Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence in hypertension:10-Should blood pressuremanagement differ in hypertensive patients with and without diabetesmellitus? Overviewand meta-analyses of randomized trials

Journal of Hypertension

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 922-944

  Thomopoulos, Costas ^a   Parati, Gianfranco ^b   Zanchetti, Alberto ^c  

^a HELENA VENIZELOU HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^c ISTITUTO AUXOLOGICO ITALIANO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antihypertensive drugs; Blood pressurelowering trials; Cardiovascular death; Coronary heart disease; Diabetes mellitus; End stage renal disease; Metaanalysis; Randomized controlled trials; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; RENIN INHIBITOR;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DRUG EFFICACY; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; FATALITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; META ANALYSIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECTS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR;

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85011255957     PISSN: 02636352     EISSN: 14735598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001276     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS). Prevalence of hypertension in newly presenting type 2 diabetic patients and the association with risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetic complications. J Hypertens 1993; 11:309-317.
2. Woodward M, Zhang X, Barzi F, Pan W, Ueshima H, Rodgers A, et al. The effects of diabetes on the risks of major cardiovascular diseases and death in the Asia-Pacific region. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:360-366.
3. Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, Li Z, Naicker S, Plattner B, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet 2013; 382:260-272.
4. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351:1755-1762.
5. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317:703-713.
6. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al., National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, Treatment of High Blood Pressure National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289:2560-2572.
7. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee (2003). 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21:1011-1053.
8. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, et al. European Society of Hypertension European Society of Cardiology. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007; 28:1462-1536.
9. Buse JB, Ginsberg HN, Bakris GL, Clark NG, Costa F, Eckel R, et al. American Heart Association/American Diabetes Association. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Circulation 2007; 115:114-126.
10. Zanchetti A, Grassi G, Mancia G. When should antihypertensive drug treatment be initiated and to what levels should systolic blood pressure be lowered? A critical reappraisal. J Hypertens 2009; 27:923-934.
11. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, et al., The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH), of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2013; 31:1281-1357.
12. Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, Berne C, Cosentino F, Danchin N, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, prediabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, prediabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2013; 34:3035-3087.
13. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, et al., Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community. A statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32:3-15.
14. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014; 311:507-520.
15. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2015: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:S4.
16. Zanchetti A. Hypertension meta-analyses: first rank evidence or second hand information? Nat Rev Cardiol 2011; 8:249-251.
17. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1410-1419.
18. Reboldi G, Gentile G, Angeli F, Ambrosio G, Mancia G, Verdecchia P. Effects of intensive blood pressure reduction on myocardial infarction and stroke in diabetes: a meta-analysis in 73 913 patients. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1253-1269.
19. Bangalore S, Kumar S, Lobach I, Messerli FH. Blood pressure targets in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired fasting glucose: observations from traditional and bayesian random-effects metaanalyses of randomized trials. Circulation 2011; 123:2799-2810.
20. Arguedas JA, Leiva V, Wright JM. Blood pressure targets for hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10:CD008277.
21. Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA 2015; 313:603-615.
22. Brunström M, Carlberg B. Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2016; 352:i717.
23. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016; 387:957-967.
24. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, metaanalyses and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2285-2295.
25. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 2. Effects at different baseline and achieved blood pressure levels. Overview and metaanalyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2296-2304.
26. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 5. Head-to-head comparisons of various classes of antihypertensive drugs. Overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens 2015; 33:1321-1341.
27. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009; 339:b2535.
28. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 7. Effects of more versus less intensive blood pressure lowering and different achieved blood pressure levels: updated overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2016; 34:613-622.
29. Lonn EM, Bosch J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Zhu J, Liu L, Pais P, et al. Bloodpressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2009-2020.
30. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002; 61:1086-1097.
31. Estacio RO, Coll JR, Tran ZV, Schrier RW. Effect of intensive blood pressure control with valsartan on urinary albumin excretion in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19:1241-1248.
32. Lüders S, Schrader J, Berger J, et al., PHARAO Study Group. The PHARAO study: prevention of hypertension with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients with high-normal blood pressure: a prospective, randomized, controlled prevention trial of the German Hypertension League. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1487-1496.
33. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 4. Effects of various classes of antihypertensive drugs. Overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens 2015; 33:195-211.
34. Appel LJ, Wright JT Jr, Greene T, Agodoa LY, Astor BC, Bakris GL, et al. Intensive blood-pressure control in hypertensive chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:918-929.
35. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:B54-B64.
36. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1575-1585.
37. Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, van Dalen FJ, Wagener G, Danchin N, et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364:849-857.
38. Elliott HL, Lloyd SM, Ford I, Meredith PA. Improving blood pressure control in patients with diabetes mellitus and high cardiovascular risk. Int J Hypertens 2010; 2010:490769.
39. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 37:829-840.
40. de Galan BE, Perkovic V, Ninomiya T, et al., ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:883-892.
41. Management Committee. The Australian therapeutic trial in mild hypertension. Lancet 1980; 315:1261-1267.
42. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Bruno S, Iliev IP, Brusegan V, et al., Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1941-1951.
43. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292:2217-2225.
44. McLean RC, Mohler ER, Blumenthal RS. Vascular disease, hypertension and prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:D3D8.
45. Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F, De Simone G, Achilli A, Ganau A, et al. Usual vs. tight control of systolic blood pressure in nondiabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomized trial. Lancet 2009; 374:525-533.
46. Ruggenenti P, Lauria G, Iliev IP, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Rota S, et al., for the DEMAND study investigators. Effects of manidipine and delapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Delapril and Manidipine for Nephroprotection in Diabetes (DEMAND) randomized clinical trial. Hypertension 2011; 58:776-783.
47. Marre M, Lievre M, Chatellier G, Mann JF, Passa P, Ménard J, DIABHYCAR Study Investigators. Effects of low dose ramipril on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and raised excretion of urinary albumin: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (the DIABHYCAR study). BMJ 2004; 328:495.
48. Tillin T, Orchard T, Malm A, Fuller J, Chaturvedi N. The role of antihypertensive therapy in reducing vascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Findings from the DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials-Protect 2 study. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1457-1462.
49. DREAM., Trial Investigators. Effects of ramipril and rosiglitazone on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: results of the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1007-1014.
50. Fox KM. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362:782-788.
51. Daly CA, Fox KM, Remme WJ, Bertrand ME, Ferrari R, Simoons ML, EUROPA Investigators. The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA study: results from the PERSUADE substudy. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1369-1378.
52. Amery A, Brixko P, Clement D, De Schaepdryver A, Fagard R, Forte J, et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Lancet 1985; 325:1349-1354.
53. Liu L, Zhang Y, Liu G, Li W, Zhang X, Zanchetti A. The Felodipine Event Reduction (FEVER) Study: a randomized long-term placebo controlled trial in Chinese hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2005; 23:2157-2172.
54. Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L, Zanchetti A. Is a systolic blood pressure target <140mmHg indicated in all hypertensives? Subgroup analyses of findings from the randomized FEVER trial. Eur Heart J. 2011; 32: 1500-1508.
55. Fogari R, Preti P, Zoppi A, Rinaldi A, Corradi L, Pasotti C, et al. Effects of amlodipine fosinopril combination on microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15:1042-1049.
56. The Hypertension Detection, Follow-up Program Cooperative Research Group. Mortality findings for stepped-care and referredcare participants in the hypertension detection and follow-up program, stratified by other risk factors. Prev Med 1985; 14:312-335.
57. Davis BR, Ford CE. The hypertension detection follow-up program. In: Black HR, editor. Clinical trials in hypertension. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2001; 27-60.
58. Coope J, Warrender TS. Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. BMJ 1986; 293:1145-1151.
59. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:145-153.
60. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE sub-study. Lancet 2000; 355:253-259.
61. Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Clement D, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Rosenthal T, et al. Benefits and risks of more intensive blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients of the HOT study with different risk profiles: does a J-shaped curve exist in smokers? J Hypertens 2003; 21:797-804.
62. Hypertension-Stroke Cooperative Study Group. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on stroke recurrence. JAMA 1974; 229:409-418.
63. Sun M, Zhou H, Jia Z. Prevention and treatment of stroke after hypertension for ten years in Hunan Province. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1997; 36:312-314.
64. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:851-860.
65. Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Lewis JB, Pfeffer MA, Porush JG, Rouleau JL, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial of patients with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:542-549.
66. Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Zile MR, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2456-2467.
67. Win S, Ananad I, McMurray J, Zile M, McKelvie R, Komajda M, et al. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: results from the I-PRESERVE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:E706.
68. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P, Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:870-878.
69. JATOS Study Group. Principal results of the Japanese Trial to assess Optimal Systolic blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients (JATOS). Hypertens Res 2008; 31:2115-2127.
70. JATOS Study Group. The Japanese Trial to Assess Optimal Systolic Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensive patients: protocol, patient characteristics, and blood pressure during the first 12 months. Hypertens Res 2005; 28:513-520.
71. Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial on treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. BMJ 1985; 291:97-104.
72. MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMJ 1992; 304:405-412.
73. The NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1477-1490.
74. Dens JA, Desmet WJ, Coussement P, De Scheerder IK, Kostopoulos K, Kerdsinchai P, et al. Long term effects of nisoldipine on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events: the NICOLE study. Heart 2003; 89:887-892.
75. Imai E, Chan JC, Ito S, Yamasaki T, Kobayashi F, Haneda M, et al., For the ORIENT study investigators. Effects of olmesartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2978-2986.
76. Helgeland A. Treatment of mild hypertension: a five year controlled drug trial. The Oslo study. Am J Med 1980; 69:725-732.
77. The PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2058-2068.
78. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1225-1237.
79. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358:1033-1041.
80. Berthet K, Neal BC, Chalmers JP, MacMahon SW, Bousser M-G, Colman SA, et al. Reductions in the risks of recurrent stroke in patients with and without diabetes: the PROGRESS trial. Blood Press 2004; 13:7-13.
81. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, Ganeva M, Ene-Iordache B, Turturro M, et al. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with nondiabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365:939-946.
82. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:861-869.
83. Kowey PR, Dickson TZ, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S, Brenner BM, RENAAL Investigators. Losartan and end-organ protection: lessons from the RENAAL study. Clin Cardiol 2005; 28:136-142.
84. Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, Januszewicz A, Katayama S, Menne J, et al., ROADMAP Trial Investigators. Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:907-917.
85. Howard BV, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Fleg JL, Galloway JM, Henderson JA, et al. Effect of lower targets for blood pressure and LDL cholesterol on atherosclerosis in diabetes: the SANDS randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 299:1678-1689.
86. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 2003; 21:875-886.
87. Trenkwalder P, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Lithell H, Olofsson B, Papademetriou V, et al. Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). The Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): major CV events and stroke in subgroups of patients. Blood Press 2005; 14:31-37.
88. SHEP Co-operative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991; 265:3255-3264.
89. Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, Savage PJ, Applegate WB, Black H, et al., Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 1996; 276:1886-1892.
90. The SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2103-2116.
91. SPS3 Study GroupBenavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R, Hart RG, McClure LA, Pearce LA. et al. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382:507-515.
92. Palacio S, McClure LA, Benavente OR, Bazan C, Pergola P, Hart RG. Lacunar strokes in patients with diabetes mellitus: risk factors, infarct location, and prognosis. Stroke 2014; 45:2689-2694.
93. Dahlöf B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991; 338:1281-1285.
94. Liu L, Wang JG, Gong L, Liu G, Staessen JA. Comparison of active treatment and placebo in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group. J Hypertens 1998; 16:1823-1829.
95. Wang J-G, Staessen JA, Gong L, Liu L. Chinese trial on isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:211-220.
96. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhäger WH, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet 1997; 350:757-764.
97. Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhäger WH, Thijs L, Antikainen R, Bulpitt CJ, et al. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:677-684.
98. Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Prineas RJ, Stamler J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ, et al., Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA 1993; 270:713-724.
99. Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372:1174-1183.
100. FDA-Combined Clinical and Statistical Review. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterial/Drugs/CardiovascularandRenalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM173536.pdf.
101. Smith WM. Treatment of mild hypertension: results of a ten-year intervention trial. Circ Res 1977; 40:I98-105.
102. Ogihara T, Saruta T, Rakugi H, Matsuoka H, Shimamoto K, Shimada K, et al. Target blood pressure for treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: Valsartan in Elderly Isolated Systolic Hypertension Study. Hypertension 2010; 56:196-202.
103. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Shi V, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2417-2428.
104. Weber MA, Bakris GL, Jamerson K, Weir M, Kjeldsen SE, Devereux RB, et al. Cardiovascular events during differing hypertension therapies in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:77-85.
105. ALLHAT Officers, Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288:2981-2997.
106. Whelton PK, Barzilay J, Cushman WC, Davis BR, IIamathi E, Kostis JB, et al. Clinical outcomes in antihypertensive treatment of type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose concentration, and normoglycemia. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1401-1409.
107. Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GL, et al. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:583-592.
108. Chowdhury EK, Owen A, Ademi Z, Krum H, Johnston CI, Wing LMH, et al. Short-and long-term survival in treated elderly hypertensive patients with or without diabetes: findings from the Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:199-206.
109. Berglund G, Andersson O, Widgren B. Low-dose antihypertensive treatment with a thiazide diuretic is not diabetogenic. A 10-year controlled trial with bendroflumethiazide. Acta Med Scand 1986; 220:419-421.
110. Ogihara T, Saruta T, Rakugi H, Saito I, Shimamoto K, Matsuoka H, et al., COLM Investigators. Combinations of olmesartan and a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic in elderly hypertensive patients: a randomized, controlled trial. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2054-2063.
111. Wilhelmsen L, Berglund G, Elmfeldt D, Fitzsimons T, Holzgreve H, Hosie J, et al. Beta-blockers versus diuretics in hypertensive men: main results from the HAPPHY trial. J Hypertens 1987; 5:561-572.
112. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000; 356:366-372.
113. Mancia G, Brown M, Castaigne A, de Leeuw P, Palmer CR, Rosenthal T, et al. Outcomes with nifedipine GITS or co-amilozide in hypertensive diabetics and nondiabetics in Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension (INSIGHT). Hypertension 2003; 41:431-436.
114. Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F, Fernandez M, Jermendy G, Opie L, et al. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. J Hypertens 2004; 22:1613-1622.
115. National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group. Randomized double-blind comparison of a calcium antagonist and a diuretic in elderly hypertensives. Hypertension 1999; 34:1129-1133.
116. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Comparison of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide for the initial treatment of hypertension. II. Results of long-term therapy. JAMA 1982; 248:2004-2011.
117. Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm(ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:895-906.
118. Ostergren J, Poulter NR, Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Wedel H, Beevers G, et al. The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial: blood pressurelowering limb: effects in patients with type II diabetes. J Hypertens 2008; 26:2103-2111.
119. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, et al. A calcium antagonist vs. a noncalcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290:2805-2816.
120. Bakris GL, Gaxiola E, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Erdine S, Cooper-DeHoff R, et al. Clinical outcomes in the diabetes cohort of the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril study. Hypertension 2004; 44:637-642.
121. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359:995-1003.
122. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de Faire U, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359:1004-1010.
123. UK., Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998; 317:713-720.
124. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Mehler PS, Hiatt WR. Appropriate blood pressure control in hypertensive and normotensive type 2 diabetes mellitus: a summary of the ABCD trial. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3:428-438.
125. Baghdasarian SB, Thompson PD, Shi H, Thakker KM, Tuzcu ME, Nissen S, et al. Effect of amlodipine and enalapril on cardiovascular events in patients with insulin resistance and diabetes in the CAMELOT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47 (Suppl A):310A.
126. Ogihara T, Nakao K, Fukui T, Fukiyama K, Ueshima K, Oba K, et al. Effects of candesartan compared with amlodipine in hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risks: candesartan antihypertensive survival evaluation in Japan trial. Hypertension 2008; 51:393-398.
127. Nakao K, Hirata M, Oba K, Yasuno S, Ueshima K, Fujimoto A, et al. Role of diabetes and obesity in outcomes of the Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan (CASE-J) trial. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:600-606.
128. Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White WB, et al. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA 2003; 289:2073-2082.
129. Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, Di Mauro P, Guarisco R, Strollo G, et al. Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diab Care 1998; 21:597-603.
130. Yui Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kodama K, Hirayama A, Nonogi H, Kanmatsuse K, et al. Comparison of nifedipine retard with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in Japanese hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: the Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) randomized trial. Hypertens Res 2004; 27:181-191.
131. Yui Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kodama K, Hirayama A, Nonogi H, Kanmatsuse K, et al. Nifedipine retard was as effective as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing cardiac events in high-risk hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease: the Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) subgroup analysis. Hypertens Res 2004; 27:449-456.
132. Baba S, J-MIND Study Group. Nifedipine and enalapril equally reduce the progression of nephropathy in hypertensive type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001; 54:191-201.
133. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000; 356:359-365.
134. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, Dahlöf B, Lanke J, Scherstén B, et al. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 1999; 354:1751-1756.
135. Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Ekbom T, Dahlöf B, Lanke J, Linjer E, et al. Comparison of antihypertensive treatments in preventing cardiovascular events in elderly diabetic patients: results from the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension: 2. J Hypertens 2000; 18:1671-1675.
136. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363:2022-2031.
137. Zanchetti A, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, McInness GT, Hua T, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in subgroups of hypertensive patients treated with regimens based on valsartan and amlodipine: an analysis of findings from the VALUE trial. J Hypertens 2006; 24:2163-2168.
138. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, Lanke J, Hedner T, Niklason A, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353:611-616.
139. Niskanen L, Hedner T, Hansson L, Lanke J, Niklason A, CAPPP Study Group. Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive diabetic patients on first-line therapy with an ACE inhibitor compared with a diuretic/beta-blocker-based treatment regimen: a subanalysis of the Captopril Prevention Project. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:2091-2096.
140. Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, Karlberg B, Madsbad S, Jervell J, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1952-1961.
141. ONTARGET., Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Eng J Med 2008; 358:1547-1559.
142. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, Garini G, Zoccali C, Salvadori M, et al. Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhibition in nondiabetic nephropathies with nonnephrotic proteinuria. Lancet 1999; 354:359-364.
143. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, nondiabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1997; 349:1857-1863.
144. Hou FF, Xie D, Zhang X, Chen PY, Zhang WR, Liang M, et al. Renoprotection of Optimal Antiproteinuric Doses (ROAD) Study: a randomized controlled study of benazepril and losartan in chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1889-1898.
145. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Efficacy of Candesartan on Outcome in Saitama Trial (E-COST) Group. Effects of candesartan on cardiovascular outcomes in Japanese hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2005; 28:307-314.
146. Nakamura T, Kanno Y, Takenaka T, Suzuki H, Efficacy of Candesartan on Outcome in Saitama Trial Group. An angiotensin receptor blocker reduces the risk of congestive heart failure in elderly hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency. Hypertens Res 2005; 28:415-423.
147. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a metaanalysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2014; 384:591-598.
148. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 3. Effects in patients at different levels of cardiovascular risk overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2305-2314.
149. Zanchetti A. Blood pressure targets of antihypertensive treatment: up and down the J-shaped curve. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:2837-2840.
150. McBrien K, Rabi DM, Campbell N, Barnieh L, Clement F, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. Intensive and standard blood pressure targets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172:1296-1303.
151. Bangalore S, Fakheri R, Toklu B, Messerli FH. Diabetes mellitus as a compelling indication for use of renin angiotensin system blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ 2016; 352:i438.
152. Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174:773-785.