ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition

Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 49-64

  Cederholm, T ^a   Barazzoni, R ^b   Austin, P ^c,x   Ballmer, P ^d   Biolo, G ^b   Bischoff, S C ^e   Compher, C ^f   Correia, I ^g   Higashiguchi, T ^h   Holst, M ⁱ   Jensen, G L ^j   Malone, A ^k   Muscaritoli, M ^l   Nyulasi, I ^m   Pirlich, M ⁿ   Rothenberg, E ^o   Schindler, K ^p   Schneider, S M ^q   de van der Schueren, M A E ^r,y   Sieber, C ^s   Valentini, L ^t   Yu, J C ^u   Van Gossum, A ^v   Singer, P ^w   more..

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

^c OXFORD UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d CANTONAL HOSPITAL WINTERTHUR   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^g FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

^h FUJITA HEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

ⁱ AALBORG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^j UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^k Mount Carmel West Hospital   (United States)

^l SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^m Alfred Health   (Australia)

ⁿ Department of Pulmonary Medicine   (Germany)

^o KRISTIANSTAD UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^p MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^q CENTRE HOSPITALIER UNIVERSITAIRE DE NICE   (France)

^r VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^s UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^t Hochschule Neubrandenburg   (Germany)

^u PEKING UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (China)

^v ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^w TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^x UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SOUTHAMPTON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^y HAN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

more..

Author keywords

Clinical nutrition; Consensus; Definition; Malnutrition; Medical nutrition; Terminology

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CACHEXIA; CLINICAL NUTRITION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONSENSUS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENTERIC FEEDING; EUROPEAN; FRAILTY; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; HUNGER; INFLAMMATION; MALNUTRITION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NOMENCLATURE; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OBESITY; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SARCOPENIA; COMPLICATION; DIET; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS;

CACHEXIA; CONSENSUS; DIET; ENTERAL NUTRITION; FRAILTY; HUMANS; MALNUTRITION; NUTRITION ASSESSMENT; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; SARCOPENIA; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 84994748519     PISSN: 02615614     EISSN: 15321983     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, Forouzanfar, M.H., Alexander, L., Anderson, H.R., Bachman, V.F., Biryukov, S., et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386:10010 (2015), 2287–2323, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2.
2. Bischoff, S.C., Singer, P., Koller, M., Barazzoni, R., Cederholm, T., van Gossum, A., Standard operating procedures for ESPEN guidelines and consensus papers. Clin Nutr 34 (2015), 1043–1051, 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.008.
3. Valentini, L., Volkert, D., Schutz, T., Ockenga, J., Pirlich, M., Druml, W., et al. Suggestions for terminology in clinical nutrition. e-SPEN J 9 (2014), e97–e108, 10.1016/j.clnme.2013.12.004.
4. US national library of medicine national institute of health joint collection development policy: the national agricultural library, the national library of medicine, the library of congress, February 27, 1998 Updated October 14, 2014 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cd_hum.nut.html#2.
5. Sobotka, L., (eds.) Basics in clinical nutrition, 4th ed., 2012, Galen.
6. Pirlich, M., Schütz, T., Kemps, M., Luhman, N., Minko, N., Lübke, H.J., et al. Social risk factors for hospital malnutrition. Nutrition 21 (2005), 295–300.
7. Cederholm, T., Bosaeus, I., Barazzoni, R., Bauer, J., Van Gossum, A., Klek, S., et al. Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition – an ESPEN consensus statement. Clin Nutr 34 (2015), 335–340.
8. White, J.V., Guenter, P., Jensen, G., Malone, A., Schofield, M., Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr 36 (2012), 275–283.
9. Jensen, G.L., Global leadership conversation: addressing malnutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr 40 (2016), 455–457.
10. Jensen, G.L., Mirtallo, J., Compher, C., Dhaliwal, R., Forbes, A., Grijalba, R.F., et al. Adult starvation and disease-related malnutrition: a proposal for etiology-based diagnosis in the clinical practice setting from the International Consensus Guideline Committee. Clin Nutr 29 (2010), 151–153.
11. Soeters, P.B., Reijven, P.L., van Bokhorst, de van der Schueren, M.A., Schols, J., Halfens, R., et al. A rational approach to nutritional assessment. Clin Nutr 27 (2008), 706–716.
12. Jensen, G.L., Inflammation as the key interface of the medical and nutrition universes: a provocative examination of the future of nutrition and medicine. JPEN J Parenter Nutr 30 (2006), 453–463.
13. Franceschi, C., Bonafè, M., Valensin, S., Olivieri, F., De Luca, M., Ottaviani, E., et al. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 908 (2000), 244–254.
14. Jeejeebhoy, K.N., Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia. Curr Op Clin Nutr Metabol Care 15 (2012), 213–219.
15. Evans, W.J., Morley, J.E., Argilés, J., Bales, C., Baracos, V., Guttridge, D., et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr 27 (2008), 793–799.
16. Muscaritoli, M., Anker, S.D., Argilés, J., Aversa, Z., Bauer, J.M., Biolo, G., et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin Nutr 29 (2010), 154–159.
17. Fearon, K., Strasser, F., Anker, S.D., Bosaeus, I., Bruera, E., Fainsinger, R.L., et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 12 (2011), 489–495.
18. Anker, S.D., Coats, A.J., Cardiac cachexia: a syndrome with impaired survival and immune and neuroendocrine activation. Chest 115 (1999), 836–847.
19. Roy, M., Gaudreau, P., Payette, H., A scoping review of anorexia of aging correlates and their relevance to population health interventions. Appetite 105 (2016), 688–699.
20. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., Baeyens, J.P., Bauer, J.M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 39 (2010), 412–423.
21. Fielding, R.A., Vellas, B., Evans, W.J., Bhasin, S., Morley, J.E., Newman, A.B., et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 12 (2011), 249–256.
22. Morley, J.E., Abbatecola, A.M., Argiles, J.M., Baracos, V., Bauer, J., Bhasin, S., et al. The Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders Trialist Workshop. Sarcopenia with Limited Mobility: an International Consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc 12 (2011), 403–409.
23. Kelaiditi, E., Cesari, M., Canevelli, M., van Kan, G.A., Ousset, P.J., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., et al. IANA/IAGG. Cognitive frailty: rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) international consensus group. J Nutr Health Aging 17 (2013), 726–734.
24. Landi, F., Calvani, R., Cesari, M., Tosato, M., Martone, A.M., Bernabei, R., et al. Sarcopenia as the Biological Substrate of Physical Frailty. Clin Geriatr Med 31 (2015), 367–374.
25. Fried, L.P., Tangen, C.M., Walston, J., Newman, A.B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 (2001), M146–M156.
26. Theou, O., Cann, L., Blodgett, J., Wallace, L.M., Brothers, T.D., Rockwood, K., Modifications to the frailty phenotype criteria: Systematic review of the current literature and investigation of 262 frailty phenotypes in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe. Ageing Res Rev 21 (2015), 78–94.
27. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation, 2000 WHO Technical Report Series 894; Geneva, Switzerland.
28. WHO Expert Consultation, Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 363 (2004), 157–163.
29. Chen, C., Lu, F.C., Department of Disease Control Ministry of Health, PR China. The guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci 17S (2004), 1–36.
30. Hsu, W.C., Araneta, M.R., Kanaya, A.M., Chiang, J.L., Fujimoto, W., BMI cut points to identify at-risk Asian Americans for type 2 diabetes screening. Diabetes Care 38 (2015), 150–158.
31. Stenholm, S., Harris, T.B., Rantanen, T., Visser, M., Kritchevsky, S.B., Ferrucci, L., Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11 (2008), 693–700.
32. Zamboni, M., Mazzali, G., Fantin, F., Rossi, A., Di Francesco, V., Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18 (2008), 388–395.
33. Bosy-Westphal, A., Müller, M.J., Identification of skeletal muscle mass depletion across age and BMI groups in health and disease–there is need for a unified definition. Int J Obes (Lond) 39 (2015), 379–386.
34. Kyle, U.G., Pirlich, M., Lochs, H., Schuetz, T., Pichard, C., Increased length of hospital stay in underweight and overweight patients at hospital admission: a controlled population study. Clin Nutr 24 (2005), 133–142.
35. Guralnik, J.M., Simonsick, E.M., Ferrucci, L., Glynn, R.J., Berkman, L.F., Blazer, D.G., et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 49 (1994), M85–M94.
36. Despréz, J.P., Lemieux, I., Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 444 (2006), 881–887.
37. Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., et al. Obesity Management Task Force of the European association for the Study of Obesity. European Guidelines for Obesity Management in adults. Obes Facts 8 (2015), 402–424.
38. Grundy, S.M., Cleeman, J.I., Daniels, S.R., Donato, K.A., Eckel, R.H., Franklin, B.A., et al. American Heart association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112 (2005), 2735–2752.
39. Lochs, H., Allison, S.P., Meier, R., Pirlich, M., Kondrup, J., Schneider, S., et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr 25 (2006), 180–186.
40. Tulchinsky, T.H., Micronutrient deficiency conditions: global health issues. Publ Health Rev 32 (2010), 243–255.
41. Gletsu-Miller, N., Wright, B.N., Mineral malnutrition following bariatric surgery. Adv Nutr 4 (2013), 506–517.
42. Scientific Committee on Food, European Food Safety Agency (EFSA). Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals. 2006 www.efsa.eu.int.
43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition. 2006 Clinical Guideline/CG32 https://www.nice.org.ok/guidance/cg32.
44. Crook, M.A., Refeeding syndrome: problems with definition and management. Nutrition 30 (2014), 1448–1455.
45. Boateng, A.A., Sriram, K., Meguid, M.M., Crook, M., Refeeding syndrome: treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports. Nutrition 26 (2010), 156–167.
46. Kondrup, J., Allison, S.P., Elia, M., Vellas, B., Plauth, M., Educational and Clinical Practice Committee, European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN). ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr 22 (2003), 415–421.
47. Charney, P., Nutrition screening vs nutrition assessment: How do they differ?. Nutr Clin Pract 23 (2008), 366–372.
48. Skipper, A., Ferguson, M., Thompson, K., Castellanos, V.H., Porcari, J., Nutrition screening tools: an analysis of the evidence. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr 36 (2012), 292–298.
49. Elia, M., Stratton, R.J., An analytic appraisal of nutrition screening tools supported by original data with particular reference to age. Nutrition 28 (2012), 477–494.
50. van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren, M.A., Guaitoli, P.R., Jansma, E.P., de Vet, H.C., Nutrition screening tools: does one size fit all? A systematic review of screening tools for the hospital setting. Clin Nutr 33 (2014), 39–58.
51. Jeejeebhoy, K.N., Keller, H., Gramlich, L., Allard, J.P., Laporte, M., Duerksen, D.R., et al. Nutritional assessment: comparison of clinical assessment and objective variables for the prediction of length of hospital stay and readmission. Am J Clin Nutr 101 (2015), 956–965.
52. Deutz, N.E., Bauer, J.M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Boirie, Y., Bosy-Westphal, A., et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr 33 (2014), 929–936.
53. Bjornsdottir, R., Oskarsdottir, E.S., Thordardottir, F.R., Ramel, A., Thorsdottir, I., Gunnarsdottir, I., Validation of a plate diagram sheet for estimation of energy and protein intake in hospitalized patients. Clin Nutr 32 (2013), 746–751.
54. Schindler, K., Pernicka, E., Laviano, A., Howard, P., Schütz, T., Bauer, P., et al. How nutritional risk is assessed and managed in European hospitals: a survey of 21,007 patients findings from the 2007-2008 cross-sectional nutritionDay survey. Clin Nutr 29 (2010), 552–559.
55. Gariballa, S., Forster, S., Dietary intake of older patients in hospital and at home: the validity of patient kept food diaries. J Nutr Health Aging 12 (2008), 102–106.
56. Johnson, R.K., Dietary intake - How do we measure what people are really eating?. Obes Res 10 (2002), 63S–68S.
57. Holst, M., Beermann, T., Mortensen, M.N., Skadhauge, L.B., Lindorff-Larsen, K., Rasmussen, H.H., Multi-modal intervention improved oral intake in hospitalized patients. A one year follow-up study. Clin Nutr 34 (2015), 315–322.
58. Illner, A.K., Freisling, H., Boeing, H., Huybrechts, I., Crispim, S.P., Slimani, N., Review and evaluation of innovative technologies for measuring diet in nutritional epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 41 (2012), 1187–1203.
59. Madden, A.M., Smith, S., Body composition and morphological assessment of nutritional status in adults: a review of anthropometric variables. J Hum Nutr Diet 29:1 (2016), 7–25.
60. Kyle, U.G., Bosaeus, I., De Lorenzo, A.D., Deurenberg, P., Elia, M., Gómez, J.M., et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis–part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr 23 (2004), 1226–1243.
61. Kyle, U.G., Bosaeus, I., De Lorenzo, A.D., Deurenberg, P., Elia, M., Manuel Gómez, J., et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr 23 (2004), 1430–1453.
62. Beberashvili, I., Azar, A., Sinuani, I., Shapiro, G., Feldman, L., Stav, K., et al. Bioimpedance phase angle predicts muscle function, quality of life and clinical outcome in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 68 (2014), 683–689.
63. Prado, C.M., Birdsell, L.A., Baracos, V.E., The emerging role of computerized tomography in assessing cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 3 (2009), 269–275.
64. Lee, J.L., Oh, E.S., Lee, R.W., Finucane, T.E., Serum albumin and prealbumin in calorically restricted, nondiseased individuals: a systematic review. Am J Med, 128, 2015 1023.e1-22.
65. Hebuterne, X., Schneider, S., Peroux, J.-L., Rampal, P., Effects of refeeding by cyclic enteral nutrition on body composition: comparative study of elderly and younger patients. Clin Nutr 16 (1997), 283–289.
66. Norman, K., Stobäus, N., Gonzalez, M.C., Schulzke, J.D., Pirlich, M., Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status. Clin Nutr, 2011, 135–142.
67. Bodilsen, A.C., Juul-Larsen, H.G., Petersen, J., Beyer, N., Andersen, O., Bandholm, T., Feasibility and inter-rater reliability of physical performance measures in acutely admitted older medical patients. PLoS One, 10(2), 2015, e0118248, 10.1371/journal.pone.0118248.
68. Bauer, J.M., Verlaan, S., Bautmans, I., Brandt, K., Donini, L.M., Maggio, M., et al. Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 16 (2015), 740–747.
69. de Morton, N.A., Davidson, M., Keating, J.L., Validity, responsiveness and the minimal clinically important difference for the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) in an older acute medical population. BMC Geriatr, 10, 2010, 72, 10.1186/1471-2318-10-72.
70. Colin, C., Wade, D.T., Davies, S., Horne, V., The Barthel ADL index. A reliability study. Int Disabil Stud 10 (1988), 61–63.
71. Brooks, R., EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy 37:1 (1996), 53–72.
72. Lainscak, M., Farkas, J., Frantal, S., Singer, P., Bauer, P., Hiesmayr, M., et al. Self-rated health, nutritional intake and mortality in adult hospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Invest 44 (2014), 813–824.
73. Jie, B., Jiang, Z.M., Nolan, M.T., Efron, D.T., Zhu, S.N., Yu, K., et al. Impact of nutritional support on clinical outcome in patients at nutritional risk: a multicenter, prospective cohort study in Baltimore and Beijing teaching hospitals. Nutrition 26 (2010), 1088–1093.
74. Carlsson, E., Ehnfors, M., Eldh, A.C., Ehrenberg, A., Accuracy and continuity in discharge information for patients with eating difficulties after stroke. J Clin Nurs 21 (2012), 21–31.
75. Howard, P., Jonkers-Schuitema, C., Furniss, L., Kyle, U., Muehlebach, S., Odlund-Olin, A., et al. Managing the patient journey through enteral nutritional care. Clin Nutr 25 (2006), 187–195.
76. Young, A.M., Mudge, A.M., Banks, M.D., Ross, L.J., Daniels, L., Encouraging, assisting and time to EAT: improved nutritional intake for older medical patients receiving Protected Mealtimes and/or additional nursing feeding assistance. Clin Nutr 32 (2013), 543–549.
77. Huxtable, S., Palmer, M., The efficacy of protected mealtimes in reducing mealtime interruptions and improving mealtime assistance in adult inpatients in an Australian hospital. Eur J Clin Nutr 67 (2013), 904–910.
78. Munk, T., Beck, A.M., Holst, M., Rosenbom, E., Rasmussen, H.H., Nielsen, M.A., et al. Positive effect of protein-supplemented hospital food on protein intake in patients at nutritional risk: a randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 27 (2014), 122–132.
79. Nieuwenhuizen, W.F., Weenen, H., Rigby, P., Hetherington, M.M., Older adults and patients in need of nutritional support: review of current treatment options and factors influencing nutritional intake. Clin Nutr 29 (2010), 160–169.
80. Cichero, J.A., Steele, C., Duivestein, J., Clavé, P., Chen, J., Kayashita, J., et al. The need for international terminology and definitions for texture-modified foods and thickened liquids used in dysphagia management: foundations of a global initiative. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep 1 (2013), 280–291.
81. Regulation (EU) no 609/2013 of the European parliament and of the council. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:181:0035:0056:en:PDF.
82. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific and technical guidance on foods for special medical purposes (FSMP) in the context of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 609/2013. EFSA J, 13, 2015, 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4300 11:4300.
83. Milne, A.C., Potter, J., Vivanti, A., Avenell, A., Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, 10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3 (2):CD003288.
84. Elia, M., Normand, C., Laviano, A., Norman, K., A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in community and care home settings. Clin Nutr 35 (2016), 125–137.
85. Elia, M., Normand, C., Norman, K., Laviano, A., A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in the hospital setting. Clin Nutr 35 (2016), 370–380.
86. Staun, M., Pironi, L., Bozzetti, F., Baxter, J., Forbes, A., Joly, F., et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in adult patients. Clin Nutr 28 (2009), 467–479.
87. Cano, N.J., Aparicio, M., Brunori, G., Carrero, J.J., Cianciaruso, B., Fiaccadori, E., et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr 28 (2009), 401–414.
88. Dukkipati, R., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kopple, J.D., Is there a role for intradialytic parenteral nutrition? A review of the evidence. Am J Kidney Dis 55 (2010), 352–364.
89. Druml, C., Ballmer, P.E., Druml, W., Oehmichen, F., Shenkin, A., Singer, P., et al. ESPEN guideline on ethical aspects of artificial nutrition and hydration. Clin Nutr 35 (2016), 545–556.
90. Meijers, J.M., van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren, M.A., Schols, J.M., Soeters, P.B., Halfens, R.J., Defining malnutrition: mission or mission impossible?. Nutrition 26 (2010), 432–440.
91. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Nutrition Terminology Reference Manual (eNCPT): Dietetics Language for Nutrition Care. http://ncpt.webauthor.com.