Implementing competency-based medical education: Moving forward

Medical Teacher

Volumn 39, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 568-573

  Frank, Jason R ^a,b   Snell, Linda ^a,c   Englander, Robert ^d   Holmboe, Eric S ^e  

^a Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e ACCREDITATION COUNCIL FOR GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CURRICULUM; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MEDICAL EDUCATION; TEACHER; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; TRENDS;

COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HUMANS;

EID: 85020676853     PISSN: 0142159X     EISSN: 1466187X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2017.1315069     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Abrahamson S, Beaty HN, Bryan GA, Carver S, Friedman CP, Morahan PS, Reich C, Rosse C, Seidel HM., ACME-TRI report. 1992. Educating medical students:assessing change in medical education. The road to implementation. Washington:Association of Medical Colleges; [cited 2017 Feb 3]. Available from:http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354818.pdf
2. Anderson MB, Cohen JJ, Hallock JE, Kassbaum DG, Turnbull J, Whitcomb ME., 1998. Report I:learning objectives for medical student education. Guidelines for medical schools. Washington:Association of American Medical Colleges; [cited 2017 Feb 5]. Available from:https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/Learning%20Objectives%20for%20Medical%20Student%20Educ%20Report%20I.pdf
3. Batalden P, Leach D, Swing S, Dreyfus H, Dreyfus S., 2002. General competencies and accreditation in graduate medical education. Health Aff (Millwood). 21:103–111.
4. Borleffs C, ten Cate TJ., 2004. Competency-based training for internal medicine. Neth J Med. 62:344–346.
5. Burke JW, editors. 1999. Competency-based education and training. London:Falmer Press.
6. Caccia N, Nakajima A, Scheele F, Kent N., 2015. Competency-based medical education:developing a framework for obstetrics and gynaecology. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 37:1104–1112.
7. Campbell C, Silver I, Sherbino J, ten Cate O, Holmboe ES., 2010. Competency-based continuing professional development. Med Teach. 32:657–662.
8. Carraccio C, Englander R, Gilhooly J, Mink R, Hofkosh D, Barone MA, Holmboe ES., 2017. Building a framework of entrustable professional activities, supported by competencies and milestones, to bridge the educational continuum. Acad Med. 92:324–330.
9. Carraccio C, Englander R, Van Melle E, ten Cate O, Lockyer J, Chan MK, Frank JR, Snell LS., International CBME Collaborators. 2016. Advancing competency-based medical education:a charter for clinician-educators. Acad Med. 91:645–649.
10. Carraccio C, Wolfsthal SD, Englander R, Ferentz K, Martin C., 2002. Shifting paradigms:from Flexner to competencies. Acad Med. 77:361–367.
11. Caverzagie KJ, Nousiainen MT, Ferguson PC, ten Cate O, Ross S, Harris KA, Busari J, Bould MD, Bouchard J, Iobst WF, et al; ICBME Collaborators. 2017. Overarching challenges to the implementation of competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:588--593.
12. Collins JP, Gough IR, Civil ID, Stitz RW., 2007. A new surgical education and training programme. ANZ J Surg. 77:497–501.
13. Cooke M, Irby DM, O’Brien BC., 2010. Educating physicians:a call for reform of medical school and residency. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
14. Dath D, Iobst W., International CBME Collaborators. 2010. The importance of faculty development in the transition to competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 32:683–686.
15. Englander R, Frank JR, Carraccio C, Sherbino J, Ross S, Snell L,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017. Toward a shared language for competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:582--587.
16. Ferguson PC, Caverzagie KJ, Nousiainen MT, Snell L,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017. Changing the culture of medical training:an important step toward the implementation of competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:599--602.
17. Ferguson PC, Kraemer S, Nousiainen M, Safir O, Sonnadara R, Alman B, Reznick R., 2013. Three-year experience with an innovative, modular competency-based curriculum for orthopaedic training. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95:e166.
18. Frank JR, editor. 2005. The CanMEDS 2005 physician competency framework. Better standards. Better physicians. Better care. Ottawa:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
19. Frank J, Jabbour M, Tugwell P, Boyd D, Fréchette D, Labrosse J, MacFayden J, Marks M, Neufeld V, Polson A, et al. 1996. Skills for the new millennium:report of the societal needs working group. Ottawa:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
20. Frank JR, Mungroo R, Ahmad Y, Wang M, De Rossi S, Horsley T., 2010a. Toward a definition of competency-based education in medicine:a systematic review of published definitions. Med Teach. 32:631–637.
21. Frank JR, Snell LS, ten Cate O, Holmboe ES, Carraccio C, Swing SR, Harris P, Glasgow NJ, Campbell C, Dath D, et al. 2010b. Competency-based medical education:theory to practice. Med Teach. 32:638–645.
22. Frank JR, Snell L, Sherbino J, editors. 2015. CanMeds 2015 physician competency framework. Ottawa:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
23. Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T, Fineberg H, Garcia P, Ke Y, Kelley P, et al. 2010. Health professionals for a new century:transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 376:1923–1958.
24. Friedman TL., 2012. Come the revolution. New York Times [Internet]; [cited 2012 May 15]. Available from:www.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/opinion/friedman-come-the-revolution.html
25. General Medical Council. 2009. Tomorrow’s Doctors:Outcomes and standards for undergraduate medical education. Manchester (UK):General Medical Council; [cited 2017 Feb 6]. Available from:www.gmc-uk.org/Tomorrow_s_Doctors_1214.pdf_48905759.pdf
26. General Medical Council. 2013. Good medical practice (2013). Manchester (UK):General Medical Council; [cited 2017 Feb 4]. Available from:www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/good_medical_practice.asp
27. Green ML, Aagaard EM, Caverzagie KJ, Chick DA, Holmboe E, Kane G, Smith CD, Iobst W., 2009. Charting the road to competence:developmental milestones for internal medicine residency training. J Grad Med Educ. 1:5–20.
28. Gruppen LD, Frank JR, Lockyer JM, Ross S, Bould MD, Harris P, Bhanji F, Hodges BD, Snell L, ten Cate O,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017. Toward a research agenda for competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:623--630.
29. Harden RM., 1999. AMEE guide no. 14:outcome-based education:Part 1–an introduction to outcome-based education. Med Teach. 21:7–14.
30. Harris P, Bhanji F, Topps M, Ross S, Lieberman S, Frank JR, Snell L, Sherbino J,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017. Evolving concepts of assessment in a competency-based world. Med Teach. 39:603--608.
31. Harris P, Snell L, Talbot M, Harden RM., 2010. Competency-based medical education:implications for undergraduate programs. Med Teach. 32:646–650.
32. Holmboe ES, Sherbino J, Englander R, Snell L, Frank JR,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017. A call to action:the controversy of and rationale for competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:574--581.
33. Holmboe ES, Sherbino J, Long DM, Swing SR, Frank JR., International CBME Collaborators. 2010. The role of assessment in competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 32:676–682.
34. Houston RW., 1973. Designing competency-based instructional systems. J Teach Educ. 24:200–204.
35. International CBME Collaborators. 2016. ICBME webinar series. Ottawa:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada [cited 2017 Feb 15]. Available from:www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/education-strategy-accreditation/innovations-development/icbme/icbme-webinar-series-e
36. Iobst WF, Sherbino J, ten Cate O, Richardson DL, Dath D, Swing SR, Harris P, Mungroo R, Holmboe ES, Frank JR, et al. 2010. Competency-based medical education in postgraduate medical education. Med Teach. 32:651–656.
37. [IOM] Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. 2000. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, editors. To err is human:building a safer health care system. Washington:National Academy Press.
38. [IOM] Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. 2001. Crossing the quality chasms:a new health system for the 21st century. Washington:National Academy Press.
39. Jurd S, de Beer W, Aimer M, Fletcher S, Halley E, Schapper C, Orkin M., 2015. Introducing a competency based fellowship programme for psychiatry in Australia and New Zealand. Australas Psychiatry. 23:699–705.
40. Langdale LA, Schaad D, Wipf J, Marshall S, Vontver L, Scott CS., 2003. Preparing graduates for the first year of residency:are medical schools meeting the need?. Acad Med. 78:39–44.
41. Lockyer J, Bursey F, Richardson D, Frank JR, Snell L, Campbell C,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017a. Competency-based medical education and continuing professional development:a conceptualization for change. Med Teach. 39:617--622.
42. Lockyer J, Carraccio C, Chan MJ, Hart D, Smee S, Touchie C, Holmboe ES, Frank JR,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017b. Core principles of assessment in competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 39:609--616
43. Long DM., 2004. Competency based training in neurosurgery:the next revolution in medical education. Surg Neurol. 61:5–14.
44. Marshall JM, Adams JP, Janich JA., 1997. Practical, ongoing competency-assessment program for hospital pharmacists and technicians. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 54:1412–1417.
45. Maudsley RF, Augustine JR, Embil JM, Dandavino A, DesGrosseilliers JP, Goldsand G, Mikhael NZ, Taylor BR, Junrbull J, VanBoxel J, et al. 1996. Report of the task force to review fundamental issues in specialty education. Final report. Ottawa:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
46. McGaghie WC, Miller GE, Sajid AW, Telder TV, Lipson L., 1978. Competency-based curriculum development in medical education:an introduction. Public Health Papers No. 68. Geneva:World Health Organization; [cited 2017 Feb 6]. Available from:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/39703/1/WHO_PHP_68.pdf
47. Menefee DT, Thompson JJ., 1994. Identifying and comparing competencies for social work management:a practice driven approach. Adm Soc Work. 18:1–25.
48. Nasca TJ, Philibert I, Brigham T, Timothy C, Flynn TC., 2012. The next GME accreditation system–rationale and benefits. N Engl J Med. 366:1051–1056.
49. Neufeld VR, Maudsley RF, Pickering RJ, Walters BC, Turnbull JT, Spasoff RA, Hollomby DJ, Lavigne KJ., 1993. Demand-side medical education:educating future physicians for Ontario. CMAJ. 148:1471–1477.
50. Nousiainen MT, Caverzagie KJ, Ferguson PC, Frank JR,; ICBME Collaborators. 2017. Implementing competency-based medical education:what changes in curricular structure and processes are needed? Med Teach. 39:594--598.
51. OECD. 2000–2015a. OECD.Stat:Health care utilization [Internet]. Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available from:http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_PROC
52. OECD. 2000–2015b. OECD.Stat:Health care quality indicators [Internet]. 2000–2015. Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available from:http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_HCQI
53. OECD. 2000–2015c. OECD.Stat:Health status. Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Available from:http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT
54. Powell D, Aschenbrener C, Carraccio C., 2011. Pediatrics redesign project:a pilot implementing competency-based education across the continuum. Acad Med. 86:e13
55. Raymond MR, Mee J, King A, Haist SA, Winward ML., 2011. What new residents do during their initial months of training. Acad Med. 86:S60–S63.
56. Snell L, Frank JR., 2010. Competencies, the tea bag model, and the end of time. Med Teach. 32:629–630.
57. Stodel EJ, Wyand A, Crooks S, Moffet S, Chiu M, Hudson CC., 2015. Designing and implementing a competency-based training program for anesthesiology residents at the University of Ottawa. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2015:713038.
58. Swing SR., 2007. The ACGME outcome project:retrospective and prospective. Med Teach. 29:648–654.
59. Swing SR., International CBME Collaborators. 2010. Perspectives on competency-based medical education from the learning sciences. Med Teach. 32:663–668.
60. Taber S, Frank JR, Harris KA, Glasgow NJ, Iobst W, Talbot M., International CBME Collaborators. 2010. Identifying the policy implications of competency-based education. Med Teach. 32:687–691.
61. Tannenbaum D, Kerr J, Konkin J, Organek A, Parsons E, Saucier D, et al. 2011. Triple C competency-based curriculum. Report of the Working Group on Postgraduate Curriculum Review–Part 1. Mississauga (ON):College of Family Physicians of Canada.
62. ten Cate O., 2005. Entrustability of professional activities and competency-based training. Med Educ. 39:1176–1177.
63. ten Cate O., Medical education, competency-based 2014. [Internet]. In:The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society. Hoboken (NJ):Wiley, p. 1329–1335. [cited 2017 Feb 14]. Available from:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs331/abstract
64. ten Cate O, Hart D, Ankel F, Busari J, Englander R, Glasgow N, Holmboe E, Iobst W, Lovell E, Snell LS, et al. 2016. Entrustment decision making in clinical training. Acad Med. 91:191–198.
65. ten Cate O, Scheele F., 2007. Competency-based postgraduate training:can we bridge the gap between theory and clinical practice?. Acad Med. 82:542–547.
66. ten Cate O, Snell L, Carraccio C., 2010. Medical competence:the interplay between individual ability and the health care environment. Med Teach. 32:669–675.
67. Van Melle E, Gruppen L, Holmboe ES, Flynn L, Oandasan I, Frank JR., 2016. Using contribution analysis to evaluate competency-based medical education programs:it's all about rigor in thinking. Acad Med. Available from:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001479
68. Wangler M., 2009. Usefulness of CanMEDS competencies for chiropractic graduate education in Europe. J Chiropr Educ. 23:123–133.