메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2017, Pages

The Need to Take a Staging Approach to the Biological Mechanisms of PTSD and its Treatment

Author keywords

Delayed onset; Duration of illness; Inflammation; Longitudinal course; Medical comorbidity; Neurobiology; PTSD; Staging; Subsyndromal; Treatment

Indexed keywords

KETAMINE; OXYTOCIN; SUBSTANCE P ANTAGONIST;

EID: 85011842127     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: 15351645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0761-2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (66)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 85011812203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    • Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. ACPMH. 2007.
    • (2007) ACPMH
  • 2
    • 85017282734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder
    • PID: 27189040, This paper represents a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of neurobiology that underpins PTSD and highlights biological domains for advances in the treatment
    • • Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC, Vermetten E, Lanius RA, Nievergelt CM, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15057. This paper represents a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of neurobiology that underpins PTSD and highlights biological domains for advances in the treatment.
    • (2015) Nat Rev Dis Primers , vol.1 , pp. 15057
    • Yehuda, R.1    Hoge, C.W.2    McFarlane, A.C.3    Vermetten, E.4    Lanius, R.A.5    Nievergelt, C.M.6
  • 4
    • 84938782080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: a review of randomized clinical trials
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtlOlu7bP, PID: 26241600
    • Steenkamp MM, Litz BT, Hoge CW, Marmar CR. Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: a review of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2015;314(5):489–500.
    • (2015) JAMA , vol.314 , Issue.5 , pp. 489-500
    • Steenkamp, M.M.1    Litz, B.T.2    Hoge, C.W.3    Marmar, C.R.4
  • 5
    • 0034755833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a comprehensive review
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotlGrurg%3D, PID: 11825301
    • Davis LL, English BA, Ambrose SM, Petty F. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001;2(10):1583–95.
    • (2001) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.2 , Issue.10 , pp. 1583-1595
    • Davis, L.L.1    English, B.A.2    Ambrose, S.M.3    Petty, F.4
  • 6
    • 84897897802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies
    • PID: 24681171
    • Morina N, Wicherts JM, Lobbrecht J, Priebe S. Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(3):249–55.
    • (2014) Clin Psychol Rev , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 249-255
    • Morina, N.1    Wicherts, J.M.2    Lobbrecht, J.3    Priebe, S.4
  • 7
    • 84908115819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry
    • PID: 25273285, An excellent description of the staging approach and the disadvantages of current classification systems that do not address the progression of neurobiology in disorder
    • • McGorry P, Keshavan M, Goldstone S, Amminger P, Allott K, Berk M, et al. Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(3):211–23. An excellent description of the staging approach and the disadvantages of current classification systems that do not address the progression of neurobiology in disorder.
    • (2014) World Psychiatry , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-223
    • McGorry, P.1    Keshavan, M.2    Goldstone, S.3    Amminger, P.4    Allott, K.5    Berk, M.6
  • 9
    • 0021334295 scopus 로고
    • Staging of disease. A case-mix measurement
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL2c%2FptVGqug%3D%3D, PID: 6418903
    • Gonnella JS, Hornbrook MC, Louis DZ. Staging of disease. A case-mix measurement. JAMA. 1984;251(5):637–44.
    • (1984) JAMA , vol.251 , Issue.5 , pp. 637-644
    • Gonnella, J.S.1    Hornbrook, M.C.2    Louis, D.Z.3
  • 10
    • 33745632817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions
    • PID: 16866756
    • McGorry PD, Hickie IB, Yung AR, Pantelis C, Jackson HJ. Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40(8):616–22.
    • (2006) Aust N Z J Psychiatry , vol.40 , Issue.8 , pp. 616-622
    • McGorry, P.D.1    Hickie, I.B.2    Yung, A.R.3    Pantelis, C.4    Jackson, H.J.5
  • 11
    • 33846817417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century
    • PID: 17064877
    • Jones E, Wessely S. A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(2):164–75.
    • (2007) J Anxiety Disord , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 164-175
    • Jones, E.1    Wessely, S.2
  • 12
    • 84885132225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11
    • PID: 24096776
    • Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Cloitre M, van Ommeren M, Jones LM, et al. Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(3):198–206.
    • (2013) World Psychiatry , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 198-206
    • Maercker, A.1    Brewin, C.R.2    Bryant, R.A.3    Cloitre, M.4    van Ommeren, M.5    Jones, L.M.6
  • 13
    • 0032535185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhslGmsA%3D%3D, PID: 9861473
    • Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, Shalev AY. Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44(12):1305–13.
    • (1998) Biol Psychiatry , vol.44 , Issue.12 , pp. 1305-1313
    • Yehuda, R.1    McFarlane, A.C.2    Shalev, A.Y.3
  • 14
    • 84908339404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative forecasting of PTSD from early trauma responses: a machine learning application
    • PID: 25260752
    • Galatzer-Levy IR, Karstoft KI, Statnikov A, Shalev AY. Quantitative forecasting of PTSD from early trauma responses: a machine learning application. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;59:68–76.
    • (2014) J Psychiatr Res , vol.59 , pp. 68-76
    • Galatzer-Levy, I.R.1    Karstoft, K.I.2    Statnikov, A.3    Shalev, A.Y.4
  • 15
    • 66149181916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long-term course of depression: development of an empirical index and identification of early adult outcomes
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M7jtlSguw%3D%3D, PID: 18606049
    • Pettit JW, Lewinsohn PM, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Monteith L. The long-term course of depression: development of an empirical index and identification of early adult outcomes. Psychol Med. 2009;39(3):403–12.
    • (2009) Psychol Med , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 403-412
    • Pettit, J.W.1    Lewinsohn, P.M.2    Roberts, R.E.3    Seeley, J.R.4    Monteith, L.5
  • 16
    • 76649137657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of untreated illness as a predictor of treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    • PID: 20001657
    • Dell’Osso B, Buoli M, Hollander E, Altamura AC. Duration of untreated illness as a predictor of treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11(1):59–65.
    • (2010) World J Biol Psychiatry , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-65
    • Dell’Osso, B.1    Buoli, M.2    Hollander, E.3    Altamura, A.C.4
  • 17
    • 84913535714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of mental health treatment and PTSD symptom improvement among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans
    • PID: 25082217
    • Maguen S, Madden E, Neylan TC, Cohen BE, Bertenthal D, Seal KH. Timing of mental health treatment and PTSD symptom improvement among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65(12):1414–9.
    • (2014) Psychiatr Serv , vol.65 , Issue.12 , pp. 1414-1419
    • Maguen, S.1    Madden, E.2    Neylan, T.C.3    Cohen, B.E.4    Bertenthal, D.5    Seal, K.H.6
  • 19
    • 84957435992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting treatment outcome in PTSD: a longitudinal functional MRI study on trauma-unrelated emotional processing
    • PID: 26289143
    • van Rooij SJ, Kennis M, Vink M, Geuze E. Predicting treatment outcome in PTSD: a longitudinal functional MRI study on trauma-unrelated emotional processing. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(4):1156–65.
    • (2016) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 1156-1165
    • van Rooij, S.J.1    Kennis, M.2    Vink, M.3    Geuze, E.4
  • 20
    • 84930650195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EEG correlates of the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms: a systematic review of the dimensional PTSD literature
    • PID: 26025367
    • Lobo I, Portugal LC, Figueira I, Volchan E, David I, Garcia Pereira M, et al. EEG correlates of the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms: a systematic review of the dimensional PTSD literature. J Affect Disord. 2015;183:210–20.
    • (2015) J Affect Disord , vol.183 , pp. 210-220
    • Lobo, I.1    Portugal, L.C.2    Figueira, I.3    Volchan, E.4    David, I.5    Garcia Pereira, M.6
  • 21
    • 85011588842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kaczkurkin AN, Burton PC, Chazin SM, Manbeck AB, Espensen-Sturges T, Cooper SE, Sponheim SR, Lissek S. Neural substrates of overgeneralized conditioned fear in PTSD.appiajp201615121549
    • Kaczkurkin AN, Burton PC, Chazin SM, Manbeck AB, Espensen-Sturges T, Cooper SE, Sponheim SR, Lissek S. Neural substrates of overgeneralized conditioned fear in PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2016:appiajp201615121549.
    • (2016) Am J Psychiatry.
  • 22
    • 84868564250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities in specific physical health disorder prevalence among formerly deployed Canadian forces veterans with full and subsyndromal PTSD
    • PID: 22807208
    • Fetzner MG, McMillan KA, Asmundson GJ. Similarities in specific physical health disorder prevalence among formerly deployed Canadian forces veterans with full and subsyndromal PTSD. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(11):958–65.
    • (2012) Depress Anxiety , vol.29 , Issue.11 , pp. 958-965
    • Fetzner, M.G.1    McMillan, K.A.2    Asmundson, G.J.3
  • 23
    • 84977080754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A plea for symptom-based research in psychiatry
    • Schmidt U. A plea for symptom-based research in psychiatry. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2015. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27660.
    • (2015) Eur J Psychotraumatol
    • Schmidt, U.1
  • 24
    • 68149106169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with health and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom
    • PID: 19496075
    • Pietrzak RH, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Johnson DC, Southwick SM. Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with health and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(8):739–44.
    • (2009) Depress Anxiety , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 739-744
    • Pietrzak, R.H.1    Goldstein, M.B.2    Malley, J.C.3    Johnson, D.C.4    Southwick, S.M.5
  • 25
  • 26
    • 84889787866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: an 8-year prospective cohort study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3srhvVGjsA%3D%3D, PID: 23551932
    • Pietrzak RH, Feder A, Singh R, Schechter CB, Bromet EJ, Katz CL, et al. Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: an 8-year prospective cohort study. Psychol Med. 2014;44(1):205–19.
    • (2014) Psychol Med , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 205-219
    • Pietrzak, R.H.1    Feder, A.2    Singh, R.3    Schechter, C.B.4    Bromet, E.J.5    Katz, C.L.6
  • 27
    • 78751512172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying risk of emotional sequelae after critical incidents
    • PID: 20511635
    • Halpern J, Maunder RG, Schwartz B, Gurevich M. Identifying risk of emotional sequelae after critical incidents. Emerg Med J. 2011;28(1):51–6.
    • (2011) Emerg Med J , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-56
    • Halpern, J.1    Maunder, R.G.2    Schwartz, B.3    Gurevich, M.4
  • 29
    • 84937396669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity predict PTSD symptom increase after trauma exposure during military deployment
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXpt1yqu74%3D, PID: 26072152
    • Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Stalder T, Schönfeld S, Wittchen HU, Trautmann S, Alexander N, et al. Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity predict PTSD symptom increase after trauma exposure during military deployment. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;59:123–33.
    • (2015) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.59 , pp. 123-133
    • Steudte-Schmiedgen, S.1    Stalder, T.2    Schönfeld, S.3    Wittchen, H.U.4    Trautmann, S.5    Alexander, N.6
  • 30
    • 84920581155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-deployment differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity of leukocytes in soldiers developing symptoms of PTSD, depression or fatigue persist after return from military deployment
    • PID: 25277845
    • van Zuiden M, Kavelaars A, Vermetten E, Olff M, Geuze E, Heijnen C. Pre-deployment differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity of leukocytes in soldiers developing symptoms of PTSD, depression or fatigue persist after return from military deployment. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:513–24.
    • (2015) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.51 , pp. 513-524
    • van Zuiden, M.1    Kavelaars, A.2    Vermetten, E.3    Olff, M.4    Geuze, E.5    Heijnen, C.6
  • 32
    • 84989327979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Course and predictors of postdeployment fatigue: a prospective cohort study in the Dutch Armed Forces
    • PID: 27135546
    • Wiborg JF, Rademaker AR, Geuze E, Twisk JW, Vermetten E, Knoop H. Course and predictors of postdeployment fatigue: a prospective cohort study in the Dutch Armed Forces. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(8):1074–9.
    • (2016) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.77 , Issue.8 , pp. 1074-1079
    • Wiborg, J.F.1    Rademaker, A.R.2    Geuze, E.3    Twisk, J.W.4    Vermetten, E.5    Knoop, H.6
  • 33
    • 84929327894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up
    • PID: 25657356, The long period of observation of this cohort demonstrates the unexpected prevalence of delayed onset PTSD that many studies with shorter periods of follow up miss which need addressing in causal models
    • • Bryant RA, Nickerson A, Creamer M, O’Donnell M, Forbes D, Galatzer-Levy I, et al. Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(5):417–23. The long period of observation of this cohort demonstrates the unexpected prevalence of delayed onset PTSD that many studies with shorter periods of follow up miss which need addressing in causal models.
    • (2015) Br J Psychiatry , vol.206 , Issue.5 , pp. 417-423
    • Bryant, R.A.1    Nickerson, A.2    Creamer, M.3    O’Donnell, M.4    Forbes, D.5    Galatzer-Levy, I.6
  • 35
    • 80255136205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol awakening response prospectively predicts peritraumatic and acute stress reactions in police officers
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVSksLzM, PID: 21906725
    • Inslicht SS, Otte C, McCaslin SE, Apfel BA, Henn-Haase C, Metzler T, et al. Cortisol awakening response prospectively predicts peritraumatic and acute stress reactions in police officers. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(11):1055–62.
    • (2011) Biol Psychiatry , vol.70 , Issue.11 , pp. 1055-1062
    • Inslicht, S.S.1    Otte, C.2    McCaslin, S.E.3    Apfel, B.A.4    Henn-Haase, C.5    Metzler, T.6
  • 36
    • 84920678859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine production as a putative biological mechanism underlying stress sensitization in high combat exposed soldiers
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlSru7rN, PID: 25106657
    • Smid GE, van Zuiden M, Geuze E, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Vermetten E. Cytokine production as a putative biological mechanism underlying stress sensitization in high combat exposed soldiers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:534–46.
    • (2015) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.51 , pp. 534-546
    • Smid, G.E.1    van Zuiden, M.2    Geuze, E.3    Kavelaars, A.4    Heijnen, C.J.5    Vermetten, E.6
  • 38
    • 84893697762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds:12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
    • PID: 23983056
    • Karam EG, Friedman MJ, Hill ED, Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Petukhova M, et al. Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds:12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(2):130–42.
    • (2014) Depress Anxiety , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 130-142
    • Karam, E.G.1    Friedman, M.J.2    Hill, E.D.3    Kessler, R.C.4    McLaughlin, K.A.5    Petukhova, M.6
  • 40
    • 84859599083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed U.S. military service members: prospective cohort study
    • PID: 22361018
    • Bonanno GA, Mancini AD, Horton JL, Powell TM, Leardmann CA, Boyko EJ, et al. Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed U.S. military service members: prospective cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(4):317–23.
    • (2012) Br J Psychiatry , vol.200 , Issue.4 , pp. 317-323
    • Bonanno, G.A.1    Mancini, A.D.2    Horton, J.L.3    Powell, T.M.4    Leardmann, C.A.5    Boyko, E.J.6
  • 41
    • 84943575816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of predeployment heart rate variability with risk of postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder in active-duty marines
    • PID: 26353072
    • Minassian A, Maihofer AX, Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, Geyer MA, Risbrough VB, et al. Association of predeployment heart rate variability with risk of postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder in active-duty marines. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(10):979–86.
    • (2015) JAMA Psychiatry , vol.72 , Issue.10 , pp. 979-986
    • Minassian, A.1    Maihofer, A.X.2    Baker, D.G.3    Nievergelt, C.M.4    Geyer, M.A.5    Risbrough, V.B.6
  • 42
    • 84947617144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene networks specific for innate immunity define post-traumatic stress disorder
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXktVCnsro%3D, PID: 25754082
    • Breen MS, Maihofer AX, Glatt SJ, Tylee DS, Chandler SD, Tsuang MT, et al. Gene networks specific for innate immunity define post-traumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(12):1538–45.
    • (2015) Mol Psychiatry , vol.20 , Issue.12 , pp. 1538-1545
    • Breen, M.S.1    Maihofer, A.X.2    Glatt, S.J.3    Tylee, D.S.4    Chandler, S.D.5    Tsuang, M.T.6
  • 43
    • 84982786967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiological investigation of combat veterans with subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms
    • PID: 27483516
    • Costanzo M, Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Ndiongue R, Reinhardt B, Roy MJ. Psychophysiological investigation of combat veterans with subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Mil Med. 2016;181(8):793–802.
    • (2016) Mil Med , vol.181 , Issue.8 , pp. 793-802
    • Costanzo, M.1    Jovanovic, T.2    Norrholm, S.D.3    Ndiongue, R.4    Reinhardt, B.5    Roy, M.J.6
  • 44
    • 0032429917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of psychophysiological measurement in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder: results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Fpt1SlsQ%3D%3D, PID: 9874904
    • Keane TM, Kolb LC, Kaloupek DG, Orr SP, Blanchard EB, Thomas RG, et al. Utility of psychophysiological measurement in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder: results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66(6):914–23.
    • (1998) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.66 , Issue.6 , pp. 914-923
    • Keane, T.M.1    Kolb, L.C.2    Kaloupek, D.G.3    Orr, S.P.4    Blanchard, E.B.5    Thomas, R.G.6
  • 45
    • 84930764458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hidden price of repeated traumatic exposure: different cognitive deficits in different first-responders
    • PID: 25191237
    • Levy-Gigi E, Richter-Levin G, Kéri S. The hidden price of repeated traumatic exposure: different cognitive deficits in different first-responders. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:281.
    • (2014) Front Behav Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 281
    • Levy-Gigi, E.1    Richter-Levin, G.2    Kéri, S.3
  • 46
    • 84925970148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced hippocampal volume is associated with overgeneralization of negative context in individuals with PTSD
    • PID: 25068667
    • Levy-Gigi E, Szabo C, Richter-Levin G, Kéri S. Reduced hippocampal volume is associated with overgeneralization of negative context in individuals with PTSD. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(1):151–61.
    • (2015) Neuropsychology , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 151-161
    • Levy-Gigi, E.1    Szabo, C.2    Richter-Levin, G.3    Kéri, S.4
  • 47
    • 84877615259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of exposure to traumatic stressors on inhibitory control in police officers: a dense electrode array study using a Go/NoGo continuous performance task
    • PID: 23528305
    • Covey TJ, Shucard JL, Violanti JM, Lee J, Shucard DW. The effects of exposure to traumatic stressors on inhibitory control in police officers: a dense electrode array study using a Go/NoGo continuous performance task. Int J Psychophysiol. 2013;87(3):363–75.
    • (2013) Int J Psychophysiol , vol.87 , Issue.3 , pp. 363-375
    • Covey, T.J.1    Shucard, J.L.2    Violanti, J.M.3    Lee, J.4    Shucard, D.W.5
  • 48
    • 84922543104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter 1F in peripheral blood of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXkslemtLg%3D, PID: 24661442, The epigenetic mechanisms of glucocorticoid sensitivity is a central to understanding the emerging shifts in the neurobiology of the stress response that underpin PTSD
    • • Yehuda R, Flory JD, Bierer LM, Henn-Haase C, Lehrner A, Desarnaud F, et al. Lower methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter 1F in peripheral blood of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(4):356–64. The epigenetic mechanisms of glucocorticoid sensitivity is a central to understanding the emerging shifts in the neurobiology of the stress response that underpin PTSD.
    • (2015) Biol Psychiatry , vol.77 , Issue.4 , pp. 356-364
    • Yehuda, R.1    Flory, J.D.2    Bierer, L.M.3    Henn-Haase, C.4    Lehrner, A.5    Desarnaud, F.6
  • 49
    • 84898653003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of plasma C-reactive protein as a biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder risk
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXptVamu7s%3D, PID: 24576974
    • Eraly SA, Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Barkauskas DA, Biswas N, Agorastos A, et al. Assessment of plasma C-reactive protein as a biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder risk. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(4):423–31.
    • (2014) JAMA Psychiatry , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 423-431
    • Eraly, S.A.1    Nievergelt, C.M.2    Maihofer, A.X.3    Barkauskas, D.A.4    Biswas, N.5    Agorastos, A.6
  • 50
    • 84932104610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the capacity of DSM-IV and DSM-5 acute stress disorder definitions to predict posttraumatic stress disorder and related disorders
    • PID: 25562379
    • Bryant RA, Creamer M, O’Donnell M, Silove D, McFarlane AC, Forbes D. A comparison of the capacity of DSM-IV and DSM-5 acute stress disorder definitions to predict posttraumatic stress disorder and related disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):391–7.
    • (2015) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 391-397
    • Bryant, R.A.1    Creamer, M.2    O’Donnell, M.3    Silove, D.4    McFarlane, A.C.5    Forbes, D.6
  • 51
    • 0028867185 scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FpsV2jsA%3D%3D, PID: 7492257
    • Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(12):1048–60.
    • (1995) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.52 , Issue.12 , pp. 1048-1060
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Sonnega, A.2    Bromet, E.3    Hughes, M.4    Nelson, C.B.5
  • 52
    • 84905920920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTSD symptomseverity and psychiatric comorbidity in recent motor vehicle accident victims: a latent class analysis
    • PID: 25124501
    • Hruska B, Irish LA, Pacella ML, Sledjeski EM, Delahanty DL. PTSD symptomseverity and psychiatric comorbidity in recent motor vehicle accident victims: a latent class analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(7):644–9.
    • (2014) J Anxiety Disord , vol.28 , Issue.7 , pp. 644-649
    • Hruska, B.1    Irish, L.A.2    Pacella, M.L.3    Sledjeski, E.M.4    Delahanty, D.L.5
  • 53
    • 85011321316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward an evidence-based, operational definition of treatment-resistant depression: when enough is enough
    • Conway CR, George MS, Sackeim HA. Toward an evidence-based, operational definition of treatment-resistant depression: when enough is enough. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2586.
    • (2016) JAMA Psychiatry
    • Conway, C.R.1    George, M.S.2    Sackeim, H.A.3
  • 54
    • 84949538591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning models of PTSD: theoretical accounts and psychobiological evidence
    • PID: 25462219
    • Lissek S, van Meurs B. Learning models of PTSD: theoretical accounts and psychobiological evidence. Int J Psychophysiol. 2015;98(3 Pt 2):594–605.
    • (2015) Int J Psychophysiol , vol.98 , Issue.3 , pp. 594-605
    • Lissek, S.1    van Meurs, B.2
  • 56
    • 77749301841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long-term costs of traumatic stress: intertwined physical and psychological consequences
    • PID: 20148146
    • McFarlane AC. The long-term costs of traumatic stress: intertwined physical and psychological consequences. World Psychiatry. 2010;9(1):3–10.
    • (2010) World Psychiatry , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-10
    • McFarlane, A.C.1
  • 57
    • 84961290737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of CRP genetic variation and CRP level with elevated PTSD symptoms and physiological responses in a civilian population with high levels of trauma
    • PID: 25827033
    • Michopoulos V, Rothbaum AO, Jovanovic T, Almli LM, Bradley B, Rothbaum BO, et al. Association of CRP genetic variation and CRP level with elevated PTSD symptoms and physiological responses in a civilian population with high levels of trauma. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(4):353–62.
    • (2015) Am J Psychiatry , vol.172 , Issue.4 , pp. 353-362
    • Michopoulos, V.1    Rothbaum, A.O.2    Jovanovic, T.3    Almli, L.M.4    Bradley, B.5    Rothbaum, B.O.6
  • 58
    • 84991608339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder: a metabolic disorder in disguise?
    • PID: 27246996
    • Michopoulos V, Vester A, Neigh G. Posttraumatic stress disorder: a metabolic disorder in disguise? Exp Neurol. 2016;284(Pt B):220–9.
    • (2016) Exp Neurol , vol.284 , pp. 220-229
    • Michopoulos, V.1    Vester, A.2    Neigh, G.3
  • 59
    • 84872914326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with an enhanced spontaneous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • PID: 23360282
    • Gola H, Engler H, Sommershof A, Adenauer H, Kolassa S, Schedlowski M, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with an enhanced spontaneous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Psychiatry. 2013. doi:10.1186/1471-244×-13-40.
    • (2013) BMC Psychiatry
    • Gola, H.1    Engler, H.2    Sommershof, A.3    Adenauer, H.4    Kolassa, S.5    Schedlowski, M.6
  • 60
    • 84903719801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic mechanisms shape the biological response to trauma and risk for PTSD: a critical review
    • Heinzelmann M, Gill J. Epigenetic mechanisms shape the biological response to trauma and risk for PTSD: a critical review. Nurs Res Pract. 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/417010.
    • (2013) Nurs Res Pract
    • Heinzelmann, M.1    Gill, J.2
  • 62
    • 0027654428 scopus 로고
    • A perspective and future dreams of PTSD as a psychosomatic disorder
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FovFymtA%3D%3D, PID: 8265743
    • Kolb LC. A perspective and future dreams of PTSD as a psychosomatic disorder. Psychosom Med. 1993;55(5):424–5.
    • (1993) Psychosom Med , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 424-425
    • Kolb, L.C.1
  • 63
  • 64
    • 84870978360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: a meta-analytic review
    • PID: 23247200
    • Pacella ML, Hruska B, Delahanty DL. The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: a meta-analytic review. J Anxiety Disord. 2013;27(1):33–46.
    • (2013) J Anxiety Disord , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-46
    • Pacella, M.L.1    Hruska, B.2    Delahanty, D.L.3
  • 65
    • 84991758864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New translational perspectives for blood-based biomarkers of PTSD: from glucocorticoid to immune mediators of stress susceptibility
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtlWjurvL, PID: 27481726, An important paper setting out the emerging therapeutic possibilities and the interactions between the glucocorticoid system and immunological reactivity
    • • Daskalakis NP, Cohen H, Nievergelt CM, Baker DG, Buxbaum JD, Russo SJ, et al. New translational perspectives for blood-based biomarkers of PTSD: from glucocorticoid to immune mediators of stress susceptibility. Exp Neurol. 2016;284(Pt B):133–40. An important paper setting out the emerging therapeutic possibilities and the interactions between the glucocorticoid system and immunological reactivity.
    • (2016) Exp Neurol , vol.284 , pp. 133-140
    • Daskalakis, N.P.1    Cohen, H.2    Nievergelt, C.M.3    Baker, D.G.4    Buxbaum, J.D.5    Russo, S.J.6
  • 66
    • 84942883916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components among people with posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXosVaqsrY%3D, PID: 25982700
    • Rosenbaum S, Stubbs B, Ward PB, Steel Z, Lederman O, Vancampfort D. The prevalence and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components among people with posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2015;64(8):926–33.
    • (2015) Metabolism , vol.64 , Issue.8 , pp. 926-933
    • Rosenbaum, S.1    Stubbs, B.2    Ward, P.B.3    Steel, Z.4    Lederman, O.5    Vancampfort, D.6
  • 67
    • 84983050233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and risk of hypertension over 22 years in a large cohort of younger and middle-aged women
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2szhsVantg%3D%3D, PID: 27534802
    • Sumner JA, Kubzansky LD, Roberts AL, Gilsanz P, Chen Q, Winning A, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and risk of hypertension over 22 years in a large cohort of younger and middle-aged women. Psychol Med. 2016;46(15):3105–16.
    • (2016) Psychol Med , vol.46 , Issue.15 , pp. 3105-3116
    • Sumner, J.A.1    Kubzansky, L.D.2    Roberts, A.L.3    Gilsanz, P.4    Chen, Q.5    Winning, A.6
  • 68
    • 84983772233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease
    • PID: 27566327
    • Burg MM, Soufer R. Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016. doi:10.1007/s11886-016-0770-5.
    • (2016) Curr Cardiol Rep
    • Burg, M.M.1    Soufer, R.2
  • 69
    • 84950275878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of mortality and trauma-related risk factors among a nationally representative sample of Vietnam veterans
    • PID: 26634285
    • Schlenger WE, Corry NH, Williams CS, Kulka RA, Mulvaney-Day N, DeBakey S, et al. A prospective study of mortality and trauma-related risk factors among a nationally representative sample of Vietnam veterans. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(12):980–90.
    • (2015) Am J Epidemiol , vol.182 , Issue.12 , pp. 980-990
    • Schlenger, W.E.1    Corry, N.H.2    Williams, C.S.3    Kulka, R.A.4    Mulvaney-Day, N.5    DeBakey, S.6
  • 72
    • 84922581835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated risk for autoimmune disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • PID: 25104173, A large cohort study sufficiently powered to highlight the burden of immunological dysregulation in PTSD on the prevalence of autoimmune disorders
    • • O’Donovan A, Cohen BE, Seal KH, Bertenthal D, Margaretten M, Nishimi K, et al. Elevated risk for autoimmune disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(4):365–74. A large cohort study sufficiently powered to highlight the burden of immunological dysregulation in PTSD on the prevalence of autoimmune disorders.
    • (2015) Biol Psychiatry , vol.77 , Issue.4 , pp. 365-374
    • O’Donovan, A.1    Cohen, B.E.2    Seal, K.H.3    Bertenthal, D.4    Margaretten, M.5    Nishimi, K.6
  • 73
    • 84978159607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide association studies of posttraumatic stress disorder in 2 cohorts of US Army soldiers
    • PID: 27167565
    • Stein MB, Chen CY, Ursano RJ, Cai T, Gelernter J, Heeringa SG, et al. Genome-wide association studies of posttraumatic stress disorder in 2 cohorts of US Army soldiers. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(7):695–704.
    • (2016) JAMA Psychiatry , vol.73 , Issue.7 , pp. 695-704
    • Stein, M.B.1    Chen, C.Y.2    Ursano, R.J.3    Cai, T.4    Gelernter, J.5    Heeringa, S.G.6
  • 74
    • 85008325033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroanatomical features in soldiers with post-traumatic stress disorder
    • PID: 27029195
    • Sussman D, Pang EW, Jetly R, Dunkley BT, Taylor MJ. Neuroanatomical features in soldiers with post-traumatic stress disorder. BMC Neurosci. 2016. doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0247-x.
    • (2016) BMC Neurosci
    • Sussman, D.1    Pang, E.W.2    Jetly, R.3    Dunkley, B.T.4    Taylor, M.J.5
  • 75
    • 84927909625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging measurement of structural volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • PID: 25735885
    • O’Doherty DC, Chitty KM, Saddiqui S, Bennett MR, Lagopoulos J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging measurement of structural volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015;232(1):1–33.
    • (2015) Psychiatry Res , vol.232 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-33
    • O’Doherty, D.C.1    Chitty, K.M.2    Saddiqui, S.3    Bennett, M.R.4    Lagopoulos, J.5
  • 76
    • 77954005060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premorbid brain volume estimates and reduced total brain volume in adults exposed to trauma with or without posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis
    • Hedges DW, Woon FL. Premorbid brain volume estimates and reduced total brain volume in adults exposed to trauma with or without posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Cog Behav Nurol. 2010;23(2):124–9.
    • (2010) Cog Behav Nurol , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 124-129
    • Hedges, D.W.1    Woon, F.L.2
  • 77
    • 84869809833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and exposure to traumatic stressors are related to brain structural volumes and behavioral measures of affective stimulus processing in police officers
    • PID: 23177923
    • Shucard JL, Cox J, Shucard DW, Fetter H, Chung C, Ramasamy D, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and exposure to traumatic stressors are related to brain structural volumes and behavioral measures of affective stimulus processing in police officers. Psychiatry Res. 2012;204(1):25–31.
    • (2012) Psychiatry Res , vol.204 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-31
    • Shucard, J.L.1    Cox, J.2    Shucard, D.W.3    Fetter, H.4    Chung, C.5    Ramasamy, D.6
  • 78
    • 84949595468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of trauma and stressor-related disorders: a review
    • PID: 26315508
    • Howlett JR, Stein MB. Prevention of trauma and stressor-related disorders: a review. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(1):357–69.
    • (2016) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 357-369
    • Howlett, J.R.1    Stein, M.B.2
  • 79
    • 84952032097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic inflammation: a new therapeutic target for post-traumatic stress disorder?
    • PID: 26544737
    • Michopoulos V, Jovanovic T. Chronic inflammation: a new therapeutic target for post-traumatic stress disorder? Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(11):954–5.
    • (2015) Lancet Psychiatry , vol.2 , Issue.11 , pp. 954-955
    • Michopoulos, V.1    Jovanovic, T.2
  • 80
    • 0030767917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of biological themes in PTSD
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2szotVygsA%3D%3D, PID: 9238189
    • Pitman RK. Overview of biological themes in PTSD. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1997;821:1–9.
    • (1997) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.821 , pp. 1-9
    • Pitman, R.K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.