Genome-wide association studies of posttraumatic stress disorder in 2 cohorts of US army soldiers

JAMA Psychiatry

Volumn 73, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 695-704

  Stein, Murray B ^a,b,c   Chen, Chia Yen ^d,e   Ursano, Robert J ^f,n   Cai, Tianxi ^g   Gelernter, Joel ^h,k   Heeringa, Steven G ⁱ   Jain, Sonia ^b   Jensen, Kevin P ^h,k   Maihofer, Adam X ^a,b   Mitchell, Colter ⁱ   Nievergelt, Caroline M ^a   Nock, Matthew K ^j,s   Neale, Benjamin M ^e   Polimanti, Renato ^h   Ripke, Stephan ^e   Sun, Xiaoying ^b   Thomas, Michael L ^a,b   Wang, Qian ^h,k   Ware, Erin B ⁱ   Borja, Susan ^l   Kessler, Ronald C ^m   Smoller, Jordan W ^d,e   Colpe, Lisa J ^o   Schoenbaum, Michael ^o   Cersovsky, Steven ^o   Cox, Kenneth ^o   Aliaga, Pablo A ⁿ   Benedek, David M ⁿ   Benevides, K Nikki ⁿ   Bliese, Paul D ^p   Bromet, Evelyn J ^q   Brown, Gregory G ^b   Buckley, Christina ⁿ   Campbell Sills, Laura ^b   Dempsey, Catherine L ⁿ   Denenberg, Julie O ^b   Fullerton, Carol S ⁿ   Gebler, Nancy ⁱ   Gifford, Robert K ⁿ   Gilman, Stephen E ^g   He, Feng ^b   Holloway, Marjan G ⁿ   Hurwitz, Paul E ⁿ   Kao, Tzu Cheg ⁿ   Koenen, Karestan C ^r   Lewandowski Romps, Lisa ⁱ   Mash, Holly Herberman ⁿ   McCarroll, James E ⁿ   Naifeh, James A ⁿ   Ng, Tsz Hin Hinz ⁿ   Raman, Rema ^b   Ramsawh, Holly J ⁿ   Rosellini, Anthony Joseph ^m   Sampson, Nancy A ^m   Santiago, Patcho ⁿ   Scanlon, Michaelle ^l   Street, Amy ^t   Vegella, Patti L ⁿ   Wang, Leming ⁿ   Wassel, Christina L ^u   Wessely, Simon ^v   Wu, Hongyan ⁿ   Wynn, Gary H ⁿ   Zaslavsky, Alan M ^m   Zhang, Bailey G ⁿ   Zhang, Lei ⁿ   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^f UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^g HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^h YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^j HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^l NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^m HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

ⁿ Uniformed Services   (United States)

^o US Army Public Health Center (USAPHC)   (United States)

^p UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^q STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^r Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^s HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^t BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^u UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^v KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANKYRIN; ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAIN 55; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 626; ANKRD55 PROTEIN, HUMAN; CARRIER PROTEIN;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARMY; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CELIAC DISEASE; CHROMOSOME 19; CHROMOSOME 5; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROHN DISEASE; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC CORRELATION; GENETIC RISK; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HERITABILITY; HISPANIC; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LIFESPAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PLEIOTROPY; POPULATION GENETICS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PSORIASIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; YOUNG ADULT; CASE CONTROL STUDY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; PSYCHOLOGY; SOLDIER;

ADULT; CARRIER PROTEINS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, PAIR 19; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, PAIR 5; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; GENETIC LOCI; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS; MALE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84978159607     PISSN: 2168622X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0350     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Thomas JL, Wilk JE, Riviere LA, McGurk D, Castro CA, Hoge CW. Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(6):614-623.
2. Santiago PN, Ursano RJ, Gray CL, et al. A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59236.
3. Stander VA, Thomsen CJ, Highfill-McRoy RM. Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(2):87-98.
4. Zatzick D, Donovan D, Dunn C, et al. Substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma center patients receiving mandated alcohol screening and brief intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;43(4):410-417.
5. Ramsawh HJ, Fullerton CS, Mash HB, et al. Risk for suicidal behaviors associated with PTSD, depression, and their comorbidity in the US Army. J Affect Disord. 2014;161:116-122.
6. Nock MK, Hwang I, Sampson N, et al. Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behavior: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Med. 2009;6(8):e1000123.
7. Kubzansky LD, Bordelois P, Jun. HJ, et al. The weight of traumatic stress: a prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and weight status in women. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(1):44-51.
8. Wentworth BA, Stein MB, Redwine LS, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a fast track to premature cardiovascular disease? Cardiol Rev. 2013;21(1):16-22.
9. Crum-Cianflone NF, Bagnell ME, Schaller E, et al. Impact of combat deployment and posttraumatic stress disorder on newly reported coronary heart disease among US active duty and reserve forces. Circulation. 2014;129(18):1813-1820.
10. Sumner JA, Kubzansky LD, Elkind MS, et al. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms predict onset of cardiovascular events in women. Circulation. 2015;132(4):251-259.
11. Lukaschek K, Baumert J, Kruse J, et al; KORA Investigators. Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and type 2 diabetes in a population-based cross-sectional study with 2970 participants. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74(4):340-345.
12. Roberts AL, Agnew-Blais JC, Spiegelman D, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of women: a 22-year longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(3):203-210.
13. O'Donovan A, Cohen BE, Seal KH, et al. Elevated risk for autoimmune disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(4):365-374.
14. Kessler RC, Wang PS. The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:115-129.
15. Wisco BE, Marx BP, Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the US veteran population: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(12):1338-1346.
16. Kessler RC, Heeringa SG, Stein MB, et al; Army STARRS Collaborators. Thirty-day prevalence of DSM-IV mental disorders among nondeployed soldiers in the US Army: results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):504-513.
17. Ramchand R, Rudavsky R, Grant S, Tanielian T, Jaycox L. Prevalence of, risk factors for, and consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems in military populations deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(5):37.
18. Kessler RC, Rose S, Koenen KC, et al. How well can post-traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre-trauma risk factors? an exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(3):265-274.
19. Sandweiss DA, Slymen DJ, Leardmann CA, et al; Millennium Cohort Study Team. Preinjury psychiatric status, injury severity, and postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(5):496-504.
20. Bomyea J, Risbrough V, Lang AJ. A consideration of select pre-trauma factors as key vulnerabilities in PTSD. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(7):630-641.
21. DiGangi JA, Gomez D, Mendoza L, Jason LA, Keys CB, Koenen KC. Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(6):728-744.
22. Polusny MA, Erbes CR, Murdoch M, Arbisi PA, Thuras P, Rath MB. Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Psychol Med. 2011;41(4):687-698.
23. True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, et al. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(4):257-264.
24. Stein MB, Jang KL, Taylor S, Vernon PA, Livesley WJ. Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a twin study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(10):1675-1681.
25. Afifi TO, Asmundson GJ, Taylor S, Jang KL. The role of genes and environment on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a review of twin studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(1):101-112.
26. Sartor CE, Grant JD, Lynskey MT, et al. Common heritable contributions to low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(3):293-299.
27. Smoller JW. The genetics of stress-related disorders: PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(1):297-319.
28. Xie P, Kranzler HR, Yang C, Zhao H, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(9):656-663.
29. Guffanti G, Galea S, Yan L, et al. Genome-wide association study implicates a novel RNA gene, the lincRNA AC068718.1, as a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(12):3029-3038.
30. Logue MW, Baldwin C, Guffanti G, et al. A genome-wide association study of post-traumatic stress disorder identifies the retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene as a significant risk locus. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(8):937-942.
31. Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Mustapic M, et al. Genomic predictors of combat stress vulnerability and resilience in US Marines: a genome-wide association study across multiple ancestries implicates PRTFDC1 as a potential PTSD gene. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:459-471.
32. Ashley-Koch AE, Garrett ME, Gibson J, et al; Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Workgroup. Genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder in a cohort of Iraq-Afghanistan era veterans. J Affect Disord. 2015;184:225-234.
33. Almli LM, Stevens JS, Smith AK, et al. A genome-wide identified risk variant for PTSD is a methylation quantitative trait locus and confers decreased cortical activation to fearful faces. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2015;168B(5):327-336.
34. Ursano RJ, Colpe LJ, Heeringa SG, Kessler RC, Schoenbaum M, Stein MB; Army STARRS Collaborators. The Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Psychiatry. 2014;77(2):107-119.
35. Kessler RC, Ustün TB. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13(2):93-121.
36. Wilkins KC, Lang AJ, Norman SB. Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(7):596-606.
37. Kessler RC, Santiago PN, Colpe LJ, et al. Clinical reappraisal of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Screening Scales (CIDI-SC) in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2013;22(4):303-321.
38. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(3):559-575.
39. Yang J, Lee SH, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;88(1):76-82.
40. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511(7510):421-427.
41. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4 [published correction appears in Nat Genet. 2012;44(9):1072].
42. Nat Genet. 2011;43(10):977-983.
43. Neale BM, Medland SE, Ripke S, et al; Psychiatric GWAS Consortium ADHD Subgroup. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(9):884-897.
44. Ripke S, Wray NR, Lewis CM, et al; Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium. A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(4):497-511.
45. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1371-1379.
46. Franke A, McGovern DP, Barrett JC, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2010;42(12):1118-1125.
47. Anderson CA, Boucher G, Lees CW, et al. Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. Nat Genet. 2011;43(3):246-252.
48. Hafler DA, Compston A, Sawcer S, et al; International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(9):851-862.
49. Feng BJ, Sun LD, Soltani-Arabshahi R, et al. Multiple loci within the major histocompatibility complex confer risk of psoriasis. PLoS Genet. 2009;5(8):e1000606.
50. Okada Y, Wu D, Trynka G, et al; RACI Consortium; GARNET Consortium. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery. Nature. 2014;506(7488):376-381.
51. Harley JB, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Criswell LA, et al; International Consortium for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Genetics (SLEGEN). Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci. Nat Genet. 2008;40(2):204-210.
52. Dubois PCA, Trynka G, Franke L, et al. Multiple common variants for celiac disease influencing immune gene expression. Nat Genet. 2010;42(4):295-302.
53. Cordell HJ, Han Y, Mells GF, et al; Canadian-US PBC Consortium; Italian PBC Genetics Study Group; UK-PBC Consortium. International genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new primary biliary cirrhosis risk loci and targetable pathogenic pathways. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8019.
54. Barrett JC, Clayton DG, Concannon P, et al; Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2009;41(6):703-707.
55. Bulik-Sullivan B, Finucane HK, Anttila V, et al; ReproGen Consortium; Psychiatric Genomics Consortium; Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat Genet. 2015;47(11):1236-1241.
56. Chung D, Yang C, Li C, Gelernter J, Zhao H. GPA: a statistical approach to prioritizing GWAS results by integrating pleiotropy and annotation. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(11):e1004787.
57. Pers TH, Karjalainen JM, Chan Y, et al; Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Biological interpretation of genome-wide association studies using predicted gene functions. Nat Commun. 2015;6:5890.
58. Huang DW, Sherman BT, Tan Q, et al. DAVID Bioinformatics Resources: expanded annotation database and novel algorithms to better extract biology from large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(Web Server issue):W169-W175.
59. Pruim RJ, Welch RP, Sanna S, et al. LocusZoom: regional visualization of genome-wide association scan results. Bioinformatics. 2010;26(18):2336-2337.
60. Alloza I, Otaegui D, de Lapuente AL, et al. ANKRD55 and DHCR7 are novel multiple sclerosis risk loci. Genes Immun. 2012;13(3):253-257.
61. Lill CM, Schjeide BM, Graetz C, et al. Genome-wide significant association of ANKRD55 rs6859219 and multiple sclerosis risk. J Med Genet. 2013;50(3):140-143.
62. Harder MN, Ribel-Madsen R, Justesen JM, et al. Type 2 diabetes risk alleles near BCAR1 and in ANK1 associate with decreased β-cell function whereas risk alleles near ANKRD55 and GRB14 associate with decreased insulin sensitivity in the Danish Inter99 cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):E801-E806.
63. Zhernakova A, Stahl EA, Trynka G, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis identifies fourteen non-HLA shared loci. PLoS Genet. 2011;7(2):e1002004.
64. Viatte S, Plant D, Bowes J, et al. Genetic markers of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in anti-citrullinated peptide antibody negative patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(12):1984-1990.
65. Dickstein BD, Weathers FW, Angkaw AC, et al; Marine Resiliency Study Team. Diagnostic utility of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for identifying full and partial PTSD in active-duty military. Assessment. 2015;22(3):289-297.
66. Stein MB, Kessler RC, Heeringa SG, et al; Army STARRS Collaborators. Prospective longitudinal evaluation of the effect of deployment-acquired traumatic brain injury on posttraumatic stress and related disorders: results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(11):1101-1111.
67. Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Sherva R, et al. Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence: significant findings in African- and European-Americans including novel risk loci. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(1):41-49.
68. Andreassen OA, Harbo HF, Wang Y, et al; Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Work Groups; International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC). Genetic pleiotropy between multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder: differential involvement of immune-related gene loci. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(2):207-214.
69. Wang Q, Yang C, Gelernter J, Zhao H. Pervasive pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and immune disorders revealed by integrative analysis of multiple GWAS. Hum Genet. 2015;134(11-12):1195-1209.
70. Sekar A, Bialas AR, de Rivera H, et al; Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature. 2016;530(7589):177-183.
71. Segman RH, Stein MB. C-reactive protein: a stress diathesis marker at the crossroads of maladaptive behavioral and cardiometabolic sequelae. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(4):307-309.
72. Eraly SA, Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, et al; Marine Resiliency Study Team. Assessment of plasma C-reactive protein as a biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder risk. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(4):423-431.
73. Michopoulos V, Rothbaum AO, Jovanovic T, et al. Association of CRP genetic variation and CRP level with elevated PTSD symptoms and physiological responses in a civilian population with high levels of trauma. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(4):353-362.
74. Smith AK, Conneely KN, Kilaru V, et al. Differential immune system DNA methylation and cytokine regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156B(6):700-708.
75. Lindqvist D, Wolkowitz OM, Mellon S, et al. Proinflammatory milieu in combat-related PTSD is independent of depression and early life stress. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;42:81-88.
76. Miller-Archie SA, Jordan HT, Ruff RR, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and new-onset diabetes among adult survivors of the World Trade Center disaster. Prev Med. 2014;66:34-38.
77. Boscarino JA, Forsberg CW, Goldberg J. A twin study of the association between PTSD symptoms and rheumatoid arthritis. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(5):481-486.
78. Lee YC, Agnew-Blais J, Malspeis S, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and risk for incident rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68(3):292-298.
79. Logue MW, Amstadter AB, Baker DG, et al; Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Workgroup. The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Workgroup: posttraumatic stress disorder enters the age of large-scale genomic collaboration. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(10):2287-2297.
80. Liberzon I, King AP, Ressler KJ, et al. Interaction of the ADRB2 gene polymorphism with childhood trauma in predicting adult symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(10):1174-1182.
81. Solovieff N, Roberts AL, Ratanatharathorn A, et al. Genetic association analysis of 300 genes identifies a risk haplotype in SLC18A2 for post-traumatic stress disorder in two independent samples. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39(8):1872-1879.
82. Koenen KC, Fu QJ, Ertel K, et al. Common genetic liability to major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in men. J Affect Disord. 2008;105(1-3):109-115.
83. Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Krueger RF, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT, Koenen KC. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the genetic structure of comorbidity. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;119(2):320-330.
84. Elhai JD, Contractor AA, Tamburrino M, et al. Structural relations between DSM-5 PTSD and major depression symptoms in military soldiers. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:373-378.
85. Bajor LA, Lai Z, Goodrich DE, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and health-related quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder: review and new data from a multi-site community clinic sample. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(2):232-239.
86. Network and Pathway Analysis Subgroup of Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(2):199-209.
87. Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Eisen SA, et al. Do genes influence exposure to trauma? a twin study of combat. Am J Med Genet. 1993;48(1):22-27.
88. Kremen WS, Koenen KC, Afari N, Lyons MJ. Twin studies of posttraumatic stress disorder: differentiating vulnerability factors from sequelae. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(2):647-653.
89. Michopoulos V, Jovanovic T. Chronic inflammation: a new therapeutic target for post-traumatic stress disorder? Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(11):954-955.