The network of conscientiousness

Journal of Research in Personality

Volumn 65, Issue , 2016, Pages 68-88

  Costantini, Giulio ^a   Perugini, Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Conscientiousness; Need for closure; Network analysis; Regulatory focus; Self control

Indexed keywords

EID: 84991759915     PISSN: 00926566     EISSN: 10957251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.10.003     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Albert, R., Jeong, H., Barabási, A.-L., Diameter of the world-wide web. Nature 401 (1999), 130–131, 10.1038/43601.
2. Ashton, M.C., Lee, K., A defence of the lexical approach to the study of personality structure. European Journal of Personality 19:1 (2005), 5–24, 10.1002/per.541.
3. Ashton, M.C., Lee, K., Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review 11:2 (2007), 150–166, 10.1177/1088868306294907.
4. Ashton, M.C., Lee, K., The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment 91:4 (2009), 340–345, 10.1080/00223890902935878.
5. Ashton, M.C., Lee, K., Goldberg, L.R., de Vries, R.E., Higher order factors of personality: Do they exist?. Personality and Social Psychology Review 13:2 (2009), 79–91, 10.1177/1088868309338467.
6. Baas, M., De Dreu, C.K.W., Nijstad, B.A., When prevention promotes creativity: The role of mood, regulatory focus, and regulatory closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100:5 (2011), 794–809, 10.1037/a0022981.
7. Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B., Monteiro, M.G., AUDIT: The alcohol use disorders identification test. Guidelines for use in primary health care. 2nd ed., 2001, World Health Organization, Geneve.
8. Babyak, M.A., What you see may not be what you get: A brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regression-type models. Psychosomatic Medicine 66:3 (2004), 411–421, 10.1097/00006842-200405000-00021.
9. Bagozzi, R.P., Pieters, R., Goal-directed emotions. Cognition & Emotion 12:1 (1998), 1–26, 10.1080/026999398379754.
10. Barrat, A., Barthélemy, M., Pastor-Satorras, R., Vespignani, A., The architecture of complex weighted networks. PNAS 101:11 (2004), 3747–3752, 10.1073/pnas.0400087101.
11. Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K., The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 44:1 (1991), 1–26, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x.
12. Baumert, A., Gollwitzer, M., Staubach, M., Schmitt, M., Justice sensitivity and the processing of justice-related information. European Journal of Personality 25:5 (2011), 386–397, 10.1002/per.800.
13. Benet-Martínez, V., Karakitapoglu-Aygün, Z., The Interplay of cultural syndromes and personality in predicting life satisfaction: Comparing Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 34:1 (2003), 38–60, 10.1177/0022022102239154.
14. Bogg, T., Roberts, B.W., Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin 130:6 (2004), 887–919, 10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887.
15. Borsboom, D., Cramer, A.O.J., Schmittmann, V.D., Epskamp, S., Waldorp, L.J., The small world of psychopathology. PLoS ONE, 6(11), 2011, e27407, 10.1371/journal.pone.0027407.
16. Boschloo, L., van Borkulo, C.D., Borsboom, D., Schoevers, R.A., A Prospective study on how symptoms in a network predict the onset of depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 85:3 (2016), 183–184, 10.1159/000442001.
17. Brandes, U., A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25:2 (2001), 163–177, 10.1080/0022250X.2001.9990249.
18. Brandes, U., Borgatti, S.P., Freeman, L.C., Maintaining the duality of closeness and betweenness centrality. Social Networks 44 (2016), 153–159, 10.1016/j.socnet.2015.08.003.
19. Caprara, G.V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M.G., Abela, J., The positivity scale. Psychological Assessment 24:3 (2012), 701–712, 10.1037/a0026681.
20. Caprara, G.V., Di Giunta, L., Eisenberg, N., Gerbino, M., Pastorelli, C., Tramontano, C., Assessing regulatory emotional self-efficacy in three countries. Psychological Assessment 20:3 (2008), 227–237, 10.1037/1040-3590.20.3.227.
21. Carver, C.S., White, T.L., Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:2 (1994), 319–333, 10.1037//0022-3514.67.2.319.
22. Chen, F.F., Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling 14:3 (2007), 464–504, 10.1080/10705510701301834.
23. Corr, P.J., Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28:3 (2004), 317–332, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.01.005.
24. Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R., Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the revised NEO personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment 64:1 (1995), 21–50, 10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_2.
25. Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R., Dye, D.A., Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO personality inventory. Personality and Individual Differences 12:9 (1991), 887–898, 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-D.
26. Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., Perugini, M., Mõttus, R., Waldorp, L.J., Cramer, A.O.J., State of the aRt personality research: A tutorial on network analysis of personality data in R. Journal of Research in Personality 54 (2015), 13–29, 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.003.
27. Costantini, G., Perugini, M., Generalization of clustering coefficients to signed correlation networks. PLoS ONE, 9(2), 2014, e88669, 10.1371/journal.pone.0088669.
28. Costantini, G., Perugini, M., Network analysis: A new way to think about personality. Kumar, U., (eds.) The wiley handbook of personality assessment, 2016, Wiley-Blackwell, London, 74–89.
29. Costantini, G., Richetin, J., Borsboom, D., Fried, E.I., Rhemtulla, M., Perugini, M., Development of indirect measures of conscientiousness: Combining a facets approach and network analysis. European Journal of Personality 29:5 (2015), 548–567, 10.1002/per.2014.
30. Cramer, A.O.J., van der Sluis, S., Noordhof, A., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Aggen, S.H., Borsboom, D., Dimensions of normal personality as networks in search of equilibrium: You can't like parties if you don't like people. European Journal of Personality 26:4 (2012), 414–431, 10.1002/per.1866.
31. Cramer, A.O.J., Waldorp, L.J., Van der Maas, H.L.J., Borsboom, D., Comorbidity: A network perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33:2–3 (2010), 137–150, 10.1017/S0140525X09991567.
32. Cruce, S.E., Pashak, T.J., Handal, P.J., Munz, D.C., Gfeller, J.D., Conscientious perfectionism, self-evaluative perfectionism, and the five-factor model of personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences 53:3 (2012), 268–273, 10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.013.
33. Cunningham, W.A., Raye, C.L., Johnson, M.K., Neural correlates of evaluation associated with promotion and prevention regulatory focus. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 5:2 (2005), 202–211, 10.3758/CABN.5.2.202.
34. De Boer, B.J., Van Hooft, E.A.J., Bakker, A.B., Stop and start control: A distinction within self-control. European Journal of Personality 25:5 (2011), 349–362, 10.1002/per.796.
35. de Nooy, W., Mrvar, A., Batagelj, V., Exploratory social network analysis with pajek. 2nd ed., 2011, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
36. De Raad, B., The big five personality factors. 2000, Hogrefe & Huber, Seattle.
37. de Vries, R.E., van Gelder, J.-L., Tales of two self-control scales: Relations with Five-Factor and HEXACO traits. Personality and Individual Differences 54:6 (2013), 756–760, 10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.023.
38. DeNeve, K.M., Cooper, H., The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin 124:2 (1998), 197–229, 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197.
39. Denissen, J.J.A., Penke, L., Motivational individual reaction norms underlying the Five-Factor model of personality: First steps towards a theory-based conceptual framework. Journal of Research in Personality 42:5 (2008), 1285–1302, 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.002.
40. DeYoung, C.G., Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multi-informant sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91:6 (2006), 1138–1151, 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1138.
41. DeYoung, C.G., Impulsivity as a personality trait. Vohs, K.D., Baumeister, R.F., (eds.) Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory and applications, 2nd ed., 2011, Guilford Press, New York, NY, 485–502.
42. Duckworth, A.L., Tsukayama, E., Kirby, T., Is it really self-control? Examining the predictive power of the delay of gratification test. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39:7 (2013), 843–855, 10.1177/0146167213482589.
43. Dunkley, D.M., Perfectionism dimensions and the five-factor model of personality. European Journal of Personality 26:3 (2012), 233–244, 10.1002/per.829.
44. Eddington, K.M., Dolcos, F., Cabeza, R., Krishnan, K.R., Strauman, T.J., Neural correlates of promotion and prevention goal activation: An fMRI study using an idiographic approach. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19:7 (2007), 1152–1162, 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1152.
45. Eisenberg, N., Duckworth, A.L., Spinrad, T.L., Valiente, C., Conscientiousness: Origins in childhood?. Developmental Psychology 50:5 (2014), 1331–1349, 10.1037/a0030977.
46. Ent, M.R., Baumeister, R.F., Tice, D.M., Trait self-control and the avoidance of temptation. Personality and Individual Differences 74 (2015), 12–15, 10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.031.
47. Epskamp, S. (2014). semPlot: Path diagrams and visual analysis of various SEM packages’ output. R package version 1.0.1.
48. Epskamp, S., Cramer, A.O.J., Waldorp, L.J., Schmittmann, V.D., Borsboom, D., qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software 48:4 (2012), 1–18.
49. Epskamp, S., Costantini, G., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2016). qgraph: Network-based data visualization. R package version 1.3.4.
50. Epskamp, S., Rhemtulla, M., Borsboom, D., Generalized network psychometrics: Combining network and latent variable models. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09288, 2016.
51. Fayard, J.V., Roberts, B.W., Robins, R.W., Watson, D., Uncovering the affective core of conscientiousness: The role of self-conscious emotions. Journal of Personality 80:1 (2012), 1–32, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00720.x.
52. Fleming, J.S., Courtney, B.E., The dimensionality of self-esteem: II. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46:2 (1984), 404–421, 10.1037//0022-3514.46.2.404.
53. Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., When does conscientiousness become perfectionism. Current Psychiatry 6:7 (2007), 49–60.
54. Freeman, L.C., Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks 1:3 (1978), 215–239, 10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7.
55. Friedman, H.S., Kern, M.L., Personality, well-being, and health. Annual Review of Psychology 65 (2014), 719–742, 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115123.
56. Fruchterman, T.M.J., Reingold, E.M., Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software: Practice and Experience 21:11 (1991), 1129–1164, 10.1002/spe.4380211102.
57. Funder, D.C., Gobal traits: A neo-allportian approach to personality. Psychological Science 2:1 (1991), 31–39, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00093.x.
58. Funder, D.C., Towards a resolution of the personality triad: Persons, situations, and behaviors. Journal of Research in Personality 40:1 (2006), 21–34, 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.003.
59. Goekoop, R., Goekoop, J.G., Scholte, H.S., The network structure of human personality according to the NEO-PI-R: Matching network community structure to factor structure. PLoS ONE, 7(12), 2012, e51558, 10.1371/journal.pone.0051558.
60. Goldberg, L.R., Johnson, J., Eber, H.W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M.C., Cloninger, C.R., Gough, H.G., The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality 40:1 (2006), 84–96, 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007.
61. Goldberg, L.R., A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several Five-Factor models. Merivelde, I., Deary, I.J., De Fruyt, F., Ostendorf, F., (eds.) Personality psychology in Europe, 1999, Tillburg University Press, Tillburg, 7–28.
62. Gorman, C.A., Meriac, J.P., Overstreet, B.L., Apodaca, S., McIntyre, A.L., Park, P., Godbey, J.N., A meta-analysis of the regulatory focus nomological network: Work-related antecedents and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior 80:1 (2012), 160–172, 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.07.005.
63. Grassi, M.C., Alessandri, G., Pasquariello, S., Milioni, M., Enea, D., Ceccanti, M., Caprara, G.V., Association between positivity and smoking cessation. BioMed Research International, 2014, 2014, 780146, 10.1155/2014/780146.
64. Greifeneder, R., Keller, J., Habitual self-regulatory orientation and ease-of-retrieval: Regulatory focus qualifies the impact of subjective experiences in judgment. Motivation and Emotion 36:3 (2012), 338–348, 10.1007/s11031-011-9251-8.
65. Gustavson, D.E., Miyake, A., Hewitt, J.K., Friedman, N.P., Genetic relations among procrastination, impulsivity, and goal-management ability: Implications for the evolutionary origin of procrastination. Psychological Science 45:6 (2014), 1178–1188, 10.1177/0956797614526260.
66. Haws, K.L., Dholakia, U.M., Bearden, W.O., An assessment of chronic regulatory focus measures. Journal of Marketing Research 47:5 (2010), 967–982, 10.1509/jmkr.47.5.967.
67. Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Fagerström, K.-O., The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fageström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction 86:9 (1991), 1119–1127, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.
68. Heeren, A., McNally, R.J., An integrative network approach to social anxiety disorder: The complex dynamic interplay among attentional bias for threat, attentional control, and symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 42 (2016), 95–104, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.009.
69. Heller, D., Watson, D., Ilies, R., The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: A critical examination. Psychological Bulletin 130:4 (2004), 574–600, 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.574.
70. Hewitt, P.L., Flett, G.L., Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:3 (1991), 456–470, 10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456.
71. Higgins, E.T., Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist 52:12 (1997), 1280–1300, 10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280.
72. Higgins, E.T., Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 30 (1998), 1–46, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60381-0.
73. Higgins, E.T., Friedman, R.S., Harlow, R.E., Idson, L.C., Ayduk, O.N., Taylor, A., Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology 31:1 (2001), 3–23, 10.1002/ejsp.27.
74. Higgins, E.T., Shah, J., Friedman, R., Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72:3 (1997), 515–525, 10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.515.
75. Hirschfeld, G., von Brachel, R., Improving multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis in R – A tutorial in measurement invariance with continuous and ordinal indicators. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 19:7 (2014), 1–12.
76. Hofstee, W.K.B., De Raad, B., Goldberg, L.R., Integration of the Big Five and circumplex approaches to trait structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63:1 (1992), 146–163, 10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.146.
77. Hu, L., Bentler, P.M., Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6:1 (1999), 1–55, 10.1080/10705519909540118.
78. Humphries, M.D., Gurney, K., Network “small-world-ness”: A quantitative method for determining canonical network equivalence. PLoS ONE, 3(4), 2008, e0002051, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002051.
79. Jackson, J.J., Bogg, T., Walton, K.E., Wood, D., Harms, P.D., Lodi-Smith, J., Roberts, B.W., Not all conscientiousness scales change alike: A multimethod, multisample study of age differences in the facets of conscientiousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96:2 (2009), 446–459, 10.1037/a0014156.
80. Jackson, J.J., Wood, D., Bogg, T., Walton, K.E., Harms, P.D., Roberts, B.W., What do conscientious people do? Development and validation of the Behavioral Indicators of Conscientiousness (BIC). Journal of Research in Personality 44:4 (2010), 501–511, 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.005.
81. Javaras, K.N., Schaefer, S.M., van Reekum, C.M., Lapate, R.C., Greischar, L.L., Bachhuber, D.R., Davidson, R.J., Conscientiousness predicts greater recovery from negative emotion. Emotion 12:5 (2012), 875–881, 10.1037/a0028105.
82. John, O.P., Srivastava, S., The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Pervin, L., John, O.P., (eds.) Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2nd ed., 1999, Guilford Press, New York, 102–138.
83. Keiser, H.N., Ross, S.R., Carver and Whites’ BIS/FFFS/BAS scales and domains and facets of the Five Factor Model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences 51:1 (2011), 39–44, 10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.007.
84. Kern, M.L., Friedman, H.S., Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review. Health Psychology 27:5 (2008), 505–512, 10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.505.
85. Kleczkowski, A., Oleś, K., Gudowska-Nowak, E., Gilligan, C.A., Searching for the most cost-effective strategy for controlling epidemics spreading on regular and small-world networks. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 9:66 (2012), 158–169, 10.1098/rsif.2011.0216.
86. Kolaczyk, E.D., Statistical analysis of network data: Methods and models. 2009, Springer, New York, 10.1007/978-0-387-88146-1.
87. Kossakowski, J.J., Epskamp, S., Kieffer, J.M., van Borkulo, C.D., Rhemtulla, M., Borsboom, D., The application of a network approach to Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL): Introducing a new method for assessing HRQoL in healthy adults and cancer patients. Quality of Life Research 25:4 (2015), 781–792, 10.1007/s11136-015-1127-z.
88. Krämer, N., Schäfer, J., Boulesteix, A.-L., Regularized estimation of large-scale gene association networks using graphical Gaussian models. BMC Bioinformatics, 10, 2009, 384, 10.1186/1471-2105-10-384.
89. Kruglanski, A.W., Webster, D.M., Motivated closing of the mind: “seizing” and “freezing”. Psychological Review 103:2 (1996), 263–283, 10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263.
90. Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., Liga, F., Guarino, A., Baumgartner, E., Identity status differences among Italian adolescents: Associations with time perspective. Children and Youth Services Review 35:3 (2013), 482–487, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.12.018.
91. Lanaj, K., Chang, C.-H.D., Johnson, R.E., Regulatory focus and work-related outcomes: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 138:5 (2012), 998–1034, 10.1037/a0027723.
92. Latora, V., Nicosia, V., Panzarasa, P., Social cohesion, structural holes, and a tale of two measures. Journal of Statistical Physics 151:3 (2013), 745–764, 10.1007/s10955-013-0722-z.
93. Lee, J.J., Correlation and causation in the study of personality. European Journal of Personality 26:4 (2012), 372–390, 10.1002/per.1863.
94. Lee, K., Ashton, M.C., Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research 39:2 (2004), 329–358, 10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8.
95. Leone, L., Perugini, M., Bagozzi, R.P., Emotions and decision making: Regulatory focus moderates the influence of anticipated emotions on action evaluations. Cognition & Emotion 19:8 (2005), 1175–1198, 10.1080/02699930500203203.
96. Leone, L., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., Validità della versione italiana delle scale BIS/BAS di Carver e White (1994): Generalizzabilità della struttura e relazioni con costrutti affini. Giornale Italiano Di Psicologia 2 (2002), 413–434, 10.1421/1245.
97. Leone, C., Wallace, H.M., Modglin, K., The need for closure and the need for structure: Interrelationships, correlates, and outcomes. The Journal of Psychology 133:5 (1999), 553–562, 10.1080/00223989909599762.
98. Lockwood, P., Jordan, C.H., Kunda, Z., Motivation by positive or negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:4 (2002), 854–864, 10.1037//0022-3514.83.4.854.
99. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., Diener, E., The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?. Psychological Bulletin 131:6 (2005), 803–855, 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803.
100. MacCann, C., Duckworth, A.L., Roberts, R.D., Empirical identification of the major facets of conscientiousness. Learning and Individual Differences 19:4 (2009), 451–458, 10.1016/j.lindif.2009.03.007.
101. MacDonald, K.B., Effortful control, explicit processing, and the regulation of human evolved predispositions. Psychological Review 115:4 (2008), 1012–1031, 10.1037/a0013327.
102. Mahalingam, V., Stillwell, D., Kosinski, M., Rust, J., Kogan, A., Who can wait for the future? A personality perspective. Social Psychological and Personality Science 5:5 (2013), 573–583, 10.1177/1948550613515007.
103. McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52:1 (1987), 81–90, 10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.81.
104. McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Empirical and theoretical status of the five-factor model of personality traits. Boyle, G., Matthews, G., Saklofske, D., (eds.) Sage handbook of personality theory and assessment, 2008, SAGE Publications, London, 273–294, 10.4135/9781849200462.
105. McNally, R.J., Robinaugh, D.J., Wu, G.W.Y., Wang, L., Deserno, M.K., Borsboom, D., Mental disorders as causal systems: A network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science 3:6 (2015), 836–849, 10.1177/2167702614553230.
106. McNeish, D.M., Using lasso for predictor selection and to assuage overfitting: A method long overlooked in behavioral sciences. Multivariate Behavioral Research 50:5 (2015), 471–484, 10.1080/00273171.2015.1036965.
107. Moon, H., The two faces of conscientiousness: Duty and achievement striving in escalation of commitment dilemmas. Journal of Applied Psychology 86:3 (2001), 533–540, 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.535.
108. Mõttus, R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Esko, T., Metspalu, A., Johnson, W., Within-trait heterogeneity in age group differences in personality domains and facets: Implications for the development and coherence of personality traits. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 2015, e0119667, 10.1371/journal.pone.0119667.
109. Musek, J., A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality 41:6 (2007), 1213–1233, 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.003.
110. Neuberg, S.L., Newsom, J.T., Personal need for structure: individual differences in the desire for simpler structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:1 (1993), 113–131, 10.1037//0022-3514.65.1.113.
111. Newman, M.E.J., Networks: An introduction. 2010, Oxford University Press, New York.
112. O'Connor, M.C., Paunonen, S.V., Big Five personality predictors of post-secondary academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences 43:5 (2007), 971–990, 10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.017.
113. Opsahl, T., Agneessens, F., Skvoretz, J., Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks 32:3 (2010), 245–251, 10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.006.
114. Ozer, D.J., Benet-Martínez, V., Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006), 401–421, 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127.
115. Paunonen, S.V., Ashton, M.C., Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:3 (2001), 524–539, 10.1037//0022-3514.81.3.524.
116. Paunonen, S.V., Ashton, M.C., On the prediction of academic performance with personality traits: A replication study. Journal of Research in Personality 47:6 (2013), 778–781, 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.003.
117. Peabody, D., De Raad, B., The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:4 (2002), 983–997, 10.1037//0022-3514.83.4.983.
118. Perry, S.J., Hunter, E.M., Witt, L.A., Harris, K.J., P = f(Conscientiousness × Ability): Examining the facets of conscientiousness. Human Performance 23:4 (2010), 343–360, 10.1080/08959285.2010.501045.
119. Perugini, M., Costantini, G., Hughes, S., De Houwer, J., A functional perspective on personality. International Journal of Psychology 51:1 (2016), 33–39, 10.1002/ijop.12175.
120. Perugini, M., Gallucci, M., A hierarchical faceted model of the Big Five. European Journal of Personality 11:4 (1997), 279–301, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(199711)11:4<279::AID-PER282>3.0.CO;2-F.
121. Pornprasertmanit, S., Miller, P., Schoemann, A., & Rosseel, Y. (2016). semTools: useful tools for structural equaiton modeling. R package version 0.4-12.
122. Poropat, A.E., A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin 135:2 (2009), 322–338, 10.1037/a0014996.
123. R Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2016, Wien, Austria.
124. Revelle, W., Scherer, K.R., Personality and emotion. Sander, D., Scherer, K.R., (eds.) Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences, 2009, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 304–306.
125. Rietzschel, E.F., Slijkhuis, J.M., van Yperen, N.W., Task structure, need for structure, and creativity. European Journal of Social Psychology 44:4 (2014), 386–399, 10.1002/ejsp.2024.
126. Roberts, B.W., Bogg, T., Walton, K.E., Chernyshenko, O.S., Stark, S.E., A lexical investigation of the lower-order structure of conscientiousness. Journal of Research in Personality 38:2 (2004), 164–178, 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00065-5.
127. Roberts, B.W., Chernyshenko, O.S., Stark, S., Goldberg, L.R., The structure of conscientiousness: An empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology 58:1 (2005), 103–139, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00301.x.
128. Roberts, B.W., Lejuez, C., Krueger, R.F., Richards, J.M., Hill, P.L., What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed?. Developmental Psychology 50:5 (2014), 1315–1330, 10.1037/a0031109.
129. Roberts, B.W., Walton, K.E., Bogg, T., Conscientiousness and health across the life course. Review of General Psychology 9:2 (2005), 156–168, 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.156.
130. Roets, A., Van Hiel, A., Separating ability from need: clarifying the dimensional structure of the Need for Closure Scale. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 33:2 (2007), 266–280, 10.1177/0146167206294744.
131. Roets, A., Van Hiel, A., Item selection and validation of a brief, 15-item version of the Need for Closure Scale. Personality and Individual Differences 50:1 (2011), 90–94, 10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.004.
132. Rosseel, Y., lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software 48:2 (2012), 1–36.
133. Ruiz, M.A., Pincus, A.L., Dickinson, K.A., NEO PI-R predictors of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Journal of Personality Assessment 81:3 (2003), 226–236, 10.1207/S15327752JPA8103_05.
134. Sabidussi, G., The centrality index of a graph. Psychometrika 31:4 (1966), 581–603, 10.1007/BF02289527.
135. Saramäki, J., Kivelä, M., Onnela, J.-P., Kaski, K., Kertész, J., Generalizations of the clustering coefficient to weighted complex networks. Physical Review E, 75(2), 2007, 027105, 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.027105.
136. Saucier, G., Thalmayer, A.G., Payne, D.L., Carlson, R., Sanogo, L., Ole-Kotikash, L., Zhou, X., A basic bivariate structure of personality attributes evident across nine languages. Journal of Personality 82:1 (2014), 1–14, 10.1111/jopy.12028.
137. Saunders, J.B., Aasland, O.G., Babor, T.F., De la Fuente, J.R., Grant, M., Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption - II. Addiction 88:6 (1993), 791–804, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.
138. Schmittmann, V.D., Cramer, A.O.J., Waldorp, L.J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R.A., Borsboom, D., Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology 31:1 (2013), 43–53, 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007.
139. Schönbrodt, F.D., Perugini, M., At what sample size do correlations stabilize?. Journal of Research in Personality 47:5 (2013), 609–612, 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.05.009.
140. Schwartz, H.A., Park, G.J., Sap, M., Weingarten, E., Eichstaedt, J., Kern, M.L., Ungar, L.H., Extracting human temporal orientation from Facebook language. Proceedings of the 2015 conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics - human language technologies, NAACL, 2015.
141. Schwarz, G., Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics 6:2 (1978), 461–464.
142. Shah, J., Higgins, E.T., Regulatory concerns and appraisal efficiency: The general impact of promotion and prevention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80:5 (2001), 693–705, 10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.693.
143. Sharma, L., Markon, K.E., Clark, L.A., Toward a theory of distinct types of “impulsive” behaviors: A meta-analysis of self-report and behavioral measures. Psychological Bulletin 140:2 (2014), 374–408, 10.1037/a0034418.
144. Sherman, R.A., Nave, C.S., Funder, D.C., Situational similarity and personality predict behavioral consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 99:2 (2010), 330–343, 10.1037/a0019796.
145. Smith, J., Ryan, L.H., Röcke, C., The day-to-day effects of conscientiousness on well-being. Research in Human Development 10:1 (2013), 9–25, 10.1080/15427609.2013.760257.
146. Smits, D.J.M., Boeck, P.D., From BIS/BAS to the Big Five. European Journal of Personality 20:4 (2006), 255–270, 10.1002/per.583.
147. Soto, C.J., John, O.P., Development of Big Five domains and facets in adulthood: mean-level age trends and broadly versus narrowly acting mechanisms. Journal of Personality 80:4 (2012), 881–914, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00752.x.
148. Steiger, J.H., Testing pattern hypotheses on correlation matrices: Alternative statistics and some empirical results. Multivariate Behavioral Research 15:3 (1980), 335–352, 10.1207/s15327906mbr1503_7.
149. Stoeber, J., Hotham, S., Perfectionism and attitudes toward cognitive enhancers (“smart drugs”). Personality and Individual Differences 88 (2016), 170–174, 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.011.
150. Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D.S., Edwards, C.S., The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66:4 (1994), 742–752, 10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.742.
151. Summerville, A., Roese, N.J., Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus: A cautionary note. Journal of Research in Personality 42:1 (2008), 247–254, 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.05.005.
152. Tangney, J.P., Baumeister, R.F., Boone, A.L., High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality 72:2 (2004), 271–324, 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x.
153. Thalmayer, A.G., Saucier, G., The questionnaire Big Six in 26 nations: Developing cross-culturally applicable Big Six, Big Five and Big Two inventories. European Journal of Personality 28:5 (2014), 482–496, 10.1002/per.1969.
154. Tracy, J.L., Robins, R.W., The psychological structure of pride: a tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92:3 (2007), 506–525, 10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.506.
155. Travers, J., Milgram, S., An experimental study of the small world problem. Sociometry 32:4 (1969), 425–443.
156. Valente, T.W., Network interventions. Science 337:6090 (2012), 49–53, 10.1126/science.1217330.
157. van de Leemput, I.A., Wichers, M., Cramer, A.O.J., Borsboom, D., Tuerlinckx, F., Kuppens, P., Scheffer, M., Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression. PNAS 111:1 (2014), 87–92, 10.1073/pnas.1312114110.
158. Van Egeren, L.F., A cybernetic model of global personality traits. Personality and Social Psychology Review 13:2 (2009), 92–108, 10.1177/1088868309334860.
159. Vandekerckhove, J., Matzke, D., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Model comparison and the principle of parsimony. Busemeyer, J.R., Townsend, J., Wang, Z.J., Eidels, A., (eds.) Oxford handbook of computational and mathematical psychology, 2015, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 300–319.
160. Watson, D., Clark, L.A., The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule - expanded form. 1999, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
161. Watters, C.A., Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., Illuminating the theoretical components of alexithymia using bifactor modeling and network analysis. Psychological Assessment, 2015, 10.1037/pas0000169.
162. Watts, D.J., Strogatz, S.H., Collective dynamics of “small-world” networks. Nature 393 (1998), 440–442, 10.1038/30918.
163. Webster, D.M., Kruglanski, A.W., Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:6 (1994), 1049–1062, 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049.
164. Wood, D., Gardner, M.H., Harms, P.D., How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation. Psychological Review 122:1 (2015), 84–111, 10.1037/a0038423.
165. Zhang, B., Horvath, S., A general framework for weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology 4:1 (2005), 1544–6115, 10.2202/1544-6115.1128.
166. Ziegler, M., Booth, T., Bensch, D., Getting entangled in the nomological net. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 29:3 (2013), 157–161, 10.1027/1015-5759/a000173.
167. Zimbardo, P.G., Boyd, J.N., Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77:6 (1999), 1271–1288, 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271.
168. Zou, H., The adaptive lasso and its oracle properties. Journal of the American Statistical Association 101:476 (2006), 1418–1429, 10.1198/016214506000000735.