Gas-particle concentration, distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a traffic area of Giza, Egypt

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 184, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 3593-3612

  Hassan, Salwa Kamal ^a   Khoder, M I ^b  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Egypt)

^b KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Concentrations; Diagnostic ratio; Distribution; Egypt; Gaseous phase; Giza; Health risk assessment; PAHs; Particulate phase; Traffic area

Indexed keywords

DIAGNOSTIC RATIOS; DISTRIBUTION; EGYPT; GASEOUS PHASE; GIZA; PAHS; PARTICULATE PHASE;

ANTHRACENE; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); NAPHTHALENE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

HEALTH RISKS;

ACENAPHTHENE; ACENAPHTHYLENE; ANTHRACENE; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE; BENZO[GHI]PERYLENE; CHRYSENE; DIBENZ[A,H]ANTHRACENE; FLUORANTHENE; FLUORENE; INDENO[1,2,3 CD]PYRENE; NAPHTHALENE; PHENANTHRENE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVE; PYRENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); HEALTH RISK; NAPHTHALENE; PAH; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRAFFIC EMISSION; URBAN AREA; URBAN POLLUTION;

AIR ANALYSIS; AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; CARCINOGENICITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); EGYPT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EXHAUST GAS; GAS; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PARTICULATE MATTER; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUMMER; URBAN AREA; WINTER; AIR POLLUTANT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; SEASON; STATISTICS;

EGYPT; GIZA [EGYPT];

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; EGYPT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEASONS;

EID: 84863732877     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2210-8     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Atkinson, R., & Arey, J. (1994). Atmospheric chemistry of gasphase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: formation of atmospheric mutagens. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102, 117-126.
2. Bahm, K., & Khalil, M. A. K. (2004). A new model of tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations. Chemo-sphere, 54, 143-166.
3. Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Michon, Q., Garrigues, P., Burgeot, T., & Bellocq, J. (1998). Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 47, 77-90.
4. Berko, HN (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Australia-technical report no. 2. Environment Australia, Department of Environmental Protection, Perth, Western Australia, October 1999.
5. Bidleman, T. F. (1988). Atmospheric processes: wet and dry deposition of organic compounds are controlled by their vapor-particle partitioning. Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 361-367.
6. Binet, S., Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Brandt, H., Lafontaine, M., & Castegnaro, M. (2002). Bitumen fumes: review of work on the potential risk to workers and the present knowledge on its origin. The Science of the Total Environment, 300, 37-49.
7. Boonyatumanond, R., Murakami, M., Wattayakorn, G., Togo, A., & Takada, H. (2007). Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust in a tropical Asian mega-city, Bangkok, Thailand. The Science of the Total Environment, 384, 420-432.
8. Bourotte, C., Forti, M. C., Taniguchi, S., Caruso, M., & Lotufo, P. A. (2005). A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in Sao Paulo City, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3799-3811.
9. Caricchia, A. M., Chiavarini, S., & Pessa, M. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmospheric particulate matter in the city of Naples (Italy). Atmospheric Environment, 33, 3731-3738.
10. Choi, M. P. K., Kang, Y. H., Peng, X. L., Ng, K. W., & Wong, M. H. (2009). Stockholm Convention organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Hong Kong air. Chemosphere, 77, 714-719.
11. Cincinelli, A., Del Bubba, M., Martellini, T., Gambaro, A., & Lepri, L. (2007). Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy). Chemosphere, 68, 472-478.
12. Cindoruk, S. S., & Tasdemir, Y. (2007). Characterization of gas/particle concentrations and partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured in an urban site of Turkey. Environmental Pollution, 148, 325-333.
13. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in partnership with the Scottish Executive, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern Ireland (2007) The UK air quality strategy for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland involves a UK national air quality objective, reiterated in 2007. Available from: http://www.defra.gov.uk
14. Dickhut, R. M., Canuel, E. A., Gustafson, K. E., Liu, K., Arzayus, K. M., Walker, S. E., et al. (2000). Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the Chesapeake Bay region. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 4635-4640.
15. Ding, X., Wang, X. M., Xie, Z. Q., Xiang, C. H., Mai, B. X., Sun, L. G., et al. (2007). Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons observed over the North Pacific Ocean and the Arctic area: spatial distribution and source identification. Atmospheric Environment, 47, 2061-2072.
16. Dyke, P. H., Foan, C., & Fiedler, H. (2003). PCB and PAH releases from power stations and waste incineration processes in the UK. Chemosphere, 50, 469-480.
17. Esen, F., Tasdemir, Y., & Vardar, N. (2008). Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, their possible sources and gas-to-particle partitioning at a residential site of Bursa, Turkey. Atmospheric Research, 88, 243-255.
18. Fang, G. C., Chang, C. N., Wu, Y. S., Fu, P. C., Yang, I. L., & Chen, M. H. (2004). Characterization, identification of ambient air and road dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in central Taiwan, Taichung. The Science of the Total Environment, 327, 135-146.
19. Fang, G. C., Wu, Y. S., Chen, M. H., Ho, T. T., Huang, S. H., & Rau, J. Y. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan, during 2002-2003. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 3385-3391.
20. Fang, G.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Fu, P. P.-C., Yang, I.-L., & Chen, M.-H. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of suburban and industrial regions of central Taiwan. Chemosphere, 54, 443-452.
21. Fon, T. Y. W., Noriatsu, O., & Hiroshi, S. (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol of Higashi Hiroshima, Japan: Pollution scenario and source identification. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 182, 235-243.
22. Guo, H., Lee, S. C., Ho, K. F., Wang, X. M., & Zou, S. C. (2003). Particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 5307-5317.
23. Halsall, C. J., Coleman, P. J., Davis, B. J., Burnett, V., Waterhouse, K. S., Hardingjones, P., et al. (1994). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in UK urban air. Environmental Science and Technology, 28(13), 2380-2386.
24. Harrison, R. M., Smith, D. J. T., & Luhana, L. (1996). Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, U.K. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 825-832.
25. Hassan, SK (2006) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some heavy metals in suspended particulate matter in urban, industrial and residential areas in Greater Cairo. Ph.D. Thesis, Cairo University, Egypt.
26. Hassanien, M. A., & Abdel-Latif, N. M. (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust over Greater Cairo, Egypt. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151, 247-254.
27. Hemminki, K., & Pershagen, G. (1994). Cancer risk of air pollution epidemiological evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Suppl. 4), 187-192.
28. Kakimoto, H., Matsumoto, Y., Sakai, S., Kanoh, F., Arashidani, K., & Tang, N. (2002). Comparison of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrialized city (Kita-kyushu) and two commercial cities (Sapporo and Tokyo). Journal of Health Sciences, 48, 370-375.
29. Kameda, Y., Shirai, J., Komai, T., Nakanishi, J., & Masunaga, S. (2005). Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: size distribution, estimation of their risk and their depositions to human respiratory tract. The Science of the Total Environment, 340, 71-80.
30. Kennedy, K., Macova, M., Bartkow, M. E., Hawker, D. W., Zhao, B., Denison, M. S., et al. (2010). Effect based monitoring of seasonal ambient air exposures in Australia sampled by PUF passive air samplers. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 1, 50-58.
31. Khalili, N. R., (1992). Ph.D. Thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
32. Khalili, N. R., Scheff, P. A., & Holsen, T. M. (1995). PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 29(4), 533-542.
33. Khoder, M. I. (2006). Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wet deposition in urban and suburban areas of Giza, Egypt. Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 12, 279-296.
34. Khoder, M. I. (2007). Profile and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust deposited on leaves of street trees as indicator of the sources of air pollution in urban areas in Cairo. Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 13(1), 71-90.
35. Khoder, M. I. (2009). Diurnal, seasonal and weekdays-weekends variations of ground level ozone concentrations in an urban area in Greater Cairo. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 149, 349-362.
36. Kim, E. J., Oh, J. E., & Chang, Y. S. (2003). Effects of forest fire on the level and distribution of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil. The Science of the Total Environment, 311, 177-189.
37. Kishida, M., Imamura, K., Takenaka, N., Maeda, Y., Viet, P. H., & Bandow, H. (2008). Concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter and the gaseous phase at roadside sites in Hanoi, Vietnam. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81, 174-179.
38. Kiss, G., Varga-Punchony, Z., Rohrbacher, G., & Hlavay, J. (1998). Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on atmospheric aerosol particles of different sizes. Atmospheric Research, 46, 253-261.
39. Knoll, J. E. (1985). Estimation of the limit of detection in chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 23, 422-425.
40. LBS. (1995). The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient Air by GC/MS, Laboratory Services Branch, PAHAIR/APSD-E3124B. Etobicoke, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy.
41. 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Atlanta-seasonal variations at urban, suburban, and rural ambient air monitoring sites. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 4187-4193.
42. Li, J., Zhang, G., Li, X. D., Qi, S. H., Liu, G. Q., & Peng, X. Z. (2006). Source seasonality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China. The Science of the Total Environment, 355, 145-155.
43. Lima, A. L. C., Farrington, J. W., & Reddy, C. M. (2004). Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment-a review. Environmental Forensics, 6 (2), 109-131.
44. Lin, T. C., Chang, F. H., Hsieh, J. H., Chao, H. R., & Chao, M. R. (2002). Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 95, 1-12.
45. Liu, S., Tao, S., Liu, W., Dou, H., Liu, Y., Zhao, J., et al. (2008). Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural and urban areas of the North Chinese Plain. Environmental Pollution, 156, 651-656.
46. Lohmann, R., Northcott, G. L., & Jones, K. C. (2000). Assessing the contribution of diffuse domestic burning as a source of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs to the UK atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 2892-2899.
47. Masclet, P., Mouvier, G., & Nikolaou, K. (1986). Relative decay index and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmospheric Environment, 20, 439-446.
48. Mazzera, D. T. T., Hayes, T., Lowenthal, D., & Zielinska, B. (1999). Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil at McMurdo station, Antarctica. The Science of the Total Environment, 229, 65-71.
49. Menichini, E., Monfredini, F., & Merli, F. (1999). The temporal variability of the profile of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban traffic area in Roma, 1993-1998. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 3739-3750.
50. Miguel, A. H., Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., & Hering, S. (1998). On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 450-455.
51. Nielsen, T., Jorgensen, H. E., Larsen, J. C., & Poulsen, M. (1996). City air pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens: occurrence, sources and health effects. The Science of the Total Environment, 189, 41-49.
52. Nisbet, C., & La Goy, P. (1992). Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 16, 290-300.
53. Odabasi, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoglu, A., Tasdemir, Y., & Holsn, T. M. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chicago air. The Science of the Total Environment, 27, 57-67.
54. Ohura, T., Amagai, T., Fusaya, M., & Matsushita, H. (2004). Spatial distributions and profiles of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two industrial cities in Japan. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 49-55.
55. Pankow, J. F. (1994). An absorption model of gas particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 28, 185-188.
56. Park, J. S., Wade, T. L., & Sweet, S. (2001). Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and deposition to Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 3241-3249.
57. Park, S. S., Kim, Y. J., & Kang, C. H. (2002). Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 2917-2924.
58. Peng, L., Zeng, F. G., & Chen, M. (2003). Distribution characteristics and source analysis of n-alkanes (C14-C31) and PAHs in total suspended particulates in urban area of Taiyuan city. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 22, 206-210.
59. Petry, T., Schmid, P., & Schlatter, Ch. (1996). The use of toxic equivalency factors in assessing occupational and environmental health risk associated with exposure to airborne mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemosphere, 32, 639-648.
60. Poor, N., Tremblay, R., Kay, H., Bhethanabotla, V., Swartz, E., Luther, M., et al. (2004). Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 6005-6015.
61. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (1993). Sources of fine organic aerosol: 3. Road dust, tire debris, and organometallic brake lining dust: roads as sources and sinks. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 1892-1904.
62. Sharma, H., Jain, V. K., & Khan, Z. H. (2007). Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Delhi. Chemosphere, 66, 302-310.
63. Sin, D. W. M., Wong, Y. C., Choi, Y. Y., Lam, C. H., & Louie, P. K. K. (2003). Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 5, 989-996.
64. Sonnefeld, W. J., Zoller, W. H., & May, W. E. (1983). Dynamic coupled column liquid chromatographic determination of ambient temperature vapor pressures of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Analytical Chemistry, 55, 275-280.
65. Tasdemir, Y., & Esen, F. (2007). Urban air PAHs: concentrations, temporal changes and gas/particle partitioning at a traffic site in Turkey. Atmospheric Research, 84, 1-12.
66. Terzi, E., & Samara, C. (2004). Gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban, adjacent coastal, and continental background sites of western Greece. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 4973-4978.
67. Tsapakis, M., & Stephanou, E. G. (2005). Occurrence of gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: study of sources and ambient temperature effect on the gas/particle concentration and distribution. Environmental Pollution, 133, 147-156.
68. Vardar, N., Esen, F., & Tasdemir, Y. (2008). Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey. Environmental Pollution, 155, 298-307.
69. Wang, X. L., Tao, S., Dawson, R. W., & Xu, F. L. (2002). Characterizing and comparing risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a Tianjin wastewater-irrigated area. Environmental Research, 90, 201-206.
70. WHO (World Health Organization) (1987). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No.23. WHO, Geneva, pp. 105-117.
71. Xue, W. L., & Warshawsky, D. (2005). Metabolic activation of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage: a review. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 206, 73-93.
72. Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette, D., & Sylvestre, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser river basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH sources and composition. Organic Geochemistry, 33, 489-515.
73. Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., Arnott, W. P., Rogers, C. F., Kelly, K. E., Wagner, D. A., et al. (2004). Phase and size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel and gasoline vehicle emissions. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 2557-2567.