Assessment of plasma C-Reactive protein as a biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder risk

JAMA Psychiatry

Volumn 71, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 423-431

  Eraly, Satish A ^a,b   Nievergelt, Caroline M ^b,c,d   Maihofer, Adam X ^d   Barkauskas, Donald A ^e   Biswas, Nilima ^a   Agorastos, Agorastos ^f   O'Connor, Daniel T ^a,b   Baker, Dewleen G ^b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c VA CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICIAN ADMINISTERED PTSD SCALE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EXPOSURE; HUMAN; INJURY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; RISK; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC);

ADULT; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; COMBAT DISORDERS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 84898653003     PISSN: 2168622X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4374     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Yehuda R. Post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 (2): 108-114.
2. Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, O'Connor DT. Biomarkers of PTSD: neuropeptides and immune signaling. Neuropharmacology. 2012; 62 (2): 663-673.
3. Spitzer C, Barnow S, Völzke H, et al. Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with low-grade elevation of C-reactive protein: evidence from the general population. J Psychiatr Res. 2010; 44 (1): 15-21.
4. von Kanel R, Begre S, Abbas CC, Saner H, Gander ML, Schmid JP. Inflammatory biomarkers in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder caused by myocardial infarction and the role of depressive symptoms. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2010; 17 (1): 39-46.
5. von Kanel R, Hepp U, Kraemer B, et al. Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2007; 41 (9): 744-752.
6. Aurer A, Aurer-Kozelj J, Stavljenić-Rukavina A, Kalenić S, Ivić-Kardum M, Haban V. Inflammatory mediators in saliva of patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis during war stress induced incidence increase. Coll Antropol. 1999; 23 (1): 117-124.
7. Hoge EA, Brandstetter K, Moshier S, Pollack MH, Wong KK, Simon NM. Broad spectrum of cytokine abnormalities in panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2009; 26 (5): 447-455.
8. Tucker P, Jeon-Slaughter H, Pfefferbaum B, Khan Q, Davis NJ. Emotional and biological stress measures in Katrina survivors relocated to Oklahoma. Am J Disaster Med. 2010; 5 (2): 113-125.
9. Vidovic A, Gotovac K, Vilibic M, et al. Repeated assessments of endocrine- and immune-related changes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2011; 18 (4): 199-211.
10. Guo M, Liu T, Guo JC, Jiang XL, Chen F, Gao YS. Study on serum cytokine levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012; 5 (4): 323-325.
11. MaesM, Lin AH, Delmeire L, et al. Elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder following accidental man-made traumatic events. Biol Psychiatry. 1999; 45 (7): 833-839.
12. Shoelson SE, Herrero L, Naaz A. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132 (6): 2169-2180.
13. Olefsky JM, Glass CK. Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010; 72: 219-246.
14. Glass CK, Olefsky JM. Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2012; 15 (5): 635-645.
15. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J AmColl Cardiol. 2010; 56 (14): 1113-1132.
16. Grundy SM. Pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. J AmColl Cardiol. 2012; 59 (7): 635-643.
17. Agyemang C, Goosen S, Anujuo K, Ogedegbe G. Relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and diabetes among 105 180 asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Eur J Public Health. 2012; 22 (5): 658-662.
18. Boyko EJ, Jacobson IG, Smith B, et al. Risk of diabetes in USmilitary service members in relation to combat deployment and mental health. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33 (8): 1771-1777.
19. Qureshi SU, Pyne JM, Magruder KM, Schulz PE, KunikME. The link between post-traumatic stress disorder and physical comorbidities: a systematic review. Psychiatr Q. 2009; 80 (2): 87-97.
20. Jin H, Lanouette NM, Mudaliar S, et al. Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009; 29 (3): 210-215.
21. Heppner PS, Crawford EF, Haji UA, et al. The association of posttraumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome: a study of increased health risk in veterans. BMC Med. 2009; 7 (1): 1. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-7-1.
22. Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Hartley TA, et al. Police trauma and cardiovascular disease: association between PTSD symptoms and metabolic syndrome. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2006; 8 (4): 227-237.
23. Goodwin RD, Davidson JR. Self-reported diabetes and posttraumatic stress disorder among adults in the community. Prev Med. 2005; 40 (5): 570-574.
24. Heppner PS, Lohr JB, Kash TP, Jin H, Wang H, Baker DG. Metabolic syndrome: relative risk associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and antipsychotic medication use. Psychosomatics. 2012; 53 (6): 550-558.
25. Rohleder N, Karl A. Role of endocrine and inflammatory alterations in comorbid somatic diseases of post-traumatic stress disorder. Minerva Endocrinol. 2006; 31 (4): 273-288.
26. Gill JM, Saligan L, Woods S, Page G. PTSD is associatedwith an excess of inflammatory immune activities. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2009; 45 (4): 262-277.
27. Jiang JX. Posttraumatic stress and immune dissonance. Chin J Traumatol. 2008; 11 (4): 203-208.
28. Seal KH, Bertenthal D, Miner CR, Sen S, Marmar C. Bringing the war back home: mental health disorders among 103, 788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167 (5): 476-482.
29. Baker DG, NashWP, Litz BT, et al. Predictors of risk and resilience for posttraumatic stress disorder among ground combat Marines: methods of the Marine Resiliency Study. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012; 9: 97. doi: 10.5888/pcd9.110134.
30. Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, et al. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress. 1995; 8 (1): 75-90.
31. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed, text revision.Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
32. Schnyder U, Moergeli H, Klaghofer R, Buddeberg C. Incidence and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in severely injured accident victims. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158 (4): 594-599.
33. Pietrzak RH, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Johnson DC, Southwick SM. Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with health and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depress Anxiety. 2009; 26 (8): 739-744.
34. Adams RE, Boscarino JA, Galea S. Alcohol use, mental health status and psychological well-being 2 years after theWorld Trade Center attacks in New York City. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2006; 32 (2): 203-224.
35. Santiago PN, Ursano RJ, Gray CL, et al. A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS One. 2013; 8 (4): e59236. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059236.
36. Duivis HE, de Jonge P, Penninx BW, Na BY, Cohen BE, Whooley MA. Depressive symptoms, health behaviors, and subsequent inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease: prospective findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2011; 168 (9): 913-920.
37. Wium-Andersen MK, Orsted DD, Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated C-reactive protein levels, psychological distress, and depression in 73 131 individuals. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70 (2): 176-184.
38. Gimeno D, Kivimaki M, Brunner EJ, et al. Associations of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cognitive symptoms of depression: 12-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med. 2009; 39 (3): 413-423.
39. Whitfield JB, Heath AC, Madden PA, Pergadia ML, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. Metabolic and biochemical effects of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013; 37 (4): 575-586.
40. Alkerwi A, Boutsen M, Vaillant M, et al. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: ameta-analysis of observational studies. Atherosclerosis. 2009; 204 (2): 624-635.
41. Pai JK, Hankinson SE, Thadhani R, Rifai N, Pischon T, Rimm EB. Moderate alcohol consumption and lower levels of inflammatory markers in US men andwomen. Atherosclerosis. 2006; 186 (1): 113-120.
42. Deverts DJ, Cohen S, Kalra P, Matthews KA. The prospective association of socioeconomic status with C-reactive protein levels in the CARDIA study. Brain Behav Immun. 2012; 26 (7): 1128-1135.
43. Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, Wesseling G, Wouters EF. Systemic effects of smoking. Chest. 2007; 131 (5): 1557-1566.
44. Fu SS, McFallM, Saxon AJ, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and smoking: a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007; 9 (11): 1071-1084.
45. Schäfer I, Najavits LM. Clinical challenges in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007; 20 (6): 614-618.
46. Deverts DJ, Cohen S, DiLillo VG, et al. Depressive symptoms, race, and circulating C-reactive protein: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72 (8): 734-741.
47. Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Pulkki-Raback L, et al. Depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Psychol Med. 2006; 36 (6): 797-805.
48. Morris AA, Zhao L, Ahmed Y, et al. Association between depression and inflammation-differences by race and sex: the META-Health study. Psychosom Med. 2011; 73 (6): 462-468.
49. Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depressionwith C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: ameta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71 (2): 171-186.
50. De Berardis D, Campanella D, Gambi F, et al. The role of C-reactive protein in mood disorders. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2006; 19 (4): 721-725.
51. Baker DG, Heppner P, Afari N, et al. Trauma exposure, branch of service, and physical injury in relation to mental health among US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Mil Med. 2009; 174 (8): 773-778.
52. Rasmusson AM, Schnurr PP, Zukowska Z, Scioli E, Forman DE. Adaptation to extreme stress: post-traumatic stress disorder, neuropeptide Y and metabolic syndrome. Exp Biol Med. 2010; 235 (10): 1150-1162.
53. Forbes HJ, Jones N, Woodhead C, et al. What are the effects of having an illness or injury whilst deployed on post deployment mental health? a population based record linkage study of UK army personnel who have served in Iraq or Afghanistan. BMC Psychiatry. 2012; 12: 178. doi: 10.1186 /1471-244X-12-178.
54. McFarlane AC. Health surveillance of deployed military personnel occasionally leads to unexpected findings. BMC Med. 2012; 10: 126. doi: 10.1186/1741 -7015-1110-1126.
55. Raison CL, Borisov AS, Majer M, et al Activation of central nervous system inflammatory pathways by interferon-alpha: relationship to monoamines and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 65 (4): 296-303.
56. Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 65 (9): 732-741.
57. Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, et al. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58 (5): 445-452.
58. Harrison NA, Brydon L, Walker C, Gray MA, Steptoe A, Critchley HD. Inflammation causes mood changes through alterations in subgenual cingulate activity and mesolimbic connectivity. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 66 (5): 407-414.
59. Eisenberger NI, Berkman ET, Inagaki TK, Rameson LT, Mashal NM, IrwinMR. Inflammation-induced anhedonia: endotoxin reduces ventral striatum responses to reward. Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 68 (8): 748-754.
60. Wright CE, Strike PC, Brydon L, Steptoe A. Acute inflammation and negative mood: mediation by cytokine activation. Brain Behav Immun. 2005; 19 (4): 345-350.
61. Miyaoka H, Otsubo T, Kamijima K, IshiiM, Onuki M, Mitamura K. Depression from interferon therapy in patients with hepatitis C. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156 (7): 1120.
62. Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF, et al. Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344 (13): 961-966.
63. Valentine AD, Meyers CA, KlingMA, Richelson E, Hauser P. Mood and cognitive side effects of interferon-alpha therapy. Semin Oncol. 1998; 25 (1) (suppl 1): 39-47.
64. Raison CL, Miller AH. Is depression an inflammatory disorder? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011; 13 (6): 467-475.
65. Komulainen P, Lakka TA, Kivipelto M, et al. Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein and cognitive function in elderly women. Age Ageing. 2007; 36 (4): 443-448.
66. Wersching H, Duning T, Lohmann H, et al. Serum C-reactive protein is linked to cerebral microstructural integrity and cognitive function. Neurology. 2010; 74 (13): 1022-1029.
67. Cavalieri M, Ropele S, Petrovic K, et al. Metabolic syndrome, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and cognition. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33 (12): 2489-2495.
68. Bettcher BM, Wilheim R, Rigby T, et al. C-reactive protein is related to memory and medial temporal brain volume in older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2012; 26 (1): 103-108.
69. Elderkin-Thompson V, IrwinMR, Hellemann G, Kumar A. Interleukin-6 and memory functions of encoding and recall in healthy and depressed elderly adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012; 20 (9): 753-763.
70. Goshen I, Kreisel T, Ben-Menachem-Zidon O, et al. Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol Psychiatry. 2008; 13 (7): 717-728.
71. Frodl T, Carballedo A, Hughes MM, et al. Reduced expression of glucocorticoid-inducible genes GILZ and SGK-1: high IL-6 levels are associated with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2012; 2: e88. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.1014.
72. GilbertsonMW, Shenton ME, Ciszewski A, et al. Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat Neurosci. 2002; 5 (11): 1242-1247.
73. Pitman RK, GilbertsonMW, Gurvits TV, et al; Harvard/VA PTSD Twin Study Investigators. Clarifying the origin of biological abnormalities in PTSD through the study of identical twins discordant for combat exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1071 (11): 242-254.
74. Copeland WE, Shanahan L, Worthman C, Angold A, Costello EJ. Cumulative depression episodes predict later C-reactive protein levels: a prospective analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2012; 71 (1): 15-21.
75. Chida Y, Sudo N, Sonoda J, Hiramoto T, Kubo C. Early-life psychological stress exacerbates adult mouse asthma via the hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal axis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175 (4): 316-322.
76. Wei L, Simen A, Mane S, Kaffman A. Early life stress inhibits expression of a novel innate immune pathway in the developing hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012; 37 (2): 567-580.
77. Powell ND, BaileyMT, Mays JW, et al. Repeated social defeat activates dendritic cells and enhances Toll-like receptor dependent cytokine secretion. Brain Behav Immun. 2009; 23 (2): 225-231.
78. Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM, Tennent GA, et al. Targeting C-reactive protein for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006; 440 (7088): 1217-1221.
79. Kao PC, Shiesh SC, Wu TJ. Serum C-reactive protein as a marker for wellness assessment. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2006; 36 (2): 163-169.
80. Shen J, Ordovas JM. Impact of genetic and environmental factors on hsCRP concentrations and response to therapeutic agents. Clin Chem. 2009; 55 (2): 256-264.
81. Beavers KM, Nicklas BJ, Shen J, et al. Effects of lifestyle interventions on inflammatory markers in themetabolic syndrome. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2011; 3 (2): 168-177.