Gas-particle distributions, sources and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Venice aerosols

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 476-477, Issue , 2014, Pages 393-405

  Gregoris, Elena ^a,b   Argiriadis, Elena ^b   Vecchiato, Marco ^a,b,c   Zambon, Stefano ^a,b   De Pieri, Silvia ^b   Donateo, Antonio ^a   Contini, Daniele ^a   Piazza, Rossano ^a,b   Barbante, Carlo ^a,b   Gambaro, Andrea ^a,b  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b CA' FOSCARI UNIVERSITY OF VENICE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Diagnostic ratio; PCB 11; Persistent organic pollutants; Toxicological equivalency method; Venice

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; MINERAL OILS; NAPHTHALENE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

DIAGNOSTIC RATIOS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT (POP); POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCBS); POLYCHLORINATED NAPHTHALENE (PCNS); POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS); TOXICOLOGICAL EQUIVALENCY METHOD; TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION; VENICE;

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

ACENAPHTHENE DERIVATIVE; ACENAPHTHYLENE; ANTHRACENE; AROCLOR; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE; BENZO[GHI]PERYLENE; BENZO[K]FLUORANTHENE; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; CHRYSENE; DIBENZ[A,H]ANTHRACENE; DIOXIN; FLUORANTHENE; FLUORENE; INDENO[1,2,3 CD]PYRENE; PHENANTHRENE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCHLORINATED NAPHTHALENE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; PYRENE;

AEROSOL; CARCINOGEN; DIOXIN; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; PAH; PCB; TOXICOLOGY;

AEROSOL; AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; EUROPE; GAS ANALYSIS; GAS PARTICLE PARTITIONING; LAGOON; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHASE PARTITIONING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOTAL CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY;

ITALY; VENETO; VENEZIA [VENETO]; VENICE;

AEROSOLS; DIAGNOSTIC RATIO; PCB-11; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; TOXICOLOGICAL EQUIVALENCY METHOD; VENICE;

AEROSOLS; AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; ITALY; NAPHTHALENES; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC;

EID: 84893348587     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.036     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bidleman T.F., Helm P.A., Braune B.M., Gabrielsen G.W. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in polar environments: a review. Sci Total Environ 2010, 408:2919-2935.
2. Castro-Jimenez J., Dueri S., Eisenreich S.J., Mariani G., Skejo H., Umlauf G., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of sub-alpine northern Italy. Environ Pollut 2009, 157:1024-1032.
3. Choi S.D., Baek S.Y., Chang Y.S., Wania F., Ikonomou M.G., Yoon Y.J., et al. Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides at the Korean Arctic and Antarctic research stations: implications for long-range transport and local pollution. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42:7125-7131.
4. Cincinelli A., Bubba M.D., Martellini T., Gambaro A., Lepri L. Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy). Chemosphere 2007, 68:472-478.
5. Colombo A., Benfenati E., Bugatti S.G., Lodi M., Mariani A., Musmeci L., et al. PCDD/Fs and PCBs in ambient air in a highly industrialized city in Northern Italy. Chemosphere 2013, 90:2352-2357.
6. 10 and PAH in Venice. J Environ Manage 2011, 92:2119-2129.
7. Desaules A., Ammann S., Blum F., Brandli R.C., Bucheli T.D., Keller A. PAH and PCB in soils of Switzerland: status and critical review. J Environ Monit 2008, 10:1265-1277.
8. Dickhut R.M., Cincinelli A., Cochran M., Kylin H. Aerosol-mediated transport and deposition of brominated diphenyl ethers to Antarctica. Environ Sci Technol 2012, 46:3135-3140.
9. Du S., Wall S.J., Cacia D., Rodenburg L.A. Passive air sampling for polychlorinated biphenyls in the Philadelphia Metropolitan area. Environ Sci Technol 2009, 43:1287-1292.
10. Ente Zona Industriale Porto Marghera, Via delle Industrie, 19-30175 Porto Marghera (Venezia).
11. EPA (United State Environmental Protection Agency) Polychlorinated byphenyls (PCBs) manifacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, and use prohibition 1979, [Final rule No.: 40 CFR Part 761 [FRL 1075-2]].
12. EPA (United State Environmental Protection Agency) List of priority pollutants 1981, [Regulation No.: 40 CFR 423, Appendix A].
13. Erickson M.D. Introduction: PCB properties, uses, occurrence, and regulatory history. PCBs: recent advances in environmental toxicology and health effect 2001, XXII. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington. L.W. Robertson, L.G. Hansen (Eds.).
14. Fang G.C., Wu Y.S., Chen M.H., Ho T.T., Huang S.H., Rau J.Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan, during 2002-2003. Atmos Environ 2004, 38:3385-3391.
15. Frignani M., Bellucci L.G., Carraro C., Raccanelli S. Polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the Venice Lagoon. Chemosphere 2001, 43:567-575.
16. Frignani M., Bellucci L.G., Carraro C., Favotto M. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the Venice Lagoon and the industrial area of Porto Marghera. Chemosphere 2004, 54:1563-1572.
17. Gaga E.O., Akif A., Dogeroglu T., Cakirca E.E., Cakirca E.F., Machin N.E. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrialized city, Kocaeli, Turkey: study of seasonal variations, influence of meteorological parameters and health risk estimation. J Environ Monit 2012, 14:2219-2229.
18. Gambaro A., Manodori L., Moret I., Capodaglio G., Cescon P. Determination of polychlorobiphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric aerosol of the Venice Lagoon. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004, 378:1806-1814.
19. Grossman E. Nonlegacy PCBs: pigment manufacturing by-products get a second look. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:a86-a93.
20. Harrison R.M., Smith D.J.T., Luhana L. Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK. Environ Sci Technol 1996, 30:825-832.
21. Hassan S.K., Khoder M.I. Gas-particle concentration, distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a traffic area of Giza, Egypt. Environ Monit Assess 2012, 184:3593-3612.
22. Helm P.A., Bidleman T.F. Current combustion-related sources contribute to polychlorinated naphthalene and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl levels and profiles in air in Toronto, Canada. Environ Sci Technol 2003, 37:1075-1082.
23. Hu D.F., Martinez A., Hornbuckle K.C. Discovery of non-Aroclor PCB (3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl) in Chicago air. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42:7873-7877.
24. Hu D., Martinez A., Hornbuckle K.C. Sedimentary records of non-Aroclor and Aroclor PCB mixtures in the Great Lakes. J Great Lakes Res 2011, 37:359-364.
25. Hung H., Blanchard P., Halsall C.J., Bidleman T.F., Stern G.A., Fellin P., et al. Temporal and spatial variabilities of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Canadian Arctic: results from a decade of monitoring. Sci Total Environ 2005, 342:119-144.
26. Jakobsson E., Asplund L. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). New types of persistent halogenated compounds, 3 2000, 117-118. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. J. Paasivirta (Ed.).
27. Khairy M.A., Lohmann R. Source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Alexandria, Egypt. Chemosphere 2013, 91:895-903.
28. Klanova J., Matykiewiczova N., Macka Z., Prosek P., Laska K., Klan P. Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James ROSS Island, Antarctica. Environ Pollut 2008, 152:416-423.
29. Lee R.G.M., Thomas G.O., Jones K.C. Detailed study of factors controlling atmospheric concentrations of PCNs. Environ Sci Technol 2005, 39:4729-4738.
30. Legislative Decree 2010, [Aug 13; n. 155; All. XIII, Italy].
31. Li Y.M., Geng D.W., Hu Y.B., Wang P., Zhang Q.H., Jiang G.B. Levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere close to Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica: results from XAD-resin passive air sampling. Chin Sci Bull 2012, 57:1499-1503.
32. Lin Y., Zhao Y., Qiu X., Ma J., Yang Q., Shao M., et al. Spatial distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere across North China based on gridded field observations. Environ Pollut 2013, 180:27-33.
33. Mandalakis M., Tsapakis M., Tsoga A., Stephanou E.G. Gas-particle concentrations and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of Athens (Greece). Atmos Environ 2002, 36:4023-4035.
34. Manodori L., Gambaro A., Zangrando R., Turetta C., Cescon P. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the gas-phase of the Venice Lagoon atmosphere. Atmos Environ 2006, 40:2020-2029.
35. Manodori L., Gambaro A., Piazza R., Ferrari S., Stortini A.M., Moret I., et al. PCBs and PAHs in sea-surface microlayer and sub-surface water samples of the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Mar Pollut Bull 2006, 52:184-192.
36. Manodori L., Gambaro A., Moret I., Capodaglio G., Cairns W.R.L., Cescon P. Seasonal evolution of gas-phase PCB concentrations in the Venice Lagoon area. Chemosphere 2006, 62:449-458.
37. Manodori L., Gambaro A., Moret I., Capodaglio G., Cescon P. Air-sea gaseous exchange of PCB at the Venice lagoon (Italy). Mar Pollut Bull 2007, 54:1634-1644.
38. 2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monitoring in the area of Tuscany, Italy. Concentrations, source understanding and implications. Environ Pollut 2012, 164:252-258.
39. Moret I., Piazza R., Benedetti M., Gambaro A., Barbante C., Cescon P. Determination of polychlorobiphenyls in Venice Lagoon sediments. Chemosphere 2001, 43:559-565.
40. Moret I., Gambaro A., Piazza R., Ferrari S., Manodori L. Determination of polychlorobiphenyl congeners (PCBs) in the surface water of the Venice lagoon. Mar Pollut Bull 2005, 50:167-174.
41. Negri A., Burns K., Boyle S., Brinkman D., Webster N. Contamination in sediments, bivalves and sponges of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Environ Pollut 2006, 143:456-467.
42. Nisbet I.C.T., Lagoy P.K. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1992, 16:290-300.
43. Piazza R., Gambaro A., Argiriadis E., Vecchiato M., Zambon S., Cescon P., et al. Development of a method for simultaneous analysis of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, PBDEs, PCNs and PAHs in Antarctic air. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013, 405:917-932.
44. Polkowska Z., Cichala-Kamrowska K., Ruman M., Koziol K., Krawczyk W.E., Namiesnik J. Organic pollution in surface waters from the Fuglebekken Basin in Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. Sensors (Basel) 2011, 11:8910-8929.
45. Ravindra K., Sokhi R., Van Grieken R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos Environ 2008, 42:2895-2921.
46. Rodenburg L.A., Meng Q. Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls in Chicago air from 1996 to 2007. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47:3774-3780.
47. Rodenburg L.A., Guo J., Du S.Y., Cavallo G.J. Evidence for unique and ubiquitous environmental sources of 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11). Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44:2816-2821.
48. Slezakova K., Pires J.C.M., Castro D., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M., Delerue-Matos C., Morais S., et al. PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: carcinogenic risks and sources identification. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2013, 20:3932-3945.
49. Stortini A.M., Freda A., Cesari D., Cairns W.R.L., Contini D., Barbante C., et al. An evaluation of the PM2.5 trace elemental composition in the Venice Lagoon area and an analysis of the possible sources. Atmos Environ 2009, 43:6296-6304.
50. UNECE (United Nations Economic Commision for Europe) Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on persistent organic pollutants 1998, [Jun 24].
51. Van den Berg M., Birnbaum L.S., Denison M., De Vito M., Farland W., Feeley M., et al. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci 2006, 93:223-241.
52. van Leeuwen F.X.R., Feeley M., Schrenk D., Larsen J.C., Farland W., Younes M. Dioxins: WHO's tolerable daily intake (TDI) revisited. Chemosphere 2000, 40:1095-1101.
53. Wang Y., Cheng Z., Li J., Luo C., Xu Y., Li Q., et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the surface soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China: distribution, sources, and air-soil exchange. Environ Pollut 2012, 170:1-7.
54. Wania F., Mackay D. Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 1996, 30:A390-A396.
55. WHO (World Health Organization) Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide 2003, [Jan 13-15, Report No.: EUR/03/5042688].
56. Xu Q., Zhu X.H., Henkelmann B., Schramm K.W., Chen J.P., Ni Y.W., et al. Simultaneous monitoring of PCB profiles in the urban air of Dalian, China with active and passive samplings. J Environ Sci (China) 2013, 25:133-143.
57. Yenisoy-Karakaş S., Öz M., Gaga E.O. Seasonal variation, sources, and gas/particle concentrations of PCBs and OCPs at high altitude suburban site in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. J Environ Monit 2012, 14:1365-1374.
58. Yeo H.-G., Choi M., Chun M.-Y., Sunwoo Y. Concentration distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides and their relationship with temperature in rural air of Korea. Atmos Environ 2003, 37:3831-3839.
59. Yunker M.B., Macdonald R.W., Vingarzan R., Mitchell R.H., Goyette D., Sylvestre S. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org Geochem 2002, 33:489-515.