environ. Pollut. 169 (2012), 210–216.
28. Devos, O., Combet, E., Tassel, P., Paturel, L., Exhaust emissions of PAHs of passenger cars. Polycycl. Aromat. Comp. 26 (2006), 69–78.
29. Dvorská, A., Komprdová, K., Lammel, G., Klánová, J., Plachá, H., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in background air in central Europe - seasonal levels and limitations for source apportionment. Atmos. Environ. 46 (2012), 147–154.
30. Eiguren-Fernandez, A., Miguel, A.H., Size-resolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission factors from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles: temperature effect on the nuclei-mode. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012), 2607–2615.
31. Elghawi, U.M., Mayouf, A., Tsolakis, A., Wyszynski, M.L., Vapour-phase and particulate-bound PAHs profile generated by a (Si/hcci) engine from a winter grade commercial gasoline fuel. Fuel 89 (2010), 2019–2025.
32. Elorduy, I., Elcoroaristizabal, S., Durana, N., García, J.A., Alonso, L., Diurnal variation of particle-bound PAHs in an urban area of Spain using TD-GC/MS: influence of meteorological parameters and emission sources. Atmos. Environ. 138 (2016), 87–98.
33. European Commission, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 Relating to Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Nickel and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air. Off. J. L 023, 0003-0016 [26/01/2005]. 2005.
34. European Commission, Air quality standard. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm (accessed 18.07.2017).
35. Fang, G.C., Wu, Y.S., Chen, J.C., Chang, C.N., Ho, T.T., Characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and source identification for fine and coarse particulates at Taichung Harbor near Taiwan Strait during 2004–2005. Sci. Total Environ. 366 (2006), 729–738.
36. Garrido, A., Jimenez-Guerrero, P., Ratola, N., Levels, trends and health concerns of atmospheric PAHs in Europe. Atmos. Environ. 99 (2014), 474–484.
37. Goss, K.U., Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gas/solid and gas/liquid partitioning of organic compounds: critical evaluation of the interpretation of equilibrium constants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998), 2025–2032.
38. Gregoris, E., Argiriadis, E., Vecchiato, M., Zambon, S., Pieri, S.D., Donateo, A., Contini, D., Piazza, R., Barbante, C., Gambaro, A., Gas-particle distributions, sources and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Venice aerosols. Sci. Total Environ. 476–477 (2014), 393–405.
39. Hafner, W.D., Carlson, D.L., Hites, R.A., Influence of local human population on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005), 7374–7379.
40. Hanedar, A., Alp, K., Kaynak, B., Baek, J., Avsar, E., Odman, M.T., Concentrations and sources of PAHs at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey. Atmos. Res. 99 (2011), 391–399.
41. Hassan, S.K., Khoder, M.I., Gas–particle concentration, distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a traffic area of Giza, Egypt. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184 (2012), 3593–3612.
42. He, C., Ge, Y., Tan, J., You, K., Han, X., Wang, J., Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel. Fuel 89 (2010), 2040–2046.
43. Hien, T.T., Nam, P.P., Yasuhiro, S., Takayuki, K., Norimichi, T., Hiroshi, B., Comparison of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their variability causes in the ambient air in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and in Osaka, Japan, during 2005-2006. Sci. Total Environ. 382 (2007), 70–81.
44. Howsam, M., Jones, K.C., Sources of PAHs in the environment. Neilson, A.H., (eds.) The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry PAHs and Related Compounds-Chemistry, vol 3.1, 1998, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 137–174.
45. Hsu, W.T., Liu, M.C., Hung, P.C., Chang, S.H., Chang, M.B., PAH emissions from coal combustion and waste incineration. J. Hazard. Mater. 318 (2016), 32–40.
46. Huang, W., Huang, B., Bi, X., Lin, Q., Liu, M., Ren, Z., Zhang, G., Wang, X., Sheng, G., Fu, J., Emission of PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs from residential honeycomb coal briquette combustion. Energy Fuel 28 (2013), 636–642.
47. Jenkins, B.M., Jones, A.D., S.Q., and Williams R.B., Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (1996), 2462–2469.
48. Kaivosoja, T., Viren, A., Tissari, J., Ruuskanen, J., Tarhanen, J., Sippula, O., Jokiniemi, J., Effects of a catalytic converter on PCDD/F, chlorophenol and PAH emissions in residential wood combustion. Chemosphere 88 (2012), 278–285.
49. Khalili, N.R., Schefft, P.A., Holsen, T.M., PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmos. Environ. 29 (1995), 533–542.
50. Kim, Y.H., Kim, K.H., A simple methodological validation of the gas/particle fractionation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Sci Rep 5 (2015), 1–12.
51. Kim, K.H., Jahan, S.A., Kabir, E., Brown, R.J.C., A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ. Int. 60 (2013), 71–80.
52. Kong, S., Ding, X., Bai, Z., Han, B., Chen, L., Shi, J., Li, Z., A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 183 (2010), 70–80.
53. Krugly, E., Martuzevicius, D., Sidaraviciute, R., Ciuzas, D., Prasauskas, T., Kauneliene, V., Stasiulaitiene, I., Kliucininkas, L., Characterization of particulate and vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of primary schools. Atmos. Environ. 82 (2014), 298–306.
54. Lai, Y.C., Tsai, C.H., Chen, Y.L., Chang-Chien, G.P., Distribution and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an industrial region in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 17 (2017), 776–787.
55. Lee, W.J., Wang, Y.F., Lin, T.C., Chen, Y.Y., Lina, W.C., Ku, C.C., Cheng, J.T., PAH characteristics in the ambient air of traffic-source. Sci. Total Environ. 159 (1995), 185–200.
56. Li, J., Zhang, G., Li, X.D., Qi, S.H., Liu, G.Q., Peng, X.Z., Source seasonality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China. Sci. Total Environ. 355 (2006), 145–155.
57. Li, J.W., Li, X.D., Li, M., Lu, S.Y., Yan, J.H., Xie, W.Y., Liu, C.H., Qi, Z.F., Influence of air pollution control devices on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution in flue gas from an ultralow-emission coal-fired power plant. Energy Fuel 30 (2016), 9572–9579.
58. Liljelind, P., Unsworth, J., Maaskant, O., Marklund, S., Removal of dioxins and related aromatic hydrocarbons from flue gas streams by adsorption and catalytic destruction. Chemosphere 42 (2001), 615–623.
59. Lin, Y.C., Lee, W.J., Hou, H.C., PAH emissions and energy efficiency of palm-biodiesel blends fueled on diesel generator. Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006), 3930–3940.
60. Lin, C.L., Cheng, Y.H., Liu, Z.S., Chen, J.Y., Metal catalysts supported on activated carbon fibers for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from incineration flue gas. J. Hazard. Mater. 197 (2011), 254–263.
61. Lin, S.L., Lee, W.J., Lee, C.F., Wu, Y., Reduction in emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by adding water containing butanol into a diesel-fueled engine generator. Fuel 93 (2012), 364–372.
62. Liu, Z.S., Wey, M.Y., Lin, C.L., Simultaneous control of acid gases and PAHs using a spray dryer integrated with a fabric filter using different additives. J. Hazard. Mater. 91 (2002), 129–141.
63. Liu, S., Tao, S., Liu, W., Dou, H., Liu, Y., Zhao, J., Little, M.G., Tian, Z., Wang, J., Wang, L., Gao, Y., Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural and urban areas of the North Chinese Plain. Environ. Pollut. 156 (2008), 651–656.
64. Liu, W.X., Dou, H., Wei, Z.C., Chang, B., Qiu, W.X., Liu, Y., Tao, S., Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of different residential coals in North China. Sci. Total Environ. 407 (2009), 1436–1446.
65. Liu, L.Y., Kukucka, P., Venier, M., Salamova, A., Klanova, J., Hites, R.A., Differences in spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric PAH levels between North America and Europe: data from two air monitoring projects. Environ. Int. 64 (2014), 48–55.
66. Liu, Z., Li, W., Hung, M., Simultaneous removal of sulfur dioxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from incineration flue gas using activated carbon fibers. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 64 (2014), 1038–1044.
67. Liu, Y., Wang, S., Lohmann, R., Yu, N., Zhang, C., Gao, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, L., Source apportionment of gaseous and particulate PAHs from traffic emission using tunnel measurements in Shanghai, China. Atmos. Environ. 107 (2015), 129–136.
68. Lohmann, R., Harner, T., Thomas, G.O., Jones, K.C., A comparative study of the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000), 4943–4951.
69. Lu, H., Zhua, L.Z., Zhua, N.L., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission from straw burning and the influence of combustion parameters. Atmos. Environ. 43 (2009), 978–983.
70. Lv, Y., Li, X., Xu, T.T., Cheng, T.T., Yang, X., Chen, J.M., Iinuma, Y., Herrmann, H., Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere: sorption mechanism and source contributions to respiratory deposition. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (2016), 2971–2983.
71. Ma, W., Sun, D., Shen, W., Yang, M., Qi, H., Liu, L., Shen, J., Li, Y., Atmospheric concentrations, sources and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs in Beijing after the 29th Olympic Games. Environ. Pollut. 159 (2011), 1794–1801.
72. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. Volume II, 1997, Lewis Publishers, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, 250–251.
73. Manoli, E., Samara, C., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in natural waters: sources, occurrence and analysis. TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem. 18 (1999), 417–428.
74. Manoli, E., Voutsa, D., Samara, C., Chemical characterization and source identification/apportionment of fine and coarse air particles in Thessaloniki, Greece. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002), 949–961.
75. Martellini, T., Giannoni, M., Lepri, L., Katsoyiannis, A., Cincinelli, A., One year intensive PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monitoring in the area of Tuscany, Italy. Concentrations, source understanding and implications. Environ. Pollut. 164 (2012), 252–258.
76. Masih, J., Singhvi, R., Taneja, A., Kumar, K., Masih, H., Gaseous/particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seasonal variation in north central part of rural India. Sustain. Cities Soc. 3 (2012), 30–36.
77. Mastral, A.M., Callén, M.S., A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from energy generation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000), 3051–3057.
78. Mohanraj, R., Solaraj, G., Dhanakumar, S., PM 2.5 and PAH concentrations in urban atmosphere of Tiruchirappalli, India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 87 (2011), 330–335.
79. Mu, L., Peng, L., Cao, J., He, Q., Li, F., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Bai, H., Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coking industries in China. Particuology 11 (2013), 86–93.
80. Mu, L., Peng, L., Liu, X., Song, C., Bai, H., Zhang, J., Hu, D., He, Q., Li, F., Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their gas/particle partitioning from fugitive emissions in coke plants. Atmos. Environ. 83 (2014), 202–210.
81. Nie, Z.Q., Yang, Y.F., Tang, Z.W., Liu, F., Wang, Q., Huang, Q.F., Estimation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from magnesium metallurgy facilities in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (2014), 12629–12637.
82. Nisbet, I.C., LaGoy, P.K., Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16 (1992), 290–300.
83. Odabasi, M., Cetin, E., Sofuoglu, A., Determination of octanol-air partition coefficients and supercooled liquid vapor pressures of PAHs as a function of temperature: application to gas-particle partitioning in an urban atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006), 6615–6625.
84. Oliveira, C., Martins, N., Tavares, J., Pio, C., Cerqueira, M., Matos, M., Silva, H., Oliveira, C., Camões, F., Size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel in Lisbon, Portugal. Chemosphere 83 (2011), 1588–1596.
85. Pankow, J.F., Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 21 (1987), 2275–2283.
86. Pankow, J.F., An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 28 (1994), 185–188.
87. Pankow, J.F., Bidleman, T.F., Interdependence of the slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of measured gas-particle partitioning and vapor pressure-I Theory and analysis of available data. Atmos. Environ. 26A (1992), 1071–1080.
88. Park, J.M., Lee, S.B., Kim, J.P., Kim, M.J., Kwon, O.S., Jung, D., Behavior of PAHs from sewage sludge incinerators in Korea. Waste Manag. 29 (2009), 690–695.
89. Peng, N., Li, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, T., Gai, C., Emission, distribution and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal co-combustion. Sci. Total Environ. 565 (2016), 1201–1207.
90. Ramirez, N., Cuadras, A., Rovira, E., Marce, R.M., Borrull, F., Risk assessment related to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gas and particle phases near industrial sites. Environ. Health Perspect. 119 (2011), 1110–1116.
91. Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., Van Grieken, R., Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos. Environ. 42 (2008), 2895–2921.
92. Sanderson, E.G., Farant, J.P., Atmospheric size distribution of PAHs: evidence of a high-volume sampling artifact. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005), 7631–7637.
93. Sarti, E., Pasti, L., Scaroni, I., Casali, P., Cavazzini, A., Rossi, M., Determination of n-alkanes, PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM2.5 and PM1 sampled in the surroundings of a municipal waste incinerator. Atmos. Environ. 149 (2017), 12–23.
94. Schauer, J.J., Kleeman, M.J., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R., Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C1-C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6 (2002), 1169–1180.
95. Sharma, H., Jain, V.K., Khan, Z.H., Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Delhi. Chemosphere 66 (2007), 302–310.
96. Shen, G., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Zhu, C., Min, Y., Xue, M., Ding, J., Li, W., Wang, B., Shen, H., Wang, R., Wang, X., Tao, S., Emission factors and particulate matter size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustions in rural northern China. Atmos. Environ. 44 (2010), 5237–5243.
97. Shen, G., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Ding, J., Xue, M., Min, Y., Zhu, C., Shen, H., Li, W., Wang, B., Wang, R., Wang, X., Tao, S., Russell, A.G., Emissions of PAHs from indoor crop residue burning in a typical rural stove: emission factors, size distributions, and gas-particle partitioning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011), 1206–1212.
98. Shen, G., Tao, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Wei, S., Xue, M., Wang, B., Wang, R., Lu, Y., Li, W., Shen, H., Huang, Y., Chen, H., Emission characteristics for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from solid fuels burned in domestic stoves in rural China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (2013), 14485–14494.
99. Singh, D.P., Gadi, R., Mandal, T.K., Saud, T., Saxena, M., Sharma, S.K., Emissions estimates of PAH from biomass fuels used in rural sector of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Atmos. Environ. 68 (2013), 120–126.
100. Souza, C.V., Corrêa, S.M., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel emission, diesel fuel and lubricant oil. Fuel 185 (2016), 925–931.
101. Suksankraisorn, K., Patumsawad, S., Fungtammasan, B., Co-firing of Thai lignite and municipal solid waste (MSW) in a fluidised bed: effect of MSW moisture content. Appl. Therm. Eng. 30 (2010), 2693–2697.
102. Tan, J., Bi, X., Duan, J., Rahn, K., Sheng, G., Fu, J., Seasonal variation of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Res. 80 (2006), 250–262.
103. Tan, J., Guo, S., Ma, Y., Duan, J., Cheng, Y., He, K., Yang, F., Characteristics of particulate PAHs during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Res. 102 (2011), 91–98.
104. Terzi, E., Samara, C., Gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban, adjacent coastal, and continental background sites of western greece. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004), 4973–4978.
105. Tobiszewski, M., Namiesnik, J., PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources. Environ. Pollut. 162 (2012), 110–119.
106. Tomaz, S., Shahpoury, P., Jaffrezo, J.L., Lammel, G., Perraudin, E., Villenave, E., Albinet, A., One-year study of polycyclic aromatic compounds at an urban site in Grenoble (France): seasonal variations, gas/particle partitioning and cancer risk estimation. Sci. Total Environ. 565 (2016), 1071–1083.
107. Tseng, H.H., Lu, C.Y., Chang, F.Y., Wey, M.Y., Cheng, H.T., Catalytic removal of NO and PAHs over AC-supported catalysts from incineration flue gas: bench-scale and pilot-plant tests. Chem. Eng. J. 169 (2011), 135–143.
108. Van Drooge, B.L., Fernández, P., Grimalt, J.O., Stuchlík, E., Torres García, C.J., Cuevas, E., Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in remote European and Atlantic sites located above the boundary mixing layer. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 17 (2010), 1207–1216.
109. Venkataraman, C., Thomas, S., Kulkarni, P., Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – gas/particle partitioning to urban aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 30 (1999), 759–770.
110. Vione, D., Barra, S., De Gennaro, G., De Rienzo, M., Gilardoni, S., Perrone, M.G., Pozzoli, L., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere: monitoring, sources, sinks and fate II: Sinks and fate. Ann. Chim. 94 (2004), 257–268.
111. Wang, W., Simonich, S.L.M., Wang, W., Giri, B., Zhao, J., Xue, M., Cao, J., Lu, X., Tao, S., Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and gas/particle partitioning at background, rural village and urban sites in the North China Plain. Atmos. Res. 99 (2011), 197–206.
112. Wang, Z., Na, G., Ma, X., Fang, X., Ge, L., Gao, H., Yao, Z., Occurrence and gas/particle partitioning of PAHs in the atmosphere from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. Atmos. Environ. 77 (2013), 640–646.
113. Wang, R., Liu, G., Zhang, J., Variations of emission characterization of PAHs emitted from different utility boilers of coal-fired power plants and risk assessment related to atmospheric PAHs. Sci. Total Environ. 538 (2015), 180–190.
114. Wang, X., Thai, P.K., Li, Y., Li, Q., Wainwright, D., Hawker, D.W., Mueller, J.F., Changes in atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls between the 1990s and 2010s in an Australian city and the role of bushfires as a source. Environ. Pollut. 213 (2016), 223–231.
115. Wang, R., Yousaf, B., Sun, R., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Liu, G., Emission characterization and delta (13) C values of parent PAHs and nitro-PAHs in size segregated particulate matters from coal-fired power plants. J. Hazard. Mater. 318 (2016), 487–496.
116. Wei, H., Liu, G.B., Yong, T., Qin, Z., Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from different types of motor vehicles’ exhaust. Environ. Earth Sci. 74 (2015), 5557–5564.
117. Wu, S.P., Yang, B.Y., Wang, X.H., Yuan, C.S., Hong, H.S., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of two subtropical cities in southeast china: seasonal variation and gas/particle partitioning. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 14 (2014), 1232–1246.
118. Xia, Z., Duan, X., Tao, S., Qiu, W., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Wei, S., Wang, B., Jiang, Q., Lu, B., Song, Y., Hu, X., Pollution level, inhalation exposure and lung cancer risk of ambient atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Taiyuan, China. Environ. Pollut. 173 (2013), 150–156.
119. Yamasaki, H., Kuwata, K., Miyamoto, H., Effects of ambient temperature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16 (1982), 189–194.
120. Yang, H., Lee, W.J., Chen, S.J., Lai, S.O., PAH emission from various industrial stacks. J. Hazard. Mater. 60 (1998), 159–174.
121. Yang, H., Lai, S., Hsieh, L., Hsueh, H., Chi, T., Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries. Chemosphere 48 (2002), 1061–1074.
122. Yang, H.H., Chien, S.M., Chao, M.C., Wang, Y.F., Size distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diluted four-stroke motorcycle exhausts. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2 (2005), 225–235.
123. Yang, H.H., Chien, S.M., Chao, M.R., Lin, C.C., Particle size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motorcycle exhaust emissions. J. Hazard. Mater. 125 (2005), 154–159.
124. Yang, F., Zhang, Q., Guo, H., Zhang, S., Evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and teratogenicity of marine sediments from Qingdao coastal areas using in vitro fish cell assay, comet assay and zebrafish embryo test. Toxicol. in Vitro 24 (2010), 2003–2011.
125. Yang, Y., Guo, P., Zhang, Q., Li, D., Zhao, L., Mu, D., Seasonal variation, sources and gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Guangzhou, China. Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010), 2492–2500.
126. Yu, H., Yu, J.Z., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China: size distribution characteristics and size-resolved gas-particle partitioning. Atmos. Environ. 54 (2012), 194–200.
127. Zhai, Y., Li, P., Zhu, Y., Xu, B., Peng, C., Wang, T., Li, C., Zeng, G., Source apportionment coupled with gas/particle partitioning theory and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with size-segregated airborne particulate matter. Water Air Soil Pollut., 227, 2016, 44.
128. Zhang, H., Hu, D., Chen, J., Ye, X., Wang, S.X., Hao, J.M., Wang, L., Zhang, R., An, Z., Particle size distribution and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from agricultural crop residue burning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011), 5477–5482.
129. Zhou, H.C., Zhong, Z.P., Jin, B.S., Huang, Y.J., Xiao, R., Experimental study on the removal of PAHs using in-duct activated carbon injection. Chemosphere 59 (2005), 861–869.
130. Zhu, Y., Yang, L.X., Yuan, Q., Yan, C., Dong, C., Meng, C.P., Sui, X., Yao, L., Yang, F., Lu, Y.L., Wang, W.X., Airborne particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in a background site in the North China plain: concentration, size distribution, toxicity and sources. Sci. Total Environ. 466–467 (2014), 357–368.