Emerging vaccine technologies

Vaccines

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 429-447

  Loomis, Rebecca J ^a   Johnson, Philip R ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Epitope scaffold; Immunoprophylaxis; Reverse vaccinology; Structural vaccinology; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

CD4 IMMUNOGLOBULIN; EPITOPE; PALIVIZUMAB;

CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FLUORESCENCE ACTIVATED CELL SORTING; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TRANSFER; HEPATITIS C; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS; INCIDENCE; MALARIA; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; STRUCTURAL PROTEOMICS; TUBERCULOSIS; VACCINATION; VACCINE PRODUCTION;

EID: 85016906635     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2076393X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020429     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Willis, N.J. Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox. Scott. Med. J. 1997, 42, 118-121.
2. Kaushik, D.K.; Sehgal, D. Developing antibacterial vaccines in genomics and proteomics era. Scand. J. Immunol. 2008, 67, 544-552.
3. Rappuoli, R.; Miller, H.I.; Falkow, S. Medicine. The intangible value of vaccination. Science 2002, 297, 937-939.
4. Kim, H.W.; Canchola, J.G.; Brandt, C.D.; Pyles, G.; Chanock, R.M.; Jensen, K.; Parrott, R.H. Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1969, 89, 422-434.
5. Halstead, S.B. Pathogenesis of dengue: Challenges to molecular biology. Science 1988, 239, 476-481.
6. Rappuoli, R. From Pasteur to genomics: Progress and challenges in infectious diseases. Nat. Med. 2004, 10, 1177-1185.
7. Cherry, J.D. Pertussis: Challenges today and for the future. PLoSPathog. 2013, 9, e1003418.
8. Patel, S.S.; Wagstaff, A.J. A cellular pertussis vaccine (Infanrix-DTPa; SB-3). A review of its immunogenicity, protective efficacy and tolerability in the prevention of Bordetella pertussis infection. Drugs 1996, 52, 254-275.
9. Sato, Y.; Kimura, M.; Fukumi, H. Development of a pertussis component vaccine in Japan. Lancet 1984, 1, 122-126.
10. Kimura, M.; Hikino, N. Results with a new DTP vaccine in Japan. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1985, 61, 545-561.
11. Rollier, C.S.; Reyes-Sandoval, A.; Cottingham, M.G.; Ewer, K.; Hill, A.V. Viral vectors as vaccine platforms: Deployment in sight. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2011, 23, 377-382.
12. Loomis, R.J.; Johnson, P.R. Gene-based vaccine approaches for respiratory syncytial virus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013, 372, 307-324.
13. Poulet, H.; Minke, J.; Pardo, M.C.; Juillard, V.; Nordgren, B.; Audonnet, J.C. Development and registration of recombinant veterinary vaccines. The example of the canarypox vector platform. Vaccine 2007, 25, 5606-5612.
14. Weyer, J.; Rupprecht, C.E.; Nel, L.H. Poxvirus-vectored vaccines for rabies—A review. Vaccine 2009, 27, 7198-7201.
15. Fleischmann, R.D.; Adams, M.D.; White, O.; Clayton, R.A.; Kirkness, E.F.; Kerlavage, A.R.; Bult, C.J.; Tomb, J.F.; Dougherty, B.A.; Merrick, J.M; Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 1995, 269, 496-512.
16. Seib, K.L.; Zhao, X.; Rappuoli, R. Developing vaccines in the era of genomics: A decade of reverse vaccinology. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2012, 18, 109-116.
17. Rappuoli, R. Reverse vaccinology. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2000, 3, 445-450.
18. Pizza, M.; Scarlato, V.; Masignani, V.; Giuliani, M.M.; Aricó, B.; Comanducci, M.; Jennings, G.T.; Baldi, L.; Bartolini, E.; Capecchi, B; et al. Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococcus by whole-genome sequencing. Science 2000, 287, 1816-1820.
19. Mora, M.; Veggi, D.; Santini, L.; Pizza, M.; Rappuoli, R. Reverse vaccinology. Drug Discov. Today 2003, 8, 459-464.
20. Moriel, D.G.; Scarselli, M.; Serino, L.; Mora, M.; Rappuoli, R.; Masignani, V. Genome-based vaccine development: A short cut for the future. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2009, 655, 81-89.
21. Giuliani, M.M.; Adu-Bobie, J.; Comanducci, M.; Aricó, B.; Savino, S.; Santini, L.; Brunelli, B.; Bambini, S; Biolchi, A; Capecchi, B; et al. A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 10834-10839.
22. Tettelin, H.; Saunders, N.J.; Heidelberg, J.; Jeffries, A.C.; Nelson, K.E.; Eisen, J.A.; Ketchum, K.A.; Hood, D.W.; Peden, J.F.; Dodson, R.J; et al. Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58. Science 2000, 287, 1809-1815.
23. Maione, D.; Margarit, I.; Rinaudo, C.D.; Masignani, V.; Mora, M.; Scarselli, M.; Tettelin, H.; Brettoni, C.; Iacobini, E.T.; Rosini, R; et al. Identification of a universal Group B streptococcus vaccine by multiple genome screen. Science 2005, 309, 148-150.
24. Burton, D.R.; Ahmed, R.; Barouch, D.H.; Butera, S.T.; Crotty, S.; Godzik, A.; Kaufmann, D.E.; McElrath, M.J.; Nussenzweig, M.C.; Pulendran, B; et al. A Blueprint for HIV Vaccine Discovery. Cell Host Microbe 2012, 12, 396-407.
25. Dormitzer, P.R.; Grandi, G.; Rappuoli, R. Structural vaccinology starts to deliver. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012, 10, 807-813.
26. Dormitzer, P.R.; Ulmer, J.B.; Rappuoli, R. Structure-based antigen design: A strategy for next generation vaccines. Trends Biotechnol. 2008, 26, 659-667.
27. Julien, J.P.; Lee, P.S.; Wilson, I.A. Structural insights into key sites of vulnerability on HIV-1 Env and influenza HA. Immunol. Rev. 2012, 250, 180-198.
28. Schief, W.R.; Ban, Y.E.; Stamatatos, L. Challenges for structure-based HIV vaccine design. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 2009, 4, 431-440.
29. McLellan, J.S.; Ray, W.C.; Peeples, M.E. Structure and function of respiratory syncytial virus surface glycoproteins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013, 372, 83-104.
30. Begona Ruiz-Arguello, M.; González-Reyes, L.; Calder, L.J.; Palomo, C.; Martín, D.; Saíz, M.J.; García-Barreno, B.; Skehel, J.J.; Melero, J.A. Effect of proteolytic processing at two distinct sites on shape and aggregation of an anchorless fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus and fate of the intervening segment. Virology 2002, 298, 317-326.
31. Calder, L.J.; González-Reyes, L.; García-Barreno, B.; Wharton, S.A.; Skehel, J.J.; Wiley, D.C.; Melero, J.A. Electron microscopy of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein and complexes that it forms with monoclonal antibodies. Virology 2000, 271, 122-131.
32. McLellan, J.S.; Chen, M.; Leung, S.; Graepel, K.W.; Du, X.; Yang, Y.; Zhou, T.; Baxa, U.; Yasuda, E.; Beaumont, T; et al. Structure of RSV fusion glycoprotein trimer bound to a prefusion-Specific neutralizing antibody. Science 2013, 340, 1113-1117.
33. Swanson, K.A.; Settembre, E.C.; Shaw, C.A.; Dey, A.K.; Rappuoli, R.; Mandl, C.W.; Dormitzer, P.R.; Carfi, A. Structural basis for immunization with postfusion respiratory syncytial virus fusion F glycoprotein (RSV F) to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 9619-9624.
34. Magro, M.; Mas, V.; Chappell, K.; Vázquez, M.; Cano, O.; Luque, D.; Terrón, M.C.; Melero, J.A.; Palomo, C. Neutralizing antibodies against the preactive form of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein offer unique possibilities for clinical intervention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 3089-3094.
35. McLellan, J.S.; Chen, M.; Joyce, M.G.; Sastry, M.; Stewart-Jones, G.B.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Chen, L.; Srivatsan, S.; Zheng, A; et al. Structure-based design of a fusion glycoprotein vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. Science 2013, 342, 592-598.
36. Swanson, K.A.; Balabanis, K.; Xie, Y.; Aggarwal, Y.; Palomo, C.; Mas, V.; Metrick, C.; Yang, H.; Shaw, C.A.; Melero, J.A; et al. A monomeric uncleaved respiratory syncytial virus f antigen retains prefusion-specific neutralizing epitopes. J. Virol. 2014, 88, 11802-11810.
37. Peng, T.; Ponce de Leon, M.; Novotny, M.J.; Jiang, H.; Lambris, J.D.; Dubin, G.; Spear, P.G.; Cohen, G.H.; Eisenberg, R.J. Structural and antigenic analysis of a truncated form of the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gH-gL complex. J. Virol. 1998, 72, 6092-6103.
38. Wang, D.; Shenk, T. Human cytomegalovirus virion protein complex required for epithelial and endothelial cell tropism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 18153-18158.
39. Ryckman, B.J.; Chase, M.C.; Johnson, D.C. HCMV gH/gL/UL128-131 interferes with virus entry into epithelial cells: Evidence for cell type-specific receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 14118-14123.
40. Chowdary, T.K.; Cairns, T.M.; Atanasiu, D.; Cohen, G.H.; Eisenberg, R.J.; Heldwein, E.E. Crystal structure of the conserved herpesvirus fusion regulator complex gH-gL. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2010, 17, 882-888.
41. Cairns, T.M.; Whitbeck, J.C.; Lou, H.; Heldwein, E.E.; Chowdary, T.K.; Eisenberg, R.J.; Cohen, G.H. Capturing the herpes simplex virus core fusion complex (gB-gH/gL) in an acidic environment. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 6175-6184.
42. Kinzler, E.R.; Compton, T. Characterization of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein-induced cell-cell fusion. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 7827-7837.
43. Plate, A.E.; Reimer, J.J.; Jardetzky, T.S.; Longnecker, R. Mapping regions of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B (gB) important for fusion function with gH/gL. Virology 2011, 413, 26-38.
44. Vanarsdall, A; Chase, M.C; Johnson, D.C. Human cytomegalovirus glycoproteins gB and gH/gL mediate epithelial cell-cell fusion when expressed either in cis or in trans. J. Virol. 2008, 82, 11837-11850.
45. Forrester, A.; Farrell, H.; Wilkinson, G.; Kaye, J.; Davis-Poynter, N.; Minson, T. Construction and properties of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 with glycoprotein H coding sequences deleted. J. Virol. 1992, 66, 341-348.
46. Molesworth, S.J.; Lake, C.M.; Borza, C.M.; Turk, S.M.; Hutt-Fletcher, L.M. Epstein-Barr virus gH is essential for penetration of B cells but also plays a role in attachment of virus to epithelial cells. J. Virol. 2000, 74, 6324-6332.
47. Roop, C.; Hutchinson, L.; Johnson, D.C. A mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 unable to express glycoprotein L cannot enter cells, and its particles lack glycoprotein H. J. Virol. 1993, 67, 2285-2297.
48. Matsuura, H.; Kirschner, A.N.; Longnecker, R.; Jardetzky, T.S. Crystal structure of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein H/glycoprotein L (gH/gL) complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 707, 22641-22646.
49. Huber, M.T.; Compton, T. Intracellular formation and processing of the heterotrimeric gH-gL-gO (gC3) glycoprotein envelope complex of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 1999, 73, 3886-3892.
50. Huber, M.T.; Compton, T. The human cytomegalovirus UL74 gene encodes the third component of the glycoprotein H-glycoprotein L-containing envelope complex. J. Virol. 1998, 72, 8191-8197.
51. Macagno, A.; Bernasconi, N.L.; Vanzetta, F.; Dander, E.; Sarasini, A.; Revello, M.G.; Gerna, G.; Sallusto, F.; Lanzavecchia, A. Isolation of human monoclonal antibodies that potently neutralize human cytomegalovirus infection by targeting different epitopes on the gH/gL/UL128-131A complex. J. Virol. 2010, 84, 1005-1013.
52. Fouts, A.E.; Chan, P.; Stephan, J.P.; Vandlen, R.; Feierbach, B. Antibodies against the gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131 complex comprise the majority of the anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) neutralizing antibody response in CMV hyperimmune globulin. J. Virol. 2012, 86, 7444-7447.
53. Genini, E.; Percivalle, E.; Sarasini, A.; Revello, M.G.; Baldanti, F.; Gerna, G. Serum antibody response to the gH/gL/pUL128-131 five-protein complex of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in primary and reactivated HCMV infections. J. Clin. Virol. 2011, 52, 113-118.
54. Loomis, R.J.; Lilja, A.E.; Monroe, J.; Balabanis, K.A.; Brito, L.A.; Palladino, G.; Franti, M.; Mandl, C.W.; Barnett, S.W.; Mason, P.W. Vectored co-delivery of human cytomegalovirus gH and gL proteins elicits potent complement-independent neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine 2013, 37, 919-926.
55. Wen, Y.; Monroe, J.; Linton, C.; Archer, J.; Beard, C.W.; Barnett, S.W.; Palladino, G.; Mason, P.W.; Carfi, A.; Lilja, A.E. Human cytomegalovirus gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A complex elicits potently neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine 2014, 32, 3796-3804.
56. Ofek, G.; Guenaga, F.J.; Schief, W.R.; Skinner, J.; Baker, D.; Wyatt, R.; Kwong, P.D. Elicitation of structure-specific antibodies by epitope scaffolds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 707, 17880-17887.
57. Correia, B.E.; Ban, Y.E.; Friend, D.J.; Ellingson, K.; Xu, H.; Boni, E.; Bradley-Hewitt, T.; Bruhn-Johannsen, J.F.; Stamatatos, L.; Strong, R.K; et al. Computational protein design using flexible backbone remodeling and resurfacing: case studies in structure-based antigen design. J. Mol. Biol. 2011, 405, 284-297.
58. Correia, B.E.; Ban, Y.E.; Holmes, M.A.; Xu, H.; Ellingson, K.; Kraft, Z.; Carrico, C.; Boni, E.; Sather, D.N.; Zenobia, C.; Burke, K.Y; et al. Computational design of epitope-scaffolds allows induction of antibodies specific for a poorly immunogenic HIV vaccine epitope. Structure 2010, 78, 1116-1126.
59. Hu, X.; Wang, H.; Ke, H.; Kuhlman, B. High-resolution design of a protein loop. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 17668-17673.
60. Murphy, P.M.; Bolduc, J.M.; Gallaher, J.L.; Stoddard, B.L.; Baker, D. Alteration of enzyme specificity by computational loop remodeling and design. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 9215-9220.
61. Sammond, D.W.; Bosch, D.E.; Butterfoss, G.L.; Purbeck, C.; Machius, M.; Siderovski, D.P.; Kuhlman, B. Computational design of the sequence and structure of a protein-binding peptide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 4190-4192.
62. Kulp, D.W.; Schief, W.R. Advances in structure-based vaccine design. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2013, 3, 322-331.
63. Azoitei, M.L.; Ban, Y.E.; Julien, J.P.; Bryson, S.; Schroeter, A.; Kalyuzhniy, O.; Porter, J.R.; Adachi, Y.; Baker, D.; Pai, E.F; et al. Computational design of high-affinity epitope scaffolds by backbone grafting of a linear epitope. J. Mol. Biol. 2012, 415, 175-192.
64. Chakrabarti, B.K.; Ling, X.; Yang, Z.Y.; Montefiori, D.C.; Panet, A.; Kong, W.P.; Welcher, B.; Louder, M.K.; Mascola, J.R.; Nabel, G.J. Expanded breadth of virus neutralization after immunization with a multiclade envelope HIV vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2005, 23, 3434-3445.
65. Arnold, G.F.; Velasco, P.K.; Holmes, A.K.; Wrin, T.; Geisler, S.C.; Phung, P.; Tian, Y.; Resnick, D.A.; Ma, X.; Mariano, T.M.; et al. Broad neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) elicited from human rhinoviruses that display the HIV-1 gp41 ELDKWA epitope. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 5087-5100.
66. Liang, X.; Munshi, S.; Shendure, J.; Mark, G., 3rd; Davies, M.E.; Freed, D.C.; Montefiori, D.C.; Shiver, J.W. Epitope insertion into variable loops of HIV-1 gp120 as a potential means to improve immunogenicity of viral envelope protein. Vaccine 1999, 17, 2862-2872.
67. Zhang, H.; Huang, Y.; Fayad, R.; Spear, G.T.; Qiao, L. Induction of mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by oral immunization with bovine Papillomavirus-HIV-1 gp41 chimeric virus-like particles. J. Virol. 2004, 78, 8342-8348.
68. Azoitei, M.L.; Ban, Y.A.; Kalyuzhny, O.; Guenaga, J.; Schroeter, A.; Porter, J. Computational design of protein antigens that interact with the CDR H3 loop of HIV broadly neutralizing antibody 2F5. Proteins 2014, 82, 2770-2782.
69. Beeler, J.A.; van Wyke Coelingh, K. Neutralization epitopes of the F glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus: Effect of mutation upon fusion function. J. Virol. 1989, 63, 2941-2950.
70. Arbiza, J.; Taylor, G.; López, J.A.; Furze, J.; Wyld, S.; Whyte, P.; Stott, E.J.; Wertz, G.; Sullender, W.; Trudel, M.; et al. Characterization of two antigenic sites recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against the fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1992, 73, 2225-2234.
71. Lopez, J.A.; Andreu, D.; Carreño, C.; Whyte, P.; Taylor, G.; Melero, J.A. Conformational constraints of conserved neutralizing epitopes from a major antigenic area of human respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 1993, 74, 2567-2577.
72. McLellan, J.S.; Correia, B.E.; Chen, M.; Yang, Y.; Graham, B.S.; Schief, W.R.; Kwong, P.D. Design and characterization of epitope-scaffold immunogens that present the motavizumab epitope from respiratory syncytial virus. J. Mol. Biol. 2011, 409, 853-866.
73. Correia, B.E.; Bates, J.T.; Loomis, R.J.; Baneyx, G.; Carrico, C.; Jardine, J.G.; Rupert, P.; Correnti, C.; Kalyuzhniy, O.; Vittal, V.; et al. Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design. Nature 2014, 507, 201-206.
74. Back, J.W.; Langedijk, J.P. Structure-based design for high-hanging vaccine fruits. Adv. Immunol. 2012, 114, 33-50.
75. Clark, K.R.; Sferra, T.J.; Johnson, P.R. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors mediate long-term transgene expression in muscle. Hum. Gene Ther. 1997, 8, 659-669.
76. Kessler, P.D.; Podsakoff, G.M.; Chen, X.; McQuiston, S.A.; Colosi, P.C.; Matelis, L.A.; Kurtzman, G.J.; Byrne, B.J. Gene delivery to skeletal muscle results in sustained expression and systemic delivery of a therapeutic protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 14082-14087.
77. Xiao, X.; Li, J.; Samulski, R.J. Efficient long-term gene transfer into muscle tissue of immunocompetent mice by adeno-associated virus vector. J. Virol. 1996, 70, 8098-8108.
78. Coura Rdos, S.; Nardi, N.B. The state of the art of adeno-associated virus-based vectors in gene therapy. Virol. J. 2007, doi:10.1186/1743-422X-4-99.
79. Daya, S.; Berns, K.I. Gene therapy using adeno-associated virus vectors. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2008, 21, 583-593.
80. Johnson, P.R.; Schnepp, B.C.; Zhang, J.; Connell, M.J.; Greene, S.M.; Yuste, E.; Desrosiers, R.C.; Clark, K.R. Vector-mediated gene transfer engenders long-lived neutralizing activity and protection against SIV infection in monkeys. Nat. Med. 2009, 15, 901-06.
81. Lewis, A.D.; Chen, R.; Montefiori, D.C.; Johnson, P.R.; Clark, K.R. Generation of neutralizing activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in serum by antibody gene transfer. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 8769-8775.
82. Asokan, A. Reengineered AAV vectors: Old dog, new tricks. Discov. Med. 2010, 9, 399-403.
83. Johnson, W.E.; Sanford, H.; Schwall, L.; Burton, D.R.; Parren, P.W.; Robinson, J.E.; Desrosiers, R.C. Assorted mutations in the envelope gene of simian immunodeficiency virus lead to loss of neutralization resistance against antibodies representing a broad spectrum of specificities. J. Virol. 2003, 77, 9993-10003.
84. Ashkenazi, A.; Chamow, S.M. Immunoadhesins as research tools and therapeutic agents. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1997, 9, 195-200.
85. Johnson, P.R. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Personal Communication, 2015.
86. Balazs, A.B.; Chen, J.; Hong, C.M.; Rao, D.S.; Yang, L.; Baltimore, D. Antibody-based protection against HIV infection by vectored immunoprophylaxis. Nature 2012, 481, 81-84.
87. Gardner, M.R.; Kattenhorn, L.M.; Kondur, H.R.; von Schaewen, M.; Dorfman, T.; Chiang, J.J.; Haworth, K.G.; Decker, J.M.; Alpert, M.D.; Bailey, C.C.; et al. AAV-expressed eCD4-Ig provides durable protection from multiple SHIV challenges. Nature 2015, 519, 87-91.
88. Goo, L.; Jalalian-Lechak, Z.; Richardson, B.A.; Overbaugh, J. A combination of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies targeting distinct epitopes effectively neutralizes variants found in early infection. J. Virol. 2012, 86, 10857-10861.
89. Moldt, B.; Rakasz, E.G.; Schultz, N.; Chan-Hui, P.Y.; Swiderek, K.; Weisgrau, K.L.; Piaskowski, S.M.; Bergman, Z.; Watkins, D.I.; Poignard, P.; et al. Highly potent HIV-specific antibody neutralizationin vitro translates into effective protection against mucosal SHIV challenge in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 18921-18925.
90. Sok, D.; van Gils, M.J.; Pauthner, M.; Julien, J.P.; Saye-Francisco, K.L.; Hsueh, J.; Briney, B.; Lee, J.H.; Le, K.M.; Lee, P.S.; et al. Recombinant HIV envelope trimer selects for quaternary-dependent antibodies targeting the trimer apex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 17624-17629.
91. Limberis, M.P.; Adam, V.S.; Wong, G.; Gren, J.; Kobasa, D.; Ross, T.M.; Kobinger, G.P.; Tretiakova, A.; Wilson, J.M. Intranasal antibody gene transfer in mice and ferrets elicits broad protection against pandemic influenza. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006299.
92. Limberis, M.P.; Wilson, J.M. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vectors transduce murine alveolar and nasal epithelia and can be readministered. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 12993-12998.
93. Adam, V.S.; Crosariol, M.; Kumar, S.; Ge, M.Q.; Czack, S.E.; Roy, S.; Haczku, A.; Tretiakova, A.; Wilson, J.M.; Limberis, M.P. Adeno-Associated Virus 9-Mediated Airway Expression of Antibody Protects Old and Immunodeficient Mice against Influenza Virus. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2014, 21, 1528-1533.
94. Balazs, A.B.; Bloom, J.D.; Hong, C.M.; Rao, D.S.; Baltimore, D. Broad protection against influenza infection by vectored immunoprophylaxis in mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31, 647-652.
95. Aalbers, C.J.; Tak, P.P.; Vervoordeldonk, M.J. Advancements in adeno-associated viral gene therapy approaches: exploring a new horizon. F1000Med. Rep. 2011, doi:10.3410/M3-17.
96. Chirmule, N.; Propert, K.; Magosin, S.; Qian, Y.; Qian, R.; Wilson, J. Immune responses to adenovirus and adeno-associated virus in humans. Gene Ther. 1999, 6, 1574-1583.
97. Erles, K.; Sebokova, P.; Schlehofer, J.R. Update on the prevalence of serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) to adeno-associated virus (AAV). J. Med. Virol. 1999, 59, 406-411.
98. Walz, C.M.; Nakamura, M.; Fukunaga, T.; Jasiewicz, Y.; Edler, L.; Schlehofer, J.R.; Tanaka, Y. Reduced prevalence of serum antibodies against adeno-associated virus type 2 in patients with adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma. J. Med. Virol. 2001, 65, 185-189.
99. Jiang, H.; Couto, L.B.; Patarroyo-White, S.; Liu, T.; Nagy, D.; Vargas, J.A.; Zhou, S.; Scallan, C.D.; Sommer, J.; Vijay, S; et al. Effects of transient immunosuppression on adenoassociated, virus-mediated, liver-directed gene transfer in rhesus macaques and implications for human gene therapy. Blood 2006, 108, 3321-3328.
100. Manno, C.S.; Pierce, G.F.; Arruda, V.R.; Glader, B.; Ragni, M.; Rasko, J.J.; Ozelo, M.C.; Hoots, K.; Blatt, P.; Konkle, B; et al. Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response. Nat. Med. 2006, 12, 342-347.
101. Scallan, C.D.; Jiang, H.; Liu, T.; Patarroyo-White, S.; Sommer, J.M.; Zhou, S.; Couto, L.B.; Pierce, G.F. Human immunoglobulin inhibits liver transduction by AAV vectors at low AAV2 neutralizing titers in SCID mice. Blood 2006, 107, 1810-1817.
102. Moskalenko, M.; Chen, L.; van Roey, M.; Donahue, B.A.; Snyder, R.O.; McArthur, J.G.; Patel, S.D. Epitope mapping of human anti-adeno-associated virus type 2 neutralizing antibodies: Implications for gene therapy and virus structure. J. Virol. 2000, 74, 1761-1766.
103. Manning, W.C.; Zhou, S.; Bland, M.P.; Escobedo, J.A.; Dwarki, V. Transient immunosuppression allows transgene expression following readministration of adeno-associated viral vectors. Hum. Gene Ther. 1998, 9, 477-485.
104. Chames, P.; van Regenmortel, M.; Weiss, E.; Baty, D. Therapeutic antibodies: Successes, limitations and hopes for the future. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 157, 220-233.
105. Keizer, R.J.; Huitema, A.D.; Schellens, J.H.; Beijnen, J.H. Clinical pharmacokinetics of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2010, 49, 493-507.
106. Kessler, M.; Goldsmith, D.; Schellekens, H. Immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2006, 21, v9-v12.
107. Yang, G.; Holl, T.M.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Lu, X.; Nicely, N.I.; Kepler, T.B.; Alam, S.M.; Liao, H.X.; Cain, D.W; et al. Identification of autoantigens recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 2013, 210, 241-256.
108. Doyle-Cooper, C.; Hudson, K.E.; Cooper, A.B.; Ota, T.; Skog, P.; Dawson, P.E.; Zwick, M.B.; Schief, W.R.; Burton, D.R.; Nemazee, D. Immune tolerance negatively regulates B cells in knock-in mice expressing broadly neutralizing HIV antibody 4E10. J. Immunol. 2013, 191, 3186-3191.
109. Dowdle, W. The search for an AIDS vaccine. Public Health Rep. 1986, 101, 232-233.
110. Barh, D.; Misra, A.N.; Kumar, A.; Vasco, A. A novel strategy of epitope design in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Bioinformation 2010, 5, 77-85.