Correlations in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in UK ambient air and implications for source apportionment

Journal of Environmental Monitoring

Volumn 14, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 2072-2082

  Brown, Andrew S ^a   Brown, Richard J C ^a  

^a NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FUEL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; COMBUSTION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RURAL AREA; TRAFFIC; UNITED KINGDOM; URBAN AREA;

EID: 84864450297     PISSN: 14640325     EISSN: 14640333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/c2em10963h     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans - Volume 34 Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds - Part 3, Industrial Exposures in Aluminium Production, Coal Gasification, Coke Production and Iron and Steel Founding, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998
2. UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, http://naei.defra.gov.uk, accessed May 2012
3. Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, Off. J. Eur. Union: Legis. 023, 26/01/2005 0003 0016
4. C.-E. Boström P. Gerde A. Hanberg B. Jernström C. Johansson T. Kyrklund A. Rannug M. Törnqvist K. Victorin R. Westerholm Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air Environ. Health Perspect. 2002 110 451 489
5. Ambient Air Pollution By Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Position Paper, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2001
6. J. M. Delgado-Saborit C. Stark R. M. Harrison Carcinogenic potential, levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in indoor and outdoor environments and their implications for air quality standards Environ. Int. 2011 37 383 392
7. R. J. C. Brown S. L. Goddard A. S. Brown Using principal component analysis to detect outliers in ambient air monitoring studies Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2010 90 761 772
8. R. J. C. Brown R. E. Yardley D. Muhunthan D. M. Butterfield M. Williams P. T. Woods A. S. Brown S. L. Goddard Twenty-five years of nationwide ambient metals measurement in the United Kingdom: concentration levels and trends Environ. Monit. Assess. 2008 142 127 140
9. A. Motelay-Massei D. Ollivon B. Garban M. Chevreuil Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk deposition at a suburban site: assessment by principal component analysis of the influence of meteorological parameters Atmos. Environ. 2003 37 3135 3146
10. M. Muendo Y. Hanai Y. Kameda S. Masunaga Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air: concentration levels, patterns, and source analysis in Nairobi, Kenya Environ. Forensics 2006 7 146 157
11. U. M. Sofowote L. M. Allan B. E. McCarry Evaluation of PAH diagnostic ratios as sources apportionment tools for air particulates collected in an urban-industrial environment J. Environ. Monit. 2010 12 417 424
12. R. K. Larsen J. E. Baker Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003 37 1873 1881
13. B. L. van Drooge P. P. Ballesta Seasonal and daily source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 in a semirural European area Environ. Sci. Technol 2009 43 7310
14. E. Galarneau Source specificity and atmospheric processing of airborne PAHs: implications for source apportionment Atmos. Environ. 2008 42 8139 8149
15. A. Dvorska G. Lammel J. Klanova Use of diagnostic ratios for studying source apportionment and reactivity of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Central Europe Atmos. Environ. 2011 45 420 427
16. M. B. Yunker R. W. Macdonald R. Vingarzan R. H. Mitchell D. Goyette S. Sylvestre PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition Org. Geochem. 2002 33 489 515
17. T. Nielsen Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the center of a large city Atmos. Environ. 1996 30 3481 3490
18. A. L. C. Lima T. I. Eglinton C. M. Reddy High-resolution record of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon deposition during the 20th century Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003 37 53 61
19. R. C. Brandli T. D. Bucheli T. Kupper R. Furrer W. Stahel F. X. Stadelmann J. Tarradellas Organic pollutants in compost and digestate J. Environ. Monit. 2007 9 456 464
20. T. D. Bucheli F. Blum A. Desaules Ö. Gustafsson Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland Chemosphere 2004 56 1061 1076
21. B. R. T. Simoneit Biomass burning - a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion Appl. Geochem. 2002 17 129 162
22. J. O. Grimalt B. L. van Drooge A. Ribes P. Fernandez P. Appleby Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition in soils and sediments of high altitude lakes Environ. Pollut. 2004 131 13 24
23. K. G. Kropp J. A. Goncalves J. T. Andersson P. M. Fedorak Microbially mediated formation of benzonaphthothiophenes from benzo[b]thiophenes Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994 60 3624 3631
24. N. Ré-Poppia M. Santiago-Silva Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other selected organic compounds in ambient air of Campo Grande City, Brazil Atmos. Environ. 2005 39 2839 2850
25. M. Mari R. M. Harrsion M. Schuhmacher J. L. Domingo S. Pongpiachan Inferences over the sources and processes affecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere derived from measured data Sci. Total Environ. 2010 408 2387 2393
26. A. S. Brown, D. M. Butterfield, R. J. C. Brown, P. Hughey, K. J. Whiteside, S. L. Goddard and M. Williams, Annual Report for 2010 on the UK PAH Monitoring and Analysis Network, NPL Report AS 62, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK, 2011
27. Defra UK-AIR, http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk, accessed May 2012
28. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, Off. J. Eur. Union: Legis. 152, 11/06/2008 1 44
29. EN 12341, Air Quality - Determination of the PM10 Fraction of Suspended Particulate Matter - Reference Method and Field Test Procedure to Demonstrate Reference Equivalence of Measurement Methods, 1998
30. EN 15549, Air Quality - Standard Method for the Measurement of the Concentration of Benzo[a]pyrene in Ambient Air, 2008
31. E. Menichini On-filter degradation of particle-bound benzo[a]pyrene by ozone during air sampling: a review of the experimental evidence of an artefact Chemosphere 2009 77 1275 1284
32. L. Vinas M. A. Franco J. A. Soriano J. J. Gonzalez J. Pon J. Albaiges Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Spanish northern continental shelf. Assessment of spatial and temporal trends Environ. Pollut. 2010 158 1551 1560
33. E. Manoli A. Kouras C. Samara Profile analysis of ambient and source emitted particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from three sites in northern Greece Chemosphere 2004 56 867 878
34. W. F. Rogge L. M. Hildermann M. A. Mazurek G. R. Cass B. R. T. Simoneit Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993 27 636 651
35. P. Quincey D. Butterfield D. Green G. Fuller Black smoke and black carbon: further investigation of the relationship between these ambient air metrics Atmos. Environ. 2011 54 3528 3534