Determination of n-alkanes, PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM2.5 and PM1 sampled in the surroundings of a municipal waste incinerator

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 149, Issue , 2017, Pages 12-23

  Sarti, Elena ^a   Pasti, Luisa ^a   Scaroni, Ivan ^b   Casali, Patrizia ^b   Cavazzini, Alberto ^a   Rossi, Mauro ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

^b Regional Agency for the and Environment Protection and Prevention   (Italy)

^c Regional Agency for Prevention Environment and Energy ARPAE Emilia Romagna   (Italy)

Author keywords

Incinerator plant; n alkanes; Nitro PAHs; PAHs; PM1; PM2.5

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; CARBON; COMBUSTION; CRASHWORTHINESS; FOSSIL FUELS; PARAFFINS; WASTE INCINERATION;

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES; ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE; LOWER TEMPERATURES; MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS; N-ALKANES; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS);

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

ALKANE; FOSSIL FUEL; NITRO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALKANE; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CLIMATE EFFECT; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); FOSSIL FUEL; INCINERATION; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; PAH; PARTICULATE MATTER; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT; URBAN AREA; WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT;

ADSORPTION; AEROSOL; ARTICLE; COMBUSTION; GAS; ITALY; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUMMER; TEMPERATURE; WASTE; WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT; WINTER;

BOLOGNA [BOLOGNA (PRV)]; BOLOGNA [EMILIA-ROMAGNA]; EMILIA-ROMAGNA; ITALY;

EID: 84999009589     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: 18732844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.016     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Aceves, M., Grlmalt, J.O., Seasonally dependent size distributions of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosols from densely populated areas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (1993), 2896–2908.
2. Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., Villenave, E., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys. Part 2: particle size distribution. Atmos. Environ. 42 (2008), 55–64.
3. Allen, J., Dookeran, N.M., Smith, K.A., Sarofim, A.F., Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in Massachusetts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (1996), 1023–1031.
4. Alves, C.A., Pio, C.A., Duarte, A.C., Particulate size distributed organic compounds in a forest atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000), 4287–4293.
5. Bamford, H.A., Baker, J.E., Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and sources in urban and suburban atmospheres of the Mid-Atlantic region. Atmos. Environ. 37 (2003), 2077–2091.
6. Bamford, H.A., Bezabeh, D.Z., Schantz, M.M., Wise, S.A., Baker, J.E., Determination and comparison of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in air and diesel particulate reference materials. Chemosphere 50 (2003), 575–587.
7. 2.5-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 473–474 (2014), 77–87.
8. Bi, X., Sheng, G., Peng, P., Chen, Y., Fu, J., Size distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban and rural atmospheres of Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Environ. 39 (2005), 477–487.
9. th International Conference on Harmonization within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, 2011, 192–195 October 2–6, 2011, Kos, Greece.
10. Cecinato, A., Marino, F., Di Filippo, P., Lepore, L., Possanzini, M., Distribution of n-alkanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons between the fine and coarse fractions of inhalable atmospheric particulates. J. Chromatogr. A 846 (1999), 255–264.
11. Chen, R., Hu, B., Liu, Y., Xu, J., Yang, G., Xu, D., Chen, C., Beyond PM2.5: the role of ultrafine particles on adverse health effects of air pollution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2016, 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.019.
12. Chrysikou, L.P., Samara, C.A., Seasonal variation of the size distribution of urban particulate matter and associated organic pollutants in the ambient air. Atmos. Environ. 43 (2009), 4557–4569.
13. Cincinelli, A., Del Bubba, M., Martellini, T., Gambaro, A., Lepri, L., Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy). Chemosphere 68 (2007), 472–478.
14. Crimmins, B.S., Characterization of Carbonaceous Aerosol: Improved Methods, Sources and Size Distributions. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2006.
15. Cvetković, A., Jovašević-Stojanović, M., Marković, D., Ristovski, Z., Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the metropolitan area of Belgrade, Serbia. Atmos. Environ. 112 (2015), 335–343.
16. Deserti, M., Savoia, E., Cacciamani, C., Golinelli, M., Kerschbaumer, A., Leoncini, G., Selvini, A., Paccagnella, T., Tibaldi, S., Operational meteorological preprocessing at Emilia-Romagna ARPA meteorological service as a part of a decision support system for air quality management. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 16 (2001), 571–582.
17. Duan, F., He, K., Liu, X., Characteristics and source identification of fine particulate n-alkanes in Beijing, China. J. Environ. Sci. 22:7 (2010), 998–1005.
18. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), Priority Pollutant List. 2014 http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/priority-pollutant-list-epa.pdf.
19. Feilberg, A., Poulsen, M.W.B., Nielsen, T., Skov, H., Occurrence and sources of particulate nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in Denmark. Atmos. Environ. 35 (2001), 353–366.
20. 10 from Wroc1aw, Poland using molecular and stable carbon isotope compositions. Atmos. Environ. 89 (2014), 739–748.
21. Harrison, J.M., Smith, D.J.T., Luhhana, L., Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, U.K. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (1996), 825–832.
22. HPA (Health Protection Agency), The Impact on Health of Emissions to Air from Municipal Waste Incinerators. 2009, Public Health England http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/HPA_Incinerator_Advice_Sept_09.pdf.
23. Jedynska, A., Hoek, G., Eeftens, M., Cyrys, J., Keuken, M., Ampe, C., Beelen, R., Cesaroni, G., Forastiere, F., Cirach, M., de Hoogh, K., De Nazelle, A., Madsen, C., Declercq, C., Eriksen, K.T., Katsouyanni, K., Akhlaghi, H.M., Lanki, T., Meliefste, K., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Oldenwening, M., Pennanen, A., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Brunekreef, B., Kooter, I.M., Spatial variations of PAH, hopanes/steranes and EC/OC concentrations within and between European study areas. Atmos. Environ. 87 (2014), 239–248.
24. 2.5-10 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 183 (2010), 70–80.
25. Laden, F., Neas, L.M., Dockery, D.W., Schwartz, J., Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. Cities. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:10 (2000), 941–947.
26. Lampa, E., Lind, L., Hermansson, A.B., Salihovic, S., van Bavel, B., Lind, P.M., An investigation of the co–variation in circulating levels of a large number of environmental contaminants. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 22 (2012), 476–482.
27. 2:5 at urban, industrial and coastal sites in Tianjin, China. Atmos. Environ. 43 (2009), 4557–4569.
28. Masiol, M., Hofer, A., Squizzato, S., Piazza, R., Rampazzo, G., Pavoni, B., Carcinogenic and mutagenic risk associated to airborne particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a source apportionment. Atmos. Environ. 60 (2012), 375–382.
29. Morawska, L., Zhang, J., Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures. Chemosphere 49 (2002), 1045–1058.
30. Omar, N.Y.M.J., Abas, M.R.B., Ketuly, K.A., Tahir, N.M., Concentrations of PAHs in atmospheric particles (PM-10) and roadside soil particles collected in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002), 247–254.
31. 2.5 concentrations in Milan, Northern Italy: molecular marker data and CMB modelling. Sci. Total Environ. 414 (2012), 343–355.
32. Pietrogrande, M.C., Mercuriali, M., Perrone, M.G., Ferrero, L., Sangiorgi, G., Bolzacchini, E., Distribution of n-alkanes in the northern Italy aerosols: data handling of GC-MS signals for homologous series characterization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (2010), 4232–4240.
33. Pietrogrande, M.C., Bacco, D., Ferrari, S., Kaipainen, J., Ricciardelli, I., Riekkola, M.L., Trentini, A., Visentin, M., Characterization of atmospheric aerosols in the Po valley during the supersito campaigns - Part 3: contribution of wood combustion to wintertime atmospheric aerosols in Emilia Romagna region (Northern Italy). Atmos. Environ. 122 (2015), 291–305.
34. Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., de Hoog, J., Deutsch, F., Roekens, E., Bleux, N., Bergmans, P., Van Grieken, R., Seasonal and site specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006), 771–785.
35. Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., Van Grieken, R., Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos. Environ. 42 (2008), 2895–2921.
36. Reisen, F., Arey, J., Atmospheric reactions influence seasonal PAH and nitro-PAH concentrations in the Los Angeles basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005), 64–73.
37. 2.5 associated organic compounds in central California. Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006), 290–303.
38. Rogge, W.F., Hlldemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Non-catalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (1993), 636–651.
39. Rogge, W.F., Hlldemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., Sources of fine organic aerosol. 4. Particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 (1993), 2700–2711.
40. Rossi, M., Pasti, L., Bonafé, G., Scotto, F., Trentini, A., The impact of waste incinerators on the environment (Volume 1, Quaderni di Moniter). 2012, ARPA-ER (Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment- Emilia Romagna) and Regione Emilia Romagna (in Italian) http://www.arpa.emr.it/cms3/documenti/moniter/quaderni/07_Ambiente_Moniter.pdf.
41. 2.5 samples, metals and their water soluble fractions in the Bologna area (Italy). Atmos. Pollut. Res. 6 (2015), 708–718.
42. Scire, J.S., Robe, F.R., Fernau, M.E., Yamartino, R.J., A User Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model (Version 5). 2000, Earth Tech, Inc.
43. Shen, G., Tao, S., Wei, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Wang, B., Li, W., Shen, H., Huang, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Yang, Y., Wang, W., Wang, X., Liu, W., Simonich, S.L.M., Emissions of parent, nitro and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential wood combustion in rural China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012), 8123–8130.
44. Simoneit, B.R.T., Organic matter of the troposphere-V. Application of molecular marker analysis to biogenic emissions into the troposphere for source reconciliations. J. Atmos. Chem. 8 (1989), 251–275.
45. Simoneit, B.R.T., Sheng, G.Y., Chen, X., Fu, J.M., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., Molecular marker study of extractable organic matter in aerosols from urban areas of China. Atmos. Environ. 25 (1991), 2111–2129.
46. Souza, K.F., Carvalho, L.R.F., Allen, A.G., Cardoso, A.A., Diurnal and nocturnal measurements of PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH compounds in atmospheric particulate matter of a sugar cane burning region. Atmos. Environ. 83 (2014), 193–201.
47. 2.5-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an urban site in the Po valley (Bologna, Italy). Water Air Soil Pollut. 179 (2007), 227–237.
48. Tang, N., Hattori, T., Taga, R., Igarashi, K., Yang, X., Tamura, K., Kakimoto, H., Mishukov, V.F., Toriba, A., Kizu, R., Hayakawa, K., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in the Pan–Japan Sea countries. Atmos. Environ. 39 (2005), 5817–5826.
49. Terzi, E., Samara, C., Gas-particle partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in urban, adjacent coastal, and continental background sites of Western Greece. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004), 4973–4978.
50. UNI EN 15549:2008. Air Quality - Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in ambient air. http://store.uni.com/magento-1.4.0.1/index.php/uni-en-15549-2008.html.
51. US- EPA (US- Environmental Protection Agency), Test Method 3630C: Silica Gel Cleanup. 1996 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/3630c.pdf.
52. Vassura, I., Venturini, E., Marchetti, S., Piazzalunga, A., Bernardi, E., Fermo, P., Passarini, F., Markers and influence of open biomass burning on atmospheric particulate size and composition during a major bonfire event. Atmos. Environ. 82 (2014), 218–225.
53. 2.5 concentration and composition in the urban area of Milan (Italy). Atmos. Environ. 38 (2004), 4437–4446.
54. WHO (World Health Organization), Selected Nitro- and Nitro-oxy-polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 2003, Environmental Health Criteria 229, Geneva, Switzerland http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ehc/WHO_EHC_229.pdf.