Metaphors in international relations theory

Metaphors in International Relations Theory

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-262

  Marks, Michael P ^a  

^a WILLAMETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994351573     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230339187     Document Type: Book

References (463)

1. Agamben, Giorgio. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Translated by D. Heller-Roazen. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2. Agathangelou, Anna M. and L. H. M. Ling. 2004. "The House of IR: From Family Power Politics to the Poisies of Worldism." International Studies Review 6 (4, special issue: The Construction and Cumulation of Knowledge in International Relations): 21-49.
3. Agathangelou, Anna M. 2009. Transforming World Politics: From Empire to Multiple Worlds. New York: Routledge.
4. Agnew, John A. 1994. "The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory." Review of International Political Economy 1: 53-80.
5. Agnew, John A. 2007. "Know-Where: Geographies of Knowledge of World Politics." International Political Sociology 1: 138-148.
6. Akrivoulis, Dimitrios E. 2008. "The Ways of Stargazing: Newtonian Metaphoricity in American Foreign Policy." In Political Language and Metaphor: Interpreting and Changing the World, edited by Terrell Carver and Jernej Pikalo, 15-27. London: Routledge.
7. Albert, Mathias. 2009. "Globalization and World Society Theory: A Reply." International Political Sociology 3: 126-128.
8. Albert, Mathias and Lothar Brock. 1996. "Debordering the World of States: New Spaces in International Relations." New Political Science 35: 69-106.
9. Albright, Madeleine. 2005. "Keynote Speech." Citizen Diplomacy Summit: Future Solutions Now, Des Moines, Iowa, September 24.
10. Albright, Madeleine. 2005. "Panel Comments: Democratization, Peace, and War." Promoting Democracy: Opportunities and Challenges in a ComplexWorld, Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, Columbia University, New York, October 28.
11. Alker, Hayward R. 1996. Rediscoveries and Reformulations: Humanistic Methodologies for International Studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Alker, Hayward R, Thomas J. Biersteker, and Takashi Inoguchi. 1989. "From Imperial Power Balancing to People's Wars: Searching for Order in the Twentieth Century." In International/Intertextual Relations, edited by James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, 135-162. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
13. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 1992. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Third edition.
14. Anderson, Matthew S. 1993. The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 1450-1919. London: Longman.
15. Andrews, Bruce. 1979. "The Language of State Action." International Interactions 6: 267-289.
16. Andriole, Stephen J. 1978. "The Level of Analysis Problem and the Study of Foreign, International and Global Affairs: A Review Critique and Another Final Solution." International Interactions 5: 113-133.
17. Arbib, Michael A. and Mary B. Hesse. 1986. The Construction of Reality. New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Ashcraft, Richard. 1977. "Metaphors, Behavioralism, and Political Theory: Some Observations on the Ideological Uses of Language." The Western Political Quarterly 30: 313-328.
19. Ashley, Richard K. 1984. "The Poverty of Neorealism." International Organization 38: 225-286.
20. Ashley, Richard K. 1988. "Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique." Millennium 17: 227-262.
21. Aslan, Reza. 2009. "A World Without Borders." Playboy, July/August: 52. Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
22. Ashley, Richard K. 1986. "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms." American Political Science Review 80: 1095-1111.
23. Ashley, Richard K. and Robert O. Keohane. 1986. "Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions." In Cooperation Under Anarchy, edited by Kenneth A. Oye, 226-254. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
24. Bache, Ian and Matthew Flinders, eds. 2004. Multi-Level Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Ball, Terence. 1975. "Models of Power: Past and Present." Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences 11: 211-222.
26. Barbour, Ian G. 1974. Myths, Models and Paradigms: A Comparative Study in Science and Religion. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.
27. Barnes, Trevor J. 1996. Logics of Dislocation: Models, Metaphors and Meanings of Economic Space. New York: Guilford Press.
28. Barnett, Michael and Raymond Duvall. 2005. "Power in International Politics." International Organization 59: 39-75.
29. Bartelson, Jens. 2009. "Is There a Global Society?" International Political Sociology 3: 112-115.
30. Bartelson, Jens. 2010. "The Social Construction of Globality." International Political Sociology 4: 219-235.
31. Bates, Robert H. 2008. When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
32. Bederman, David J. 2002. "Collective Security, Demilitarization and 'Pariah' States." European Journal of International Law 13: 121-138.
33. Beer, Francis A. 1986. "Games and Metaphors." Journal of Conflict Resolution 30: 171-191.
34. Beer, Francis A. 2001. Meanings of War and Peace. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
35. Beer, Francis A. and Christ'l De Landtsheer, eds. 2004. Metaphorical World Politics. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
36. Behr, Hartmut. 2010. A History of International Political Theory: Ontologies of the International. Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
37. Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. 1988. The Israel Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why. London: I. B. Tauris & Co.
38. Bennington, Geoffrey. 1996. "Frontiers: Of Literature and Philosophy." Professorial Lecture, University of Sussex, UK, June 4.
39. Black, Max. 1962. Models and Metaphors: Studies in Language and Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
40. Black, Max 1979. "More About Metaphor." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 19-43. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
41. Black, Max 1990. Perplexities: Rational Choice, the Prisoner's Dilemma, Metaphor, Poetic Ambiguity, and Other Puzzles. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
42. Bleiker, Roland. 2000. "The 'End of Modernity'?" In Contending Images of World Politics, edited by Greg Fry and Jacinta O'Hagan, 227-241. Houndmills, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
43. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John. 1735. A Dissertation Upon Parties In Several Letters to Caleb D'Anvers. London: H. Haines, at R. Francklin's.
44. Booth, Ken. 2007. Theory ofWorld Security. New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Booth, Wayne C. 1978. "Metaphor as Rhetoric: The Problem of Evaluation." Critical Inquiry 5: 49-72.
46. Boyd, Richard. 1979. "Metaphor and Theory Change: What is 'Metaphor' a Metaphor For?" In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 356-408. New York: Cambridge University Press.
47. Brams, Steven J. 2000. "Game Theory: Pitfalls and Opportunities in Applying It to International Relations" International Studies Perspectives 1: 221-232.
48. Brecher, Michael. 2008. International Political Earthquakes. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
49. Brenner, Neil. 1998. "Between Fixity and Motion: Accumulation, Territorial Organization and the Historical Geography of Spatial Scales." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16: 459-481.
50. Brinkley, Timothy. 1974. "On the Truth and Probity of Metaphor." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 33: 171-180.
51. Bronowski, Jacob. 1965. Science and Human Values. New York: Harper and Row. Revised edition.
52. Brookes, David. 2003. "What Can Linguistics Tell Us about Knowledge Structures in Physics?" Last modified August 24, 2006. http://research. physics.uiuc.edu/per/David/Ohiotalk2003.pdf.
53. Brooks, Stephen G. 1997. "Dueling Realisms." International Organization 51: 445-477.
54. Brooks, Stephen G. and William C. Wohlforth. 2005. "Hard Times for Soft Balancing." International Security 30: 72-108.
55. Brown, Richard H. 1976. "Social Theory as Metaphor: On the Logic of Discovery for the Sciences of Conduct." Theory and Society 3: 169-197.
56. Brown, Theodore L. 2003. Making Truth: Metaphor in Science. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
57. Bryce, James. 1922. International Relations. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, Inc.
58. Bull, Hedley. 1977. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
59. Bull, Hedley and Adam Watson. 1984. "Introduction." In The Expansion of International Society, edited by Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, 1-9. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
60. Bunker, Robert J. and John P. Sullivan. 2003. "Drug Cartels, Street Gangs, and Warlords." In Non-State Threats and Future Wars, edited by Robert J. Bunker, 40-53. New York: Frank Cass.
61. Burke, Kenneth. 1969. A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
62. Burton, John W. 1972. World Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
63. Butterworth, Brian, et al. 2008. "Numerical Thought with and Without Words: Evidence from Indigenous Australian Children." Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105: 13179-13184.
64. Buzan, Barry. 1993. "From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School." International Organization 47: 327-352.
65. Buzan, Barry. 1995. "The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations Reconsidered." In International Relations Theory Today, edited by Ken Booth and Steve Smith, 198-216. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
66. Buzan, Barry, Charles Jones, and Richard Little. 1993. The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism. New York: Columbia University Press.
67. Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
68. Camilleri, Joseph A. 1995. "State, Civil Society, and Economy." In The State in Transition: Reimagining Political Space, edited by Joseph A. Camilleri, Anthony P. Jarvis, and Albert J. Paolini. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
69. Campbell, David. 1998. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Revised edition.
70. Campbell, Richard. 1985. "Background for the Uninitiated." In Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation, edited by Richard Campbell and Lanning Sowden, 3-41. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press.
71. Cantor, Paul. 1982. "Friedrich Nietzsche: The Use and Abuse of Metaphor." In Metaphor: Problems and Perspectives, edited by David S. Miall, 71-88. Sussex, England: The Harvester Press.
72. Caporaso, James A. 1997. "Across the Great Divide: Integrating Comparative and International Politics." International Studies Quarterly 41: 563-592.
73. Caprioli, Mary and Peter F. Trumbore. 2003. "Identifying 'Rogue' States and Testing their Interstate Conflict Behavior." European Journal of International Relations 9: 377-406.
74. Carlsnaes, Walter. 1992. "The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis." International Studies Quarterly 36: 245-270.
75. Carver, Terrell and Jernej Pikalo, eds. 2008. Political Language and Metaphor: Interpreting and Changing the World. London: Routledge.
76. Cavarero, Adriana. 2009. Horrorism: Naming Contemporary Violence. Translated by William McCuaig. New York: Columbia University Press.
77. Cederman, Lars-Erik. 2003. "Modeling the Size of Wars: From Billiard Balls to Sandpiles." American Political Science Review 97: 135-150.
78. Charlesworth, Hilary and Jean-Marc Coicaud. 2009. Fault Lines of International Legitimacy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
79. Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2005. Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
80. Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2009. "Metaphor and Political Communication." In Metaphor and Discourse, edited by Andreas Musolff and Jörg Zinken, 97-115. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
81. Checkel, Jeffrey T., ed. 2007. International Institutions and Socialization in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
82. Chesterman, Simon, Michael Ignatieff, and Ramesh Thakur. 2005. "Introduction: Making States Work." In Making States Work: State Failure and the Crisis of Governance, edited by Simon Chesterman, Michael Ignatieff, and Ramesh Thakur, 1-10. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
83. Chilton, Paul A. 1996. Security Metaphors: Cold War Discourse from Containment to Common House. New York: Peter Lang.
84. Chilton, Paul A. and Mikhail Ilyin. 1993. "Metaphor in Political Discourse: The Case of the 'Common European House.' " Discourse and Society 4: 7-31.
85. Chilton, Paul and George Lakoff. 1995. "Foreign Policy by Metaphor." In Language and Peace, edited by Christina Schäffner and Anita L.Wenden, 37-59. Aldershot, England: Dartmouth Publishing.
86. Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs. London: Pluto Press.
87. Chomsky, Noam. 2006. Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy. New York: Metropolitan Books.
88. Christensen, Thomas J. and Jack Snyder. 1990. "Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity." International Organization 44: 137-168.
89. Claiborne, Robert. 1988. Loose Cannons, Red Herrings, and Other Lost Metaphors. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
90. Clark, Ian. 1989. The Hierarchy of States: Reform and Resistance in the International Order. New York: Cambridge University Press.
91. Clausewitz, Carl von. 1968. On War. Edited by Anatol Rapoport. Translated by J. J. Graham. London: Penguin.
92. Collier, Andrew. 1989. Scientific Realism and Socialist Thought. Brighton, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
93. Cohen, Ted. 1976. "Notes on Metaphor." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 34: 249-259.
94. Cohn, Carol. 1987. "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals." Signs 12: 687-718.
95. Connolly, William E. 1995. The Ethos of Pluralization. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
96. Cooper, David E. 1986. Metaphor. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
97. Cox, RobertW. 1986. "Social Forces, States andWorld Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory." In Neorealism and Its Critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane, 204-254. New York: Columbia University Press.
98. Crane, David M. 2008. "Dark Corners: The West African Joint Criminal Enterprise." International Studies Review 10: 387-391.
99. Dash, Eric. 2010. "A Richter Scale for Markets." New York Times, August 1: WK5.
100. Datta, Monti Narayan. 2009. "The Decline of America's Soft Power in the United Nations." International Studies Perspectives 10: 265-284.
101. Davidson, Donald. 1979. "What Metaphors Mean." In On Metaphor, edited by Sheldon Sacks, 29-45. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
102. Deibert, Ronald J. 1997. " 'Exorcismus Theoriae': Pragmatism, Metaphors and the Return of the Medieval in IR Theory." European Journal of International Relations 3: 167-192.
103. De Man, Paul. 1978. "The Epistemology of Metaphor." Critical Inquiry 5: 13-30.
104. Der Derian, James. 1989. "The Boundaries of Knowledge and Power in International Relations." In International/Intertextual Relations, edited by James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, 3-10. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
105. Der Derian, James. 1998. "The Scriptures of Security." Mershon International Studies Review 42: Supplement 1: 117-122.
106. Der Derian, James and Michael J. Shapiro, eds. 1989. International/Intertextual Relations. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
107. Deudney, Daniel H. 2007. Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
108. Dickinson, G. Lowes. 1916. The European Anarchy. New York: The Macmillan Co.
109. Dickinson, G. Lowes. 1926. International Anarchy, 1904-1914. New York: The Century Co.
110. Dirven, René. 1985. "Metaphor as a Basic Means for Extending the Lexicon." In The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, edited by Wolf Paprotté and René Dirven, 85-119. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
111. Dombrowski, Peter, ed. 2005. Guns and Butter: The Political Economy of International Security. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
112. Donnelly, Jack. 2009. "Rethinking Political Structures: From 'Ordering Principles' to 'Vertical Differentiation'-And Beyond." International Theory 1: 49-86.
113. Doyle, Michael W. 1983. "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs." Philosophy and Public Affairs 12: 205-235; 323-353.
114. Eastwood, Ken. 2010. "Learning the Hard Way." Stanford Magazine, January-February: 52-58.
115. Edelman, Murray. 1971. Politics as Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence. New York: Academic Press.
116. Ellis, David C. 2009. "On the Possibility of 'International Community." ' International Studies Review 11: 1-26.
117. Enloe, Cynthia. 1989. Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
118. Eubanks, Philip. 2000. A War of Words in the Discourse of Trade: The Rhetorical Constitution of Metaphor. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
119. Evans, Peter B., Harold K. Jacobson, and Robert D. Putnam, eds. 1993. Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
120. "Evolutionary Paradigms in the Social Sciences." 1996. Special issue of International Studies Quarterly 40: 315-433.
121. Farkas, Andrew. 1996. "Evolutionary Models in Foreign Policy Analysis." International Studies Quarterly 40: 343-361.
122. Fazal, Tanisha M. 2007. State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
123. Ferguson, Yale H. and Richard W. Mansbach. 2004. Remapping Global Politics: History's Revenge and Future Shock. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
124. Fierke, K. M. 1997. "Changing Worlds of Security." In Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited by Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, 223-252. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
125. Fierke, K. M. 2002. "Links Across the Abyss: Language and Logic in International Relations." International Studies Quarterly 46: 331-354.
126. Fierke, K. M. 2003. "Breaking the Silence: Language and Method in International Relations." In Language, Agency, and Politics in a Constructed World, edited by François Debrix, 66-86. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
127. Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change." International Organization 52: 887-917.
128. Flanik, William M. 2009. "Conceptual Metaphor, Constructivism, and Foreign Policy Analysis." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New York, February 15.
129. Flood, Merrill M. 1952a. On Game-Learning Theory and Some Decision- Making Experiments (Report # P-346). Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
130. Flood, Merrill M. 1952. Some Experimental Games (Report # RM-789-1). Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
131. Florida, Richard. 2005. "The World is Spiky." Atlantic Monthly, October: 48-51.
132. Florini, Ann. 1996. "The Evolution of International Norms." International Studies Quarterly 40: 363-389.
133. Fordham, Benjamin O. and Victor Asal. 2007. "Billiard Balls or Snowflakes? Major Power Prestige and the International Diffusion of Institutions and Practices." International Studies Quarterly 51: 31-52.
134. Fox, William T. R. 1944. The Super-Powers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union-Their Responsibility for Peace. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
135. Friedman, Thomas L. 2006. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twentyfirst Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
136. Gaddis, John Lewis. 1987. The Long Peace: Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press.
137. Galtung, Johan. 1969. "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research." Journal of Peace Research 6: 167-191.
138. Gandhi, Mahatma. 1990. The Essential Writings of Mahatma Gandhi. Edited by Raghavan Iyer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
139. García Arias, Luis. 1956. El Concepto de Guerra y la Denominada "Guerra Fría". Zaragoza, Spain: University of Zaragoza Press.
140. Geertz, Clifford. 1993. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. London: Fontana Press.
141. George, Jim. 1994. Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
142. Ghemawat, Pankaj. 2007. "Why the World Isn't Flat." Foreign Policy 159 (March/April): 54-60.
143. Gibbs, Raymond W., Jr. 1999. "Researching Metaphor." In Researching and Applying Metaphor, edited by Lynne Cameron and Graham Low, 29-47. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
144. Gilpin, Robert. 1996. "Economic Evolution of National Systems." International Studies Quarterly 40: 411-431.
145. Gintis, Herbert. 2000. Game Theory Evolving: A Problem-Centered Introduction to Modeling Strategic Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
146. Godrej, Farah. 2004. "Towards A Cosmopolitan Political Theory: The Canon and Cross-Cultural Interpretation." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Portland, OR, March 11-13.
147. Goldberg, Bernard. 2002. Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distorts the News. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
148. Goldstein, Joshua S. and Jon C. Pevehouse. 2006. International Relations. New York: Longman. Seventh edition.
149. Goodman, Nelson. 1978. "Metaphor as Moonlighting." In On Metaphor, edited by Sheldon Sacks, 175-180. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
150. Grant, Edward. 1994. Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200- 1687. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
151. Grant, Rebecca. 1991. "The Sources of Gender Bias in International Relations Theory." In Gender and International Relations, edited by Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, 8-26. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
152. Grant, Rebecca and Kathleen Newland, eds. 1991. Gender and International Relations. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
153. Gregg, Richard B. 2004. "Embodied Meaning in American Public Discourse during the Cold War." In Metaphorical World Politics, edited by Francis A. Beer and Christ'l Landtsheer, 59-73. East Lansing, Mi: Michigan State University Press.
154. Grigorescu, Alexandru. 2003. "International Organizations and Government Transparency: Linking the International and Domestic Realms." International Studies Quarterly 47: 643-667.
155. Guilhot, Nicolas. 2008. "The Realist Gambit: Postwar American Political Science and the Birth of IR Theory." International Political Sociology 2: 281-304.
156. Haack, Susan. 1987-1988. "Surprising Noises: Rorty and Hesse on Metaphor." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (New Series) 88: 293-301.
157. Haas, Ernst B. 1970. The Web of Interdependence: The United States and International Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
158. Haas, Ernst B. 1983. "Words Can Hurt You; Or, Who Said What to Whom About Regimes." In International Regimes, edited by Stephen D. Krasner, 23-59. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
159. Haass, Richard N. 1997. The Reluctant Sheriff: The United States After the Cold War. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
160. Hall, Rodney Bruce and Thomas J. Biersteker, eds. 2002. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
161. Harkavy, Robert E. 1973. "Pariah States and Nuclear Proliferation." In The Politics of Nuclear Proliferation, edited by George Quester. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
162. Harkavy, Robert E 1977. "The Pariah State Syndrome." Orbis 21: 623-628.
163. Harries, Karsten. 1978. "The Many Uses of Metaphor." Critical Inquiry 5: 167-174.
164. Harries, Karsten. 1978. "Metaphor and Transcendence." Critical Inquiry 5: 73-90.
165. Harrison, Neil E. 2006. "Thinking About the World We Make." In Complexity in World Politics: Concepts and Methods of a New Paradigm, edited by Neil E. Harrison, 1-23. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
166. Hawkes, Terence. 1972. Metaphor. London: Methuen.
167. He, Kai. 2008. "Institutional Balancing and International Relations Theory: Economic Interdependence and Balance of Power Strategies in Southeast Asia." European Journal of International Relations 14: 489-518.
168. Helman, Gerald B. and Steven R. Ratner. 1992-1993. "Saving Failed States." Foreign Policy 89: 3-20.
169. Helmig, Jan and Oliver Kessler. 2007. "Space, Boundaries, and the Problem of Order: A View from Systems Theory." International Political Sociology 1: 240-256.
170. Henderson, Willie. 1994. "Metaphor and Economics." In New Directions in Economic Methodology, edited by Roger E. Backhouse, 343-367. New York: Routledge.
171. Henriksen, Thomas H. 2001. "The Rise and Decline of Rogue States." Journal of International Affairs 54: 349-373.
172. Hesse, Mary B. 1966. Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
173. Hesse, Mary B. 1972. "Scientific Models." In Essays on Metaphor, edited by Warren Shibles, 169-180. Whitewater, WI: The Language Press.
174. Hesse, Mary B. 1980. Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
175. Hill, Christopher. 2000. "What Is Left of the Domestic? A Reverse Angle View of Foreign Policy." In Confronting the Political in International Relations, edited by Michi Ebata and Beverly Neufeld, 151-184. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
176. Hindess, Barry. 2006. "Territory." Alternatives 31: 243-257.
177. Hindess, Barry. 2009. "How Useful Is The Concept of Global Society?" International Political Sociology 3: 122-125.
178. Hirschbein, Ron. 2005. Massing the Tropes: The Metaphorical Construction of American Nuclear Strategy. New York: Praeger.
179. Hobbes, Thomas. 1962. Leviathan. Edited by Michael Oakeshott. New York: Collier Books.
180. Hobson, John A. 1902. Imperialism. London: George Allen and Unwin.
181. Hoffman, Stanley. 1981. Duties Beyond Borders: On the Limits and Possibilities of Ethical International Politics. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
182. Hollis, Martin and Steve Smith. 1990. Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
183. Holsti, K. J. 1985. The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory. Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.
184. Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. 2001. Multi-Level Governance and European Integration. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
185. Houghton, David Patrick. 2009. "The Role of Self-Fulfilling and Self- Negating Prophecies in International Relations." International Studies Review 11: 552-584.
186. Howes, Dustin Ells. 2003. "When States Choose to Die: Reassessing Assumptions About What States Want." International Studies Quarterly 47: 669-692.
187. Hulsman, John C. and A. Wess Mitchell. 2009. The Godfather Doctrine: A Foreign Policy Parable. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
188. Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
189. Hurwitz, Roger. 1989. "Strategic and Social Fictions in the Prisoner's Dilemma." In International/Intertextual Relations, edited by James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, 113-134. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
190. Ikenberry, G. John and Charles A. Kupchan. 1990. "Socialization and Hegemonic Power." International Organization 44: 283-315.
191. Ivie, Robert L. 1980. "Images of Savagery in American Justifications forWar." Communication Monographs 47: 279-294.
192. Ivie, Robert L. 1982. "The Metaphor of Force in Prowar Discourse: The Case of 1812." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 68: 240-253.
193. Ivie, Robert L. 1986. "Literalizing the Metaphor of Soviet Savagery: President Truman's Plain Style." Southern Speech Communication Journal 51: 91-105.
194. Ivie, Robert L. 1987. "Metaphor and the Rhetorical Invention of Cold War 'Idealists,' " Communication Monographs 54: 165-182.
195. Ivie, Robert L. 1989. "Metaphors and Motive in the Johnson Administration's Vietnam War Rhetoric." In Texts in Context: Critical Dialogues on Significant Episodes in American Political Rhetoric, edited by Michael Leff and Fred Kauffeld, 121-141. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press.
196. Ivie, Robert L. 1997. "ColdWar Motives and the Rhetorical Metaphor: A Framework of Criticism." In Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology, edited by Martin J. Medhurst et al., 71-79. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. Revised edition.
197. Ivie, Robert L. 1999. "Fire, Flood, and Red Fever: Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech." Presidential Studies Quarterly 29: 570-591.
198. Ivie, Robert L. 2002. "Distempered Demos: Myth, Metaphor, and U.S. Political Culture." In Myth: A New Symposium, edited by Gregory A. Schrempp and William Hansen, 165-179. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
199. Ivie, Robert L. 2004. "Democracy, War, and Decivilizing Metaphors of American Insecurity." In Metaphorical World Politics, edited by Francis A. Beer and Christ'l Landtsheer, 75-90. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
200. Jackson, Robert. 1990. "Martin Wight, International Theory and the Good Life." Millennium 19: 261-272.
201. Jaeger, Hans-Martin. 2007. " 'Global Civil Society' and the Political Depoliticization of Global Governance." International Political Sociology 1: 257-277.
202. Jahn, Beate. 2000. The Cultural Construction of International Relations: The Invention of the State of Nature. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
203. Jakobson, Roman and Morris Halle. 1971. Fundamentals of Language. The Hague: Mouton. Second edition.
204. Jarvis, Anthony P. and Albert J. Paolini. 1995. "Locating the State." In The State in Transition: Reimagining Political Space, edited by Joseph A. Camilleri, Anthony P. Jarvis, and Albert J. Paolini. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
205. Jervis, Robert. 1976. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
206. Jervis, Robert. 1978. "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma." World Politics 30: 167-214.
207. Jervis, Robert. 1986. "From Balance to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation." In Cooperation Under Anarchy, edited by Kenneth A. Oye, 58-79. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
208. Johnson, Mark. 1981. "Introduction: Metaphor in the Philosophical Tradition." In Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor, edited by Mark Johnson, 1-47. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
209. Johnson, Mark. 1987. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
210. Johnson, Mark. 1993. Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
211. Jonas, Andrew E. G. 2006. "Proscale: Further Reflections on the 'Scale Debate' in Human Geography." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 3: 1-7.
212. Kaplan, Robert D. 1994. "The Coming Anarchy." The Atlantic Monthly, February: 44-76.
213. Kaplan, Morton A. 1957. System and Process in International Politics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
214. Katzenstein, Peter J. 1978. "Introduction: Domestic and International Forces and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy." In Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, 3-22. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
215. Kaufman, Robert G. 1992. "To Balance or to Bandwagon? Alignment Decisions in 1930s Europe." Security Studies 1: 417-447.
216. Kennan, George ("Mr. X"). 1947. "The Sources of Soviet Conduct." Foreign Affairs 25: 566-582.
217. Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
218. Kessler, Oliver. 2009. "Toward a Logic of Social Systems?" International Political Sociology. 3: 132-136.
219. King, Charles. 2001. "The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia's Unrecognized States." World Politics 53: 524-552.
220. Klare, Michael T. 2000. "An Anachronistic Policy." Harvard International Review 22: 46-51.
221. Kleinschmidt, Harald. 2000. The Nemesis of Power: A History of International Relations Theories. London: Reaktion Books.
222. Klotz, Audie and Cecelia Lynch. 2006. "Translating Terminologies." International Studies Review 8: 356-362.
223. Knutsen, Torbjørn L. 1997. A History of International Relations Theory. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. Second edition.
224. Kofman, Sarah. 1993. Nietzsche and Metaphor. Translated by Duncan Large. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
225. Kornprobst, Markus. 2009. "International Relations as Rhetorical Discipline: Towards (Re-) Newing Horizons." International Studies Review 11: 87-108.
226. Kövecses, Zoltan. 1986. Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love: A Lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
227. Krasner, Stephen D. 1983a. "Regimes and the Limits of Realism: Regimes as Autonomous Variables." In International Regimes, edited by Stephen D. Krasner, 355-368. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
228. Krasner, Stephen D. 1983b. "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables." In International Regimes, edited by Stephen D. Krasner, 1-21. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
229. Kratochwil, Friedrich. 1989. Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
230. Krause, Keith and Michael C. Williams, eds. 1997. Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
231. Kubálková, Vendulka, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert. 1998. "Constructing Constructivism." In International Relations in a Constructed World, edited by Vendulka Kubálková, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert, 3-21. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
232. Kuhn, Thomas S. 1993. "Metaphor in Science." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 533-542. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Second edition.
233. Lake, David A. 2009. Hierarchy in International Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
234. Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
235. Lakoff, George. 1993. "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 202-251. New York: Cambridge University Press. Second edition.
236. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980a. Metaphors of Everyday Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
237. Lakoff, George. 1980b. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
238. Lakoff, George. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
239. Lakoff, George and Mark Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
240. Landau, Martin. 1972. Political Theory and Political Science: Studies in the Methodology of Political Inquiry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
241. Lanteri, Alessandro and Altug Yalçintas. 2006. "The Economics of Rhetoric: On Metaphors as Institutions." MPRA Paper # 94. Munich: Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
242. Larson, Deborah Welch. 1991. "Bandwagoning Images in American Foreign Policy: Myth or Reality?" In Dominoes and Bandwagons: Strategic Beliefs and Great Power Competition in the Eurasian Rimland, edited by Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder, 85-111. New York: Oxford University Press.
243. Lawrence, Mark Atwood. 2009. "Friends, Not Allies." New York Times, September 13: BR22.
244. Lawson, George. 2006. "The Promise of Historical Sociology in International Relations." International Studies Review 8: 397-423.
245. Lebovic, James H. 2009. "Perception and Politics in Intelligence Assessment: U.S. Estimates of the Soviet and 'Rogue-State' Nuclear Threats." International Studies Perspectives 10: 394-412.
246. Lennon, Alexander T. J. and Camille Eiss, eds. 2004. Reshaping Rogue States Preemption, Regime Change, and US Policy Toward Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
247. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
248. Linden, Robert H., ed. 2002. Norms and Nannies: The Impact of International Organizations on the Central and East European States. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
249. Linklater, Andrew. 1998. The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
250. Lipson, Charles. 1984. "International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs." World Politics 37: 1-23.
251. Little, Richard. 2007. The Balance of Power in International Relations: Metaphors, Myths and Models. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
252. Litwak, Robert S. 2000. Rogue States and U.S. Foreign Policy: Containment After the Cold War. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
253. Logan, Justin and Christopher Preble. 2006. "Failed States and Flawed Logic: The Case Against a Standing Nation-Building Office." Policy Analysis #560. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
254. Lomas, Peter. 2005. "Anthropomorphism, Personification and Ethics: A Reply to Alexander Wendt." Review of International Studies 31: 349-355.
255. Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1953. The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
256. Löwenheim, Oded. 2007. Predators and Parasites: Persistent Agents of Transnational Harm and Great Power Authority. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
257. Luard, Evan. 1990. International Society. New York: New Amsterdam Books.
258. Luke, Timothy W. 1991. "The Discipline of Security Studies and the Codes of Containment: Learning from Kuwait." Alternatives 16: 315-344.
259. Lunt, Neil. 2005. "A Note on Political Science and the Metaphorical Imagination." Politics 25: 73-79.
260. Luoma-aho, Mika. 2009. "Political Theology, Anthropomorphism, and Person-hood of the State: The Religion of IR." International Political Sociology 3: 293-309.
261. Mannheim, Karl. 1984. "Die Methoden der Wissenssoziologie," In Ideologiekritik und Wissensoziologie, edited by Kurt Lenk, 203-212. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.
262. Manning, Erin. 2000. "Beyond Accommodation: National Space and Recalcitrant Bodies." Alternatives 25: 51-74.
263. Mansbach, Richard W., Yale H. Ferguson, and Donald E. Lampert. 1976. The Web of World Politics: Nonstate Actors in the Global System. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
264. Marks, Gary. 1992. "Structural Policy in the European Community." In Euro- Politics: Institutions and Policymaking in the "New" European Community, edited by Alberta M. Sbragia, 191-224. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
265. Marks, Gary. 1993. "Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance in the EC." In The State of the European Community Volume 2: The Maastricht Debates and Beyond, edited by Alan W. Cafruny and Glenda G. Rosenthal, 391-410. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
266. Marks, Gary and Liesbet Hooghe. 2004. "Contrasting Visions of Multi-level Governance." In Multi-Level Governance, edited by Ian Bache and Matthew Flinders, 15-30. New York: Oxford University Press.
267. Marks, Gary and Kermit Blank. 1996. "European Integration from the 1980s: State- Centric v. Multi-Level Governance," Journal of Common Market Studies 34: 341-378.
268. Marks, Michael P. 2004. The Prison as Metaphor: Re-Imagining International Relations. New York: Peter Lang.
269. Marston, Sally. 2000. "The Social Construction of Scale." Progress in Human Geography 24: 219-242.
270. Mason, Andrew. 2000. Community, Solidarity and Belonging: Levels of Community and Their Normative Significance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
271. Masters, Roger D. 1964. "World Politics as a Primitive Political System." World Politics 16: 595-619.
272. Mattern, Janice Bially. 2005. "Why 'Soft Power' Isn't So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics." Millennium 33: 583-612.
273. McCloskey, Donald N. 1985. The Rhetoric of Economics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
274. McCloskey, Donald N. 1995. "Metaphors Economists Live By." Social Research 62: 215-237.
275. McCoy, Michael Dalton. 2000. Domestic Policy Narratives and International Relations Theory: Chinese Ecological Agriculture as a Case Study. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
276. McGillivray, Fiona and Alastair Smith. 2000. "Trust and Cooperation Through Agent-Specific Punishments." International Organization 54: 809-824.
277. McSweeney, Bill. 1999. Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
278. Mearsheimer, John J. 1994-1995. "The False Promise of International Institutions." International Security 19: 5-49.
279. Medhurst, Martin J., ed. 1997. Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor and Ideology. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
280. Menkhaus, Ken. 2004. "Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism." Adelphi Paper Number 364. Oxford, UK: IISS.
281. Meyer, Stephen M. 1984. The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
282. Miller, Eugene F. 1979. "Metaphor and Political Knowledge." American Political Science Review 73: 155-170.
283. Miller, Jade. 2009. "Soft Power and State-Firm Diplomacy: Congress and IT Corporate Activity in China." International Studies Perspectives 10: 285-302.
284. Milliken, Jennifer L. 1996. "Metaphors of Prestige and Reputation in American Foreign Policy and American Realism." In Post-Realism: The Rhetorical Turn in International Relations, edited by Francis A. Beer and Robert Hariman, 217-238. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
285. Modelski, George. 1987. Long Cycles inWorld Politics. Seattle,WA: University of Washington Press.
286. Modelski, George. 1996. "Evolutionary Paradigm for Global Politics." International Studies Quarterly 40: 321-342.
287. Modelski, George and Kazimierz Poznanski. 1996. "Evolutionary Paradigms in the Social Sciences." International Studies Quarterly 40: 315-319.
288. Monteiro, Nuno P. and Keven G. Ruby. 2009. "IR and the False Promise of Philosophical Foundations." International Theory 1: 15-48.
289. Montello, Daniel R. 2001. "Scale in Geography." In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, 13501-13504. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
290. Moravcsik, Andrew. 1993. "Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining." In Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics, edited by Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson, and Robert D. Putnam 3-42. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
291. Morgenthau, Hans J. and Kenneth W. Thompson. 1985. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Sixth edition.
292. Moul, William B. 1973. "The Level of Analysis Problem Revisited." Canadian Journal of Political Science 6: 494-513.
293. Mouritzen, Hans. 1980. "Selecting Explanatory Level in International Politics: Evaluating a Set of Criteria." Cooperation and Conflict 15: 169-182.
294. Murphy, Tim. 2001. Nietzsche, Metaphor, Religion. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
295. Musolff, Andreas. 1996. "False Friends Borrowing the Right Words? Common Terms and Metaphors in European Communication." In Conceiving of Europe: Diversity in Unity, edited by Andreas Musolff, Christina Schäffner, and Michael Townson, 15-30. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth.
296. Musolff, Andreas. 2001. "The Metaphorisation of European Politics: Movement on the Road to Europe." In Attitudes Towards Europe: Language in the Unification Process, edited by Andreas Musolff, et al., 179-200. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
297. Musolff, Andreas. 2004. Metaphor and Political Discourse: Analogical Reasoning in Debates About Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
298. Mutimer, David. 1997. "Reimagining Security: The Metaphors of Proliferation." In Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited by Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, 187-221. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
299. Neumann, Iver B. 2004. "Beware of Organicism: The Narrative Self of the State." Review of International Studies 30: 259-267.
300. Newmark, Peter. 1985. "The Translation of Metaphor." In The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, edited by Wolf Paprotté and René Dirven, 295-326. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
301. Niblock, Tim. 2001. "Pariah States" and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
302. Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1979. Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 1870s. Translated by Daniel Breazeale. Sussex, UK: Harvester.
303. Nisbet, Robert A. 1969. Social Change and History: Aspects of the Western Theory of Development. London: Oxford University Press.
304. North, Robert C. 1990. War, Peace, Survival: Global Politics and Conceptual Synthesis. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
305. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 1990a. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books.
306. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 1990b. "Soft Power." Foreign Policy 80: 153-171.
307. O'Donnell, Guillermo and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. "Concluding (but Not Capitulating) with a Metaphor." In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy, edited by Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, 65-72. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
308. O'Neill, Barry. 1989. "Game Theory and the Study of Deterrence in War." In Perspectives on Deterrence, edited by Paul C. Stern et al., 134-156. London: Oxford University Press.
309. Olberholzer-Gee, Felix, Joel Waldfogel, and Matthew White. 2003. "Social Learning and Coordination in High Stakes Games: Evidence from Friend or Foe." Last modified June 6, 2003. http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/ waldfogj/pdfs/fof.pdf.
310. Onuf, Nicholas. 1989. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
311. Onuf, Nicholas. 1995. "Levels." European Journal of International Relations 1: 35-58.
312. Onuf, Nicholas. 1998a. "Constructivism: A User's Manual." In International Relations in a ConstructedWorld, edited by Vendulka Kubálková, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert, 58-77. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
313. Onuf, Nicholas. 1998b. The Republican Legacy in International Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
314. Onuf, Nicholas and Frank F. Klink. 1989. "Anarchy, Authority, Rule." International Studies Quarterly 33: 149-173.
315. Opello, Walter C. Jr. and Stephen J. Rosow. 1999. The Nation-State and Global Order: A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
316. Oxford English Dictionary. No date. http://www.oed.com/. Oye, Kenneth A., ed. 1986. Cooperation Under Anarchy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
317. Paasi, Anssi. 1999. "Boundaries as Social Processes: Territoriality in the World of Flows." In Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity, edited by David Newman, 69-88. London: Frank Cass.
318. Pahre, Robert and Paul A. Papayoanou, eds. 1997. "Special Issue: New Games: Modeling Domestic-International Linkages." The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41: 3-139.
319. Palmatier, Robert A. 1995. Speaking of Animals: A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
320. Paparone, Christopher R. 2008. "On Metaphors We Are Led By." Military Review 88 (6): 55-64.
321. Pape, Robert A. 2005. "Soft Balancing Against the United States." International Security 30: 7-45.
322. Paprotté, Wolf and René Dirven, eds. 1985. The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
323. Patomäki, Heikki. 1996. "How to Tell Better Stories about World Politics." European Journal of International Relations 2: 105-133.
324. Patrick, Stewart. 2007. " 'Failed' States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas." International Studies Review 9: 644-662.
325. Paul, T. V. 2004. "The Enduring Axioms of Balance of Power Theory." In Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century, edited by T. V. Paul, James J. Wirtz, and Michel Fortmann, 1-28. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
326. Paul, T. V. 2005. "Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy." International Security 30: 46-71.
327. Pelczynska-Nalecz, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Strachota, and Maciej Falkowski. 2008. "Para-States in the Post-Soviet Area from 1991 to 2007." International Studies Review 10: 370-387.
328. Peterson, V. Spike, ed. 1992. Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
329. Piattoni, Simona. 2010. The Theory of Multi-Level Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
330. Pikalo, Jernej. 2008. "Mechanical Metaphors in Politics." In Political Language and Metaphor: Interpreting and Changing the World, edited by Terrell Carver and Jernej Pikalo, 41-54. London: Routledge.
331. Platt, Suzy, ed. 1989. Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
332. Polkinghorne, Donald E. 1988. Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
333. Pouliot, Vincent. 2007. " 'Sobjectivism': Toward a Constructivist Methodology." International Studies Quarterly 51: 359-384.
334. Poundstone, William. 1992. Prisoner's Dilemma. New York: Doubleday.
335. Preston, Thomas. 2007. From Lambs to Lions: Future Security Relationships in a World of Biological and Nuclear Weapons. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
336. Punter, David. 2007. Metaphor. London: Routledge.
337. Putnam, Robert D. 1993. "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games." In Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics, edited by Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson, and Robert D. Putnam, 431-468. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
338. Pylyshyn, Zenon W. 1979. "Metaphorical Imprecision and the 'Top-Down' Research Strategy." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 420-436. New York: Cambridge University Press.
339. Rapoport, Anatol. 1960. Fights, Games, and Debates. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
340. Rapoport, Anatol and Albert M. Chammah. 1965. Prisoner's Dilemma: A Study in Conflict and Cooperation. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
341. Reus-Smit, Christian. 1997. "The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions." International Organization 51: 555-589.
342. Reddy, Michael J. 1979. "The Conduit Metaphor-A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language about Language." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 286-324. New York: Cambridge University Press.
343. Richards, I. A. 1936. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.
344. Ricoeur, Paul. 1977. The Rule of Metaphor. Translated by Robert Czerny. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
345. Ricoeur, Paul. 1978. "The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination, and Feeling." Critical Inquiry 5: 143-159.
346. Ringmar, Erik. 1996. "On the Ontological Status of the State." European Journal of International Relations 2: 439-466.
347. Ripsman, N. M. 2005. "False Dichotomies: Why Economics Are High Politics." In Guns and Butter: The Political Economy of International Security, edited by Peter Dombrowski. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
348. Rodgers, Jayne. 2003. Spatializing International Politics: Analysing Activism on the Internet. London: Routledge.
349. Roget's Thesaurus. 1962. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. Third edition.
350. Roggeveen, Sam. 2001. "Towards a Liberal Theory of International Relations." Policy 17: 29-32.
351. Rorty, Richard. 1979. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
352. Rosenau, James N. 1966. "Pre-Theories and Theories of International Politics." In Approaches to Comparative and International Politics, edited by R. Barry Farrell, 27-92. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
353. Rosenau, James N. 1990. Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
354. Rosenau, James N. 1997. Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
355. Rosenau, James N. 1999. "Toward an Ontology for Global Governance." In Approaches to Global Governance Theory, edited by Martin Hewson and Timothy J. Sinclair, 287-302. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
356. Rosenau, James N. 2003. Distant Proximities: Dynamics Beyond Globalization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
357. Rotberg, Robert I. 2003. "Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators." In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, edited by Robert I. Rotberg, 1-25. Cambridge, MA: World Peace Foundation.
358. Rotberg, Robert I. 2004. "The Failure and Collapse of Nation-States: Breakdown, Prevention, and Repair." In When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, edited by Robert I. Rotberg, 1-45. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
359. Rumelhart, David E. 1979. "Some Problems with the Notion of Literal Meanings." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 78-90. New York: Cambridge University Press.
360. Russell, Bertrand. 2001 (1959). Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare. London: Routledge.
361. Sapir, J. David. 1977. "The Anatomy of Metaphor." In The Social Use of Metaphor: Essays on the Anthropology of Rhetoric, edited by J. David Sapir and J. Christopher Crocker, 3-32. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
362. Sarbin, Theodore R. 2003. "The Metaphor-to-Myth Transformation with Special Reference to the 'War on Terrorism.' " Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 9: 149-157.
363. Savigear, Peter. 1978. "European Political Philosophy and the Theory of International Relations." In Approaches and Theory in International Relations, edited by Trevor Taylor, 32-53. London: Longman.
364. Schäffner, Christina. 1995. "The 'Balance' Metaphor in Relation to Peace." In Language and Peace, edited by Christina Schäffner and Anita L.Wenden, 75-92. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth.
365. Schäffner, Christina. 1996. "Building a European House? Or at Two Speeds into a Dead End? Metaphors in the Debate on the United Europe." In Conceiving of Europe: Diversity in Unity, edited by Andreas Musolff, Christina Schäffner, and Michael Townson, 31-59. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth.
366. Schelling, Thomas C. 1958. "The Strategy of Conflict: Prospectus for a Re-orientation of Game Theory." Conflict Resolution 2: 203-264.
367. Schelling, Thomas C. 1966. Arms and Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Schimmelfennig, Frank, Stefan Engert, and Heiko Knobel. 2006.
368. International Socialization in Europe: European Organizations, Political Conditionality, and Democratic Change. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
369. Schinkel, William. 2009. Globalization and the State: Sociological Perspectives on the State of the State. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
370. Schmidt, Brian C. 1998. The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations. Albany: State University of New York Press.
371. Schön, Donald A. 1979. "Generative Metaphor: A Perspective on Problem- Setting in Social Policy." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 254-283. New York: Cambridge University Press.
372. Schroeder, Paul. 1994. "Historical Reality vs. Neo-Realist Theory." International Security 19: 108-148.
373. Schultz, Kenneth A. 2005. "The Politics of Risking Peace: Do Hawks or Doves Deliver the Olive Branch?" International Organization 59: 1-38.
374. Schweller, Randall L. 1994. "Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In." International Security 19: 72-107.
375. Schweller, Randall L. 1997. "New Realist Research on Alliances: Refining, Not Refuting, Waltz's Balancing Proposition." American Political Science Review 91: 927-930.
376. Searle, John R. 1979a. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
377. Schweller, Randall L. 1979b. "Metaphor." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 92-123. New York: Cambridge University Press.
378. Shapiro, Michael J. 1989a. "Representing World Politics: The Sport/War Intertext." In International/Intertextual Relations, edited by James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, 69-96. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
379. Shapiro, Michael J. 1989b. "Textualizing Global Politics." In International/Intertextual Relations, edited by James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, 11-22. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
380. Sheehan, Michael. 1996. The Balance of Power: History and Theory. London: Routledge.
381. Shimko, Keith L. 1994. "Metaphors and Foreign Policy Decision Making." Political Psychology 15: 655-671.
382. Simon, Herbert A. 1962. "The Architecture of Complexity." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106: 467-482.
383. Singer, J. David. 1961. "The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations." World Politics 14: 77-92.
384. Sjoberg, Laura. 2008. "Scaling IR Theory: Geography's Contribution to Where IR Takes Place." International Studies Review 10: 472-500.
385. Sjursen, Helene. 2001. "Understanding the Common Foreign and Security Policy: Arguing or Bargaining?" ECPR News (European Consortium for Political Research 12), no page numbers.
386. Skyrms, Brian. 2004. The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure. New York: Cambridge University Press.
387. Slingerland, Edward, Eric M. Blanchard, and Lyn Boyd-Judson. 2007. "Collision with China: Conceptual Metaphor Analysis, Somatic Marking, and the EP-3 Incident." International Studies Quarterly 51: 53-77.
388. Smith, Neil. 2003. "Remaking Scale: Competition and Cooperation in Pre- National and Post-National Europe." In State/Space: A Reader, edited by Neil Brenner, Bob Jessop, Martin Jones, and Gordon McLeod, 225-238. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
389. Snidal, Duncan. 1986. "The Game Theory of International Politics." In Cooperation Under Anarchy, edited by Kenneth A. Oye, 25-57. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
390. Snyder, Jack. 1991. "Introduction." In Dominoes and Bandwagons: Strategic Beliefs and Great Power Competition in the Eurasian Rimland, edited by Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder, 3-19. New York: Oxford University Press.
391. Snyder, Jack and Robert Jervis. 1999. "Civil War and the Security Dilemma." In Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention, edited by Barbara F. Walter and Jack Snyder, 15-37. New York: Columbia University Press.
392. Sontag, Susan. 1978. Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Stachowiak, Franz-Josef 1985. "Metaphor Production and Comprehension in Aphasia." In The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, edited by Wolf Paprotté and René Dirven, 559-599. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
393. Stachowiak, Franz-Josef 1985. "Metaphor Production and Comprehension in Aphasia." In The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought, edited by Wolf Paprotté and René Dirven, 559-599. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
394. Stahl, Frieda A. 1987. "Physics as Metaphor and Vice Versa." Leonardo 20: 57-64.
395. Stanislawski, Bartosz H. 2008. "Para-States, Quasi-States, and Black Spots: Perhaps Not States, But Not 'Ungoverned Territories,' Either." International Studies Review 10: 366-396.
396. Stein, Arthur A. 1990. Why Nations Cooperate: Circumstance and Choice in International Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
397. Steiner, George. 1975. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
398. Sterling-Folker, Jennifer. 2008. "The Emperor Wore Cowboy Boots." International Studies Perspectives 9: 319-330.
399. Sternberg, Robert J., Roger Tourangeau, and Georgia Nigro. 1979. "Metaphor, Induction, and Social Policy: The Convergence of Macroscopic and Microscopic Views." In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 325-353. New York: Cambridge University Press.
400. Strange, Susan. 1997. "Territory, State, Authority, and Economy: A New Realist Ontology of Global Political Economy." In The New Realism, edited by Robert Cox, 3-19. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
401. Swanson, Don R. 1978. "Toward a Psychology of Metaphor." In On Metaphor, edited by Sheldon Sacks, 161-164. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
402. Sweetser, Eve. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
403. Sylvester, Christine. 1994. Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
404. Sylvester, Christine. 2002. Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
405. Tanter, Raymond. 1998. Rogue Regimes: Terrorism and Proliferation. New York: St. Martin's Press.
406. Taylor, Peter J. 1994. "The State as Container: Territoriality in the Modern World-System." Progress in Human Geography 18: 151-162.
407. Thomas, George M. 2009. "World Polity, World Culture, World Society." International Political Sociology 3: 115-119.
408. Thompson, Nicholas. 2009. The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan, and the History of the Cold War. New York: Henry Holt & Company.
409. Thornborrow, Joanna. 1993. "Metaphors of Security: A Comparison of Representation in Defense Discourse in Post-Cold War France and Britain." Discourse and Society 4: 99-119.
410. Tickner, J. Ann. 1992. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press.
411. Tickner, J. Ann. 2001. Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era. New York: Columbia University Press.
412. Tourangeau, Roger. 1982. "Metaphor and Cognitive Structure." In Metaphor: Problems and Perspectives, edited by David S. Miall, 14-35. Sussex, UK: The Harvester Press.
413. Turner, Mark. 1987. Death is the Mother of Beauty: Mind, Metaphor, Criticism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
414. USAID. 2006. Measuring Fragility: Indicators and Methods for Rating State Performance. Last modified February 9, 2005. http://www.usaid.gov/ policy/2005_fragile_states_strategy.pdf.
415. Vagts, Alfred. 1948. "The Balance of Power: Growth of an Idea." World Politics 1: 82-101.
416. Vanderbilt, Tom. 2008. Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (And What it Says about Us). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
417. Vasquez, John A. 1997. "The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz's Balancing Proposition." American Political Science Review 91: 899-912.
418. Vaughan-Williams, Nick. 2008. "Borders, Territory, Law." International Political Sociology 2: 322-338.
419. Vincent, R. J. 1986. Human Rights and International Relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
420. Von Neumann, John and Oskar Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
421. Wæver, Ole. 1995. "Securitization and Desecuritization." In On Security, edited by Ronnie Lipschutz, 46-86. New York: Columbia University Press.
422. Wæver, Ole. 1997. "Imperial Metaphors: Emerging European Analogies to Pre- Nation-State Imperial Systems." In Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe: Security, Territory and Identity, edited by Ola Tunander, Pavel Baev, and Victoria Ingrid Einagel, 59-93. London: Sage.
423. Wæver, Ole, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup, and Pierre Lemaitre. 1993. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. London: Pinter.
424. Walker, R. B. J. 1990. "Security, Sovereignty, and the Challenge of World Politics." Alternatives 15: 3-27.
425. Walker, R. B. J. 1993. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
426. Walt, Stephen M. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
427. Walt, Stephen M. 2000. "Rigor or Rigor Mortis? Rational Choice and Security Studies." In Rational Choice and Security Studies, edited by Michael E. Brown et al., 1-44. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
428. Waltz, Kenneth N. 1959. Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
429. Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
430. Waltz, Kenneth N. 1997. "Evaluating Theories." American Political Science Review 91: 913-917.
431. Weber, Cynthia. 2001. International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.
432. Webster, Charles K., ed. 1921. British Diplomacy, 1813-1815: Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction of Europe. London: G. Bell and Sons.
433. Weldes, Jutta, ed. 2003. To Seek Out New Worlds: Exploring Links Between Science Fiction and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
434. Weldes, Jutta, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall, eds. 1999. Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
435. Weller, Christoph. 2000. "Collective Identities in World Society." In Civilizing World Politics: Society and Community Beyond the State, edited by Mathias Albert, Lothar Brock, and Klaus Dieter Wolf, 45-68. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
436. Wendt, Alexander. 1987. "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory." International Organization 41: 335-370.
437. Wendt, Alexander. 1992. "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics." International Organization 46: 391-425.
438. Wendt, Alexander. 1995. "Constructing International Politics." International Security 20: 71-81.
439. Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
440. Wendt, Alexander. 2004. "The State as Person in International Theory." Review of International Studies 30: 289-316.
441. Wendt, Alexander. 2005. "How Not to Argue Against State Personhood: A Reply to Lomas." Review of International Studies 31: 357-360.
442. Wheeler, Nicholas J. 1996. "Guardian Angel or Global Gangster: A Review of the Ethical Claims of International Society." Political Studies 44: 123135.
443. Wheelwright, Philip. 1962. Metaphor and Reality. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
444. White, Hayden. 1978. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
445. Whitworth, Sandra. 1994. Feminism and International Relations: Towards a Political Economy of Gender in Interstate and Non-Governmental Institutions. New York: St. Martin's Press.
446. Wichmann, Nina. 2004. "The Hand that Rocks the Cradle: Do Norms Matter?" International Studies Review 6: 129-132.
447. Wight, Colin. 2004. "State Agency: Social Action Without Human Activity?" Review of International Studies 30: 269-280.
448. Wight, Colin. 2006. Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
449. Wight, Martin. 1977. Systems of States. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.
450. Wilkinson, David. 1999. "Unipolarity Without Hegemony." International Studies Review 1: 141-172.
451. Williams, John. 2003. "Territorial Borders, International Ethics, and Geography: Do Good Fences Still Make Good Neighbours?" Geopolitics 8: 25-46.
452. Williams, Michael C. 2003. "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics." International Studies Quarterly 47: 511-531.
453. Williams, Michael C. 2005. The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
454. Wilmer, Franke. 2003. " 'Ce n'est pas une Guerre/This Is Not a war': The International Language and Practice of Political Violence." In Language, Agency, and Politics in a Constructed World, edited by François Debrix, 220-245. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
455. Wolfers, Arnold. 1962. Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
456. Wright, Moorhead, ed. 1975. Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power, 1486-1914: Selected European Writings. London: Dent.
457. Wright, Quincy. 1942. A Study of War, Volume II. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
458. Yalem, Ronald J. 1977. "The Level-of-Analysis Problem Reconsidered." Year Book of World Affairs 31: 306-326.
459. Yanow, Dvora. 1993. "The Communication of Policy Meanings: Implementation and Text." Policy Sciences 26: 41-61.
460. Young, Oran R. 1999. Governance in World Affairs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
461. Yurdusev, A. Nuri. 1993. " 'Level of Analysis' and 'Unit of Analysis': A Case for Distinction." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 22: 77-88.
462. Zartman, I. William, ed. 1995. Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
463. Zashin, Elliot and Phillip C. Chapman. 1974. "The Uses of Metaphor and Analogy: Toward a Renewal of Political Language." The Journal of Politics 36: 290-326.