Cellulosic materials as natural fillers in starch-containing matrix-based films: a review

Polymer Bulletin

Volumn 74, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 2401-2430

  Gutiérrez, Tomy J ^a,b,c   Alvarez, Vera A ^c  

^a UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA   (Venezuela)

^b FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS   (Venezuela)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MAR DEL PLATA   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Biocomposites; Cellulosic materials; Food packaging; Starch

Indexed keywords

CELLULOSE; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FILLERS; FILMS; LIGNIN; PACKAGING MATERIALS; REINFORCEMENT;

BIO-COMPOSITES; BIODEGRADABLE PACKAGING; CELLULOSIC MATERIAL; FOOD PACKAGING; MANUFACTURING PROCESS; PACKAGING APPLICATIONS; PETROCHEMICAL RESOURCES; THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS;

STARCH;

EID: 84988725304     PISSN: 01700839     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1814-0     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Davis G, Song JH (2006) Biodegradable packaging based on raw materials from crops and their impact on waste management. Ind Crop Prod 23(2):147–161
2. Marsh K, Bugusu B (2007) Food packaging—roles, materials, and environmental issues. J Food Sci 72(3):R39–R55
3. Chandra R, Rustgi R (1998) Biodegradable polymers. Prog Polym Sci 23(7):1273–1335
4. Krochta JM, Mulder-Johnston DE (1997) Edible and biodegradable polymer films: challenges and opportunities. Food Technol Chicago
5. Gutiérrez TJ, Guzmán R, Medina Jaramillo C, Famá L (2015) Effect of beet flour on films made from biological macromolecules: native and modified plantain flour. Int J Biol Macromol 82:395–403
6. Gutiérrez TJ, Suniaga J, Monsalve A, García NL (2016) Influence of beet flour on the relationship surface-properties of edible and intelligent films made from native and modified plantain flour. Food Hydrocolloid 54:234–244
7. Pelissari FM, Andrade-Mahecha MM, do Amaral Sobral PJ, Menegalli FC (2013) Comparative study on the properties of flour and starch films of plantain bananas (Musa paradisiaca). Food Hydrocolloid 30(2):681–690
8. Mathew AP, Dufresne A (2002) Plasticized waxy maize starch: effect of polyols and relative humidity on material properties. Biomacromolecules 3(5):1101–1108
9. Shen L, Haufe J, Patel MK (2009) Product overview and market projection of emerging bio-based plastics PRO-BIP 2009. Report for European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE) and European Bioplastics, 243
10. Gutiérrez TJ, Morales NJ, Tapia MS, Pérez E, Famá L (2015) Corn starch 80: 20 “waxy”: regular, “native” and phosphated, as bio-matrixes for edible films. Procedia Mater Sci 8:304–310
11. Gutiérrez TJ, Morales NJ, Pérez E, Tapia MS, Famá L (2015) Physico-chemical properties of edible films derived from native and phosphated cush-cush yam and cassava starches. Food Packag Shelf Life 3:1–8
12. Gutiérrez TJ, Tapia MS, Pérez E, Famá L (2015) Structural and mechanical properties of edible films made from native and modified cush-cush yam and cassava starch. Food Hydrocoll 45:211–217
13. Gutiérrez TJ, Tapia MS, Pérez E, Famá L (2015) Edible films based on native and phosphated 80: 20 waxy: normal corn starch. Starch-Stärke 67(1–2):90–97
14. Bordes P, Pollet E, Bourbigot S, Averous L (2008) Structure and properties of PHA/Clay nano-biocomposites prepared by melt Iintercalation. Macromol Chem Phys 209(14):1473–1484
15. Gonzalez JS, Ludueña LN, Ponce A, Alvarez VA (2014) Poly (vinyl alcohol)/cellulose nanowhiskers nanocomposite hydrogels for potential wound dressings. Mater Sci Eng, C 34:54–61
16. Ollier RP, Perez CJ, Alvarez VA (2013) Preparation and characterization of micro and nanocomposites based on poly (vinyl alcohol) for packaging applications. J Mater Sci 48(20):7088–7096
17. Ludueña LN, Vecchio A, Stefani PM, Alvarez VA (2013) Extraction of cellulose nanowhiskers from natural fibers and agricultural byproducts. Fiber Polym 14(7):1118–1127
18. Hoyos CG, Alvarez VA, Rojo PG, Vázquez A (2012) Fique fibers: enhancement of the tensile strength of alkali treated fibers during tensile load application. Fiber Polym 13(5):632–640
19. Ludueña L, Vázquez A, Alvarez V (2012) Effect of lignocellulosic filler type and content on the behavior of polycaprolactone based eco-composites for packaging applications. Carbohyd Polym 87(1):411–421
20. Haque MMU, Alvarez V, Paci M, Pracella M (2011) Processing, compatibilization and properties of ternary composites of Mater-Bi with polyolefins and hemp fibres. Compos Part A-Appl S 42(12):2060–2069
21. Pracella M, Haque MMU, Alvarez V (2010) Functionalization, compatibilization and properties of polyolefin composites with natural fibers. Polymers 2(4):554–574
22. Pracella M, Haque M, Alvarez V (2010) Compatibilization and properties of EVA copolymers containing surface-functionalized cellulose microfibers. Macromol Mater Eng 295(10):949–957
23. Vázquez A, Alvarez VA (2009) Starch–cellulose fiber composites. Biodegradable polymer blends and composites from renewable resources, pp 239–286
24. Stefani PM, Perez CJ, Alvarez VA, Vazquez A (2008) Microcellulose fibers-filled epoxy foams. J Appl Polym Sci 109(2):1009–1013
25. Morán JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP, Vázquez A (2008) Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 15(1):149–159
26. Alvarez V, Mondragon I, Vazquez A (2007) Influence of chemical treatments on the interfacial adhesion between sisal fibre and different biodegradable polymers. Compos Interface 14(7–9):605–616
27. Alvarez VA, Ruseckaite RA, Vazquez A (2007) Aqueous degradation of MATER BI Y—Sisal fibers biocomposites. J Thermoplast Compos 20(3):291–303
28. Moran J, Alvarez V, Petrucci R, Kenny J, Vazquez A (2007) Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites based on natural fibers subjected to multiple extrusion cycles. J Appl Polym Sci 103(1):228–237
29. Alvarez VA, Ruseckaite RA, Vazquez A (2006) Degradation of sisal fibre/Mater Bi-Y biocomposites buried in soil. Polym Degrad Stabil 91(12):3156–3162
30. Alvarez VA, Vázquez A (2006) Influence of fiber chemical modification procedure on the mechanical properties and water absorption of MaterBi-Y/sisal fiber composites. Compos Part A-Appl S 37(10):1672–1680
31. De La Osa O, Alvarez VA, Fraga AN, Mammone EM, Vázquez A (2006) Loss of mechanical properties by water absorption of vinyl-ester reinforced with glass fiber. J Reinf Plast Comp 25(2):215–221
32. Alvarez V, Vazquez A, Bernal C (2006) Effect of microstructure on the tensile and fracture properties of sisal fiber/starch-based composites. J Compos Mater 40(1):21–35
33. Rodriguez E, Alvarez VA, Moran J, Moreno S, Petrucci R, Kenny JM, Vazquez A (2006) Mechanical properties evaluation of a recycled flax fiber-reinforced vinyl ester. J Compos Mater 40(3):245–256
34. Alvarez V, Vázquez A, Bernal C (2005) Fracture behavior of sisal fiber–reinforced starch-based composites. Polym Composite 26(3):316–323
35. Alvarez VA, Terenzi A, Kenny JM, Vazquez A (2004) Melt rheological behavior of starch-based matrix composites reinforced with short sisal fibers. Polym Eng Sci 44(10):1907–1914
36. Alvarez VA, Vázquez A (2004) Thermal degradation of cellulose derivatives/starch blends and sisal fibre biocomposites. Polym Degrad Stabil 84(1):13–21
37. Alvarez VA, Fraga AN, Vazquez A (2004) Effects of the moisture and fiber content on the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymer-sisal fiber biocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 91(6):4007–4016
38. Alvarez VA, Kenny JM, Vázquez A (2004) Creep behavior of biocomposites based on sisal fiber reinforced cellulose derivatives/starch blends. Polym Composite 25(3):280–288
39. Alvarez VA, Ruscekaite RA, Vazquez A (2003) Mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of composites made from a biodegradable matrix and alkaline-treated sisal fibers. J Compos Mater 37(17):1575–1588
40. Alvarez V, Bernal CR, Frontini PM, Vazquez A (2003) The influence of matrix chemical structure on the mode I and II interlaminar fracture toughness of glass-fiber/epoxy composites. Polym Composite 24(1):140–148
41. Fraga AN, Alvarez VA, Vazquez A, De La Osa O (2003) Relationship between dynamic mechanical properties and water absorption of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester glass fiber composites. J Compos Mater 37(17):1553–1574
42. Gwon JG, Cho HJ, Chun SJ, Lee S, Wu Q, Li MC, Lee SY (2016) Mechanical and thermal properties of toluene diisocyanate-modified cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites using semi-crystalline poly (lactic acid) as a base matrix. RSC Adv 6(77):73879–73886
43. Huang S, Zhou L, Li MC, Wu Q, Kojima Y, Zhou D (2016) Preparation and properties of electrospun poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)/cellulose nanocrystal/silver nanoparticle composite fibers. Materials 9(7):523
44. Spence K, Habibi Y, Dufresne A (2011) In: Cellulose fibers: bio-and nano-polymer composites. Springer, Berlin, pp 179–213
45. Khalil HA, Bhat AH, Bakar AA, Tahir PM, Zaidul ISM, Jawaid M (2015) In: Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites. Processing, Performance and Application, Springer, Berlin, pp 475–511
46. Shahabi-Ghahafarrokhi I, Khodaiyan F, Mousavi M, Yousefi H (2015) Preparation and characterization of nanocellulose from beer industrial residues using acid hydrolysis/ultrasound. Fiber Polym 16(3):529–536
47. Akil H, Omar MF, Mazuki AAM, Safiee SZAM, Ishak ZAM, Bakar AA (2011) Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: a review. Mater Design 32(8):4107–4121
48. Singha AS, Thakur VK (2009) Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa fiber/polymer composite. Int J Polym Mater 58(4):217–228
49. Dufresne A, Medeiros ES, Orts WJ (2010) In: Starch: characterization, properties, and applications, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Boca Raton, pp 250–252
50. Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2014) Processing and characterization of natural cellulose fibers/thermoset polymer composites. Carbohyd Polym 109:102–117
51. Sjöström E (1981) Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications. Academic, New York
52. Whistler RL, Richards EL (1970) The Carbohydrates 2:447–469
53. Doherty WO, Mousavioun P, Fellows CM (2011) Value-adding to cellulosic ethanol: lignin polymers. Ind Crop Prod 33(2):259–276
54. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Edit 44(22):3358–3393
55. Li MC, Wu Q, Song K, Lee S, Qing Y, Wu Y (2015) Cellulose nanoparticles: structure–morphology–rheology relationships. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(5):821–832
56. Zhou L, He H, Li MC, Song K, Cheng HN, Wu Q (2016) Morphological influence of cellulose nanoparticles (CNs) from cottonseed hulls on rheological properties of polyvinyl alcohol/CN suspensions. Carbohyd Polym 153:445–454
57. Rosa SM, Rehman N, de Miranda MIG, Nachtigall SM, Bica CI (2012) Chlorine-free extraction of cellulose from rice husk and whisker isolation. Carbohyd Polym 87(2):1131–1138
58. Shafiei-Sabet S, Hamad WY, Hatzikiriakos SG (2012) Rheology of nanocrystalline cellulose aqueous suspensions. Langmuir 28(49):17124–17133
59. Shafiei-Sabet S, Hamad WY, Hatzikiriakos SG (2013) Influence of degree of sulfation on the rheology of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Rheol Acta 52(8–9):741–751
60. Shafiei-Sabet S, Hamad WY, Hatzikiriakos SG (2014) Ionic strength effects on the microstructure and shear rheology of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Cellulose 21(5):3347–3359
61. Thakur VK, Singha AS (2013) Biomass-based Biocomposites, pp 386, Smithers Rapra, ISBN 978147359803
62. Thakur VK (2013) Green composites from natural resources. CRC Press Taylor & Francis, p 419, ISBN, 9781466570696
63. Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (1971) Lignins-occurence, formation, structure and reactions, vol 1. Wiley Interscience, New York
64. Meshitsuka G, Isogai A (1996) Chemical structures of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, In: Chemical modification of lignocellulosic materials. Editor D-NS. Hon. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY
65. Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Raghavan P, Kessler MR (2014) Progress in green polymer composites from lignin for multifunctional applications: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(5):1072–1092
66. Nordström Y, Norberg I, Sjöholm E, Drougge R (2013) A new softening agent for melt spinning of softwood kraft lignin. J Appl Polym Sci 129(3):1274–1279
67. George J, Sreekala MS, Thomas S (2001) A review on interface modification and characterization of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites. Polym Eng Sci 41(9):1471–1485
68. Bogoeva-Gaceva G, Avella M, Malinconico M, Buzarovska A, Grozdanov A, Gentile G, Errico ME (2007) Natural fiber eco-composites. Polym Composite 28(1):98–107
69. Eichhorn SJ, Dufresne A, Aranguren M, Marcovich NE, Capadona JR, Rowan SJ, Weder C, Thielemans W, Roman M, Renneckar S, Gindl W, Veigel S, Keckes J, Yano H, Abe K, Nogi M, Nakagaito AN, Mangalam A, Simonsen J, Benight AS, Bismarck A, Berglund LA, Peijs T (2010) Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 45(1):1–33
70. Erakovic S, Veljovic D, Diouf PN, Stevanovic T, Mitric M, Janackovic D, Matic IZ, Juranic ZD, Miskovic-Stankovic V (2012) The effect of lignin on the structure and characteristics of composite coatings electrodeposited on titanium. Prog Org Coat 75(4):275–283
71. Singha AS, Thakur VK (2009) Synthesis, characterization and study of pine needles reinforced polymer matrix based composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 29(5):700–709
72. Singha AS, Thakur VK (2010) Mechanical, morphological, and thermal characterization of compression-molded polymer biocomposites. Int J Polym Anal Ch 15(2):87–97
73. Pinkert A, Goeke DF, Marsh KN, Pang S (2011) Extracting wood lignin without dissolving or degrading cellulose: investigations on the use of food additive-derived ionic liquids. Green Chem 13(11):3124–3136
74. Bertini F, Canetti M, Cacciamani A, Elegir G, Orlandi M, Zoia L (2012) Effect of ligno-derivatives on thermal properties and degradation behavior of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)-based biocomposites. Polym Degrad Stabil 97(10):1979–1987
75. Uraki Y, Sugiyama Y, Koda K, Kubo S, Kishimoto T, Kadla JF (2012) Thermal mobility of β-O-4-type artificial lignin. Biomacromolecules 13(3):867–872
76. Dufresne A (2010) In: Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 21:219–250
77. Woodcock C, Sarko A (1980) Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides. 11. Molecular and crystal structure of native ramie cellulose. Macromolecules 13(5):1183–1187
78. Marchessault RH, Sundararajan PR (1983) In: The polysaccharides. Aspinall GO (ed). Academic, New York
79. O’Sullivan AC (1997) Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels. Cellulose 4(3):173–207
80. Ashori A, Babaee M, Jonoobi M, Hamzeh Y (2014) Solvent-free acetylation of cellulose nanofibers for improving compatibility and dispersion. Carbohyd Polym 102:369–375
81. Babaee M, Jonoobi M, Hamzeh Y, Ashori A (2015) Biodegradability and mechanical properties of reinforced starch nanocomposites using cellulose nanofibers. Carbohyd Polym 132:1–8
82. Bendahou A, Kaddami H, Dufresne A (2010) Investigation on the effect of cellulosic nanoparticles’ morphology on the properties of natural rubber based nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 46(4):609–620
83. Khan A, Huq T, Khan RA, Riedl B, Lacroix M (2014) Nanocellulose-based composites and bioactive agents for food packaging. Crit Rev Food Sci 54(2):163–174
84. Avérous L (2004) Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. J Macromol Sci C 44(3):231–274
85. Zhao R, Torley P, Halley PJ (2008) Emerging biodegradable materials: starch-and protein-based bio-nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 43(9):3058–3071
86. Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Biocomposites from wheat straw nanofibers: morphology, thermal and mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol 68(2):557–565
87. Lu Y, Weng L, Cao X (2006) Morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of ramie crystallites—reinforced plasticized starch biocomposites. Carbohyd Polym 63(2):198–204
88. Orts WJ, Shey J, Imam SH, Glenn GM, Guttman ME, Revol JF (2005) Application of cellulose microfibrils in polymer nanocomposites. J Polym Environ 13(4):301–306
89. Lu Y, Weng L, Cao X (2005) Biocomposites of plasticized starch reinforced with cellulose crystallites from cottonseed linter. Macromol Biosci 5(11):1101–1107
90. Rodney J, Sahari J, Kamal M, Shah M, Sapuan SM (2015) Thermochemical and mechanical properties of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) fibre reinforced tapioca starch composites. e-Polymers 15(6):401–409
91. Anglès MN, Dufresne A (2000) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposites. 1. Structural analysis. Macromolecules 33(22):8344–8353
92. Anglès MN, Dufresne A (2001) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposite materials. 2. Mechanical behavior. Macromolecules 34(9):2921–2931
93. Dufresne A, Dupeyre D, Vignon MR (2000) Cellulose microfibrils from potato tuber cells: processing and characterization of starch–cellulose microfibril composites. J Appl Polym Sci 76(14):2080–2092
94. Sonkaew P, Sane A, Suppakul P (2012) Antioxidant activities of curcumin and ascorbyl dipalmitate nanoparticles and their activities after incorporation into cellulose-based packaging films. J Agr Food Chem 60(21):5388–5399
95. Dufresne A (2008) In: Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources, pp 401–418
96. Weeton JW, Peters DM, Thomas KL (1987) In: Engineers´ guide to composite materials. American Society for metals, Metals Park, Ohio
97. Kokta BV, Raj RG, Daneault C (1989) Use of wood flour as filler in polypropylene: studies on mechanical properties. Polym Plast Technol 28(3):247–259
98. Bumbudsanpharoke N, Choi J, Park I, Ko S (2015) J Nanomater, pp 1–9
99. Kvien I, Sugiyama J, Votrubec M, Oksman K (2007) Characterization of starch based nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 42(19):8163–8171
100. Dufresne A, Dupeyre D, Paillet M (2003) Lignocellulosic flour-reinforced poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) composites. J Appl Polym Sci 87(8):1302–1315
101. Reinsch VE, Kelley SS (1997) Crystallization of poly (hydroxybutrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) in wood fiber-reinforced composites. J Appl Polym Sci 64(9):1785–1796
102. Luo S, Netravali AN (1999) Mechanical and thermal properties of environment-friendly “green” composites made from pineapple leaf fibers and poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) resin. Polym Composite 20(3):367–378
103. Kalia S, Dufresne A, Cherian BM, Kaith BS, Avérous L, Njuguna J, Nassiopoulos E (2011) Cellulose-based bio-and nanocomposites: a review. Int J Polym Sci
104. Raquez JM, Habibi Y, Murariu M, Dubois P (2013) Polylactide (PLA)-based nanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 38(10):1504–1542
105. Hasani M, Cranston ED, Westman G, Gray DG (2008) Cationic surface functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals. Soft Matter 4(11):2238–2244
106. Peng BL, Dhar N, Liu HL, Tam KC (2011) Chemistry and applications of nanocrystalline cellulose and its derivatives: a nanotechnology perspective. Can J Chem Eng 89(5):1191–1206
107. Morandi G, Heath L, Thielemans W (2009) Cellulose nanocrystals grafted with polystyrene chains through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Langmuir 25(14):8280–8286
108. Bledzki AK, Gassan J (1999) Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci 24(2):221–274
109. Trejo-O’reilly JA, Cavaille JY, Paillet M, Gandini A, Herrera-Franco P, Cauich J (2000) Interfacial properties of regenerated cellulose fiber/polystyrene composite materials. Effect of the coupling agent’s structure on the micromechanical behavior. Polym Composite 21(1):65–71
110. Angellier H, Molina-Boisseau S, Belgacem MN, Dufresne A (2005) Surface chemical modification of waxy maize starch nanocrystals. Langmuir 21(6):2425–2433
111. Lu T, Jiang M, Jiang Z, Hui D, Wang Z, Zhou Z (2013) Effect of surface modification of bamboo cellulose fibers on mechanical properties of cellulose/epoxy composites. Compos Part B-Eng 51:28–34
112. Miao C, Hamad WY (2013) Cellulose reinforced polymer composites and nanocomposites: a critical review. Cellulose 20(5):2221–2262
113. Bledzki AK, Mamun AA, Volk J (2010) Barley husk and coconut shell reinforced polypropylene composites: the effect of fibre physical, chemical and surface properties. Compos Sci Technol 70(5):840–846
114. Hietala M, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2013) Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch and cellulose nanofibers manufactured using twin-screw extrusion. Eur Polym J 49(4):950–956
115. Dufresne A (2000) Dynamic mechanical analysis of the interphase in bacterial polyester/cellulose whiskers natural composites. Compos Interface 7(1):53–67
116. Dong XM, Kimura T, Revol JF, Gray DG (1996) Effects of ionic strength on the isotropic-chiral nematic phase transition of suspensions of cellulose crystallites. Langmuir 12(8):2076–2082
117. Revol JF, Bradford H, Giasson J, Marchessault RH, Gray DG (1992) Helicoidal self-ordering of cellulose microfibrils in aqueous suspension. Int J Biol Macromol 14(3):170–172
118. Fleming K, Gray DG, Matthews S (2001) Cellulose crystallites. Chem-Eur J 7(9):1831–1836
119. Marchessault RH, Morehead FF, Walter NM (1959) Liquid crystal systems from fibrillar polysaccharides. Nature 184:632–633
120. Onsager L (1949) The effects of shape on the interaction of colloidal particles. Ann Ny Acad Sci 51(4):627–659
121. Stroobants A, Lekkerkerker HNW, Odijk T (1986) Effect of electrostatic interaction on the liquid crystal phase transition in solutions of rodlike polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 19(8):2232–2238
122. Speranza A, Sollich P (2002) Simplified Onsager theory for isotropic–nematic phase equilibria of length polydisperse hard rods. J Chem Phys 117(11):5421–5436
123. Dong XM, Gray DG (1997) Effect of counterions on ordered phase formation in suspensions of charged rodlike cellulose crystallites. Langmuir 13(8):2404–2409
124. Bercea M, Navard P (2000) Shear dynamics of aqueous suspensions of cellulose whiskers. Macromolecules 33(16):6011–6016
125. Sugiyama J, Chanzy H, Maret G (1992) Orientation of cellulose microcrystals by strong magnetic fields. Macromolecules 25(16):4232–4234
126. Yoshiharu N, Shigenori K, Masahisa W, Takeshi O (1997) Cellulose microcrystal film of high uniaxial orientation. Macromolecules 30(20):6395–6397
127. Revol JF, Godbout L, Dong XM, Gray DG, Chanzy H, Maret G (1994) Chiral nematic suspensions of cellulose crystallites; phase separation and magnetic field orientation. Liq Cryst 16(1):127–134
128. Kimura F, Kimura T, Tamura M, Hirai A, Ikuno M, Horii F (2005) Magnetic alignment of the chiral nematic phase of a cellulose microfibril suspension. Langmuir 21(5):2034–2037
129. Revol JF, Godbout L, Gray DG (1998) PPR 1331 report
130. Revol JF, Godbout L, Gray DG US5629055, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
131. Hooshmand S, Aitomäki Y, Norberg N, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2015) Dry-Spun single-filament fibers comprising solely cellulose nanofibers from bioresidue. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(23):13022–13028
132. Valadez-Gonzalez A, Cervantes-Uc JM, Olayo RJIP, Herrera-Franco PJ (1999) Effect of fiber surface treatment on the fiber–matrix bond strength of natural fiber reinforced composites. Compos Part B-Eng 30(3):309–320
133. Li MC, Wu Q, Song K, Cheng HN, Suzuki S, Lei T (2016) Chitin nanofibers as reinforcing and antimicrobial agents in carboxymethyl cellulose films: influence of partial deacetylation. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 4(8):4385–4395
134. Angles MN, Salvadó J, Dufresne A (1999) Steam-exploded residual softwood-filled polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 74(8):1962–1977
135. Faria H, Cordeiro N, Belgacem MN, Dufresne A (2006) Dwarf cavendish as a source of natural fibers in poly (propylene)-based composites. Macromol Mater Eng 291(1):16–26
136. Li X, Tabil LG, Panigrahi S (2007) Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review. J Polym Environ 15(1):25–33
137. Juntaro J, Pommet M, Mantalaris A, Shaffer M, Bismarck A (2007) Nanocellulose enhanced interfaces in truly green unidirectional fibre reinforced composites. Compos Interfaces 14:753–762
138. Juntaro J, Pommet M, Kalinka G, Mantalaris A, Shaffer MSP, Bismarck A (2008) Creating hierarchical structures in renewable composites by attaching bacterial cellulose onto sisal fibers. Adv Mater 20:3122–3126
139. Lu J, Askeland P, Drzal LT (2008) Surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications. Polymer 49:1285–1296
140. Çalgeris İ, Çakmakçı E, Ogan A, Kahraman MV, Kayaman-Apohan N (2012) Preparation and drug release properties of lignin–starch biodegradable films. Starch-Stärke 64(5):399–407
141. Spiridon I, Teaca CA, Bodirlau R (2011) Preparation and characterization of adipic acid-modified starch microparticles/plasticized starch composite films reinforced by lignin. J Mater Sci 46(10):3241–3251
142. Sothornvit R, Olsen CW, McHugh TH, Krochta JM (2007) Tensile properties of compression-molded whey protein sheets: determination of molding condition and glycerol-content effects and comparison with solution-cast films. J Food Eng 78(3):855–860
143. Thunwall M, Kuthanova V, Boldizar A, Rigdahl M (2008) Film blowing of thermoplastic starch. Carbohyd Polym 71(4):583–590
144. Thunwall M, Boldizar A, Rigdahl M (2006) Compression molding and tensile properties of thermoplastic potato starch materials. Biomacromolecules 7(3):981–986
145. Flores SK, Costa D, Yamashita F, Gerschenson LN, Grossmann MV (2010) Mixture design for evaluation of potassium sorbate and xanthan gum effect on properties of tapioca starch films obtained by extrusion. Mater Sci Eng, C 30(1):196–202
146. Pelissari FM, Yamashita F, Garcia MA, Martino MN, Zaritzky NE, Grossmann MVE (2012) Constrained mixture design applied to the development of cassava starch–chitosan blown films. J Food Eng 108(2):262–267
147. Šimkovic I (2013) Unexplored possibilities of all-polysaccharide composites. Carbohyd Polym 95(2):697–715
148. Mondragón M, Arroyo K, Romero-Garcia J (2008) Biocomposites of thermoplastic starch with surfactant. Carbohyd Polym 74(2):201–208
149. Chakraborty A, Sain M, Kortschot M, Cutler S (2007) Dispersion of wood microfibers in a matrix of thermoplastic starch and starch–polylactic acid blend. J Biobased Mater Bio 1(1):71–77
150. Takagi H, Asano A (2008) Effects of processing conditions on flexural properties of cellulose nanofiber reinforced “green” composites. Compos Part A-Appl S 39(4):685–689
151. Grande CJ, Torres FG, Gomez CM, Troncoso OP, Canet-Ferrer J, Martinez-Pastor J (2008) Morphological characterisation of bacterial cellulose-starch nanocomposites. Polym Polym Compos 16(3):181–186
152. Yano H, Nakahara S (2004) Bio-composites produced from plant microfiber bundles with a nanometer unit web-like network. J Mater Sci 39(5):1635–1638
153. Psomiadou E, Arvanitoyannis I, Yamamoto N (1996) Edible films made from natural resources; microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), methylcellulose (MC) and corn starch and polyols-Part 2. Carbohyd Polym 31(4):193–204
154. Suvorova AI, Tyukova IS, Trufanova EI (2000) Biodegradable starch-based polymeric materials. Russ Chem Rev 69(5):451
155. Rodríguez‐Castellanos W, Flores‐Ruiz FJ, Martínez‐Bustos F, Chiñas‐Castillo F, Espinoza‐Beltrán FJ (2015) Nanomechanical properties and thermal stability of recycled cellulose reinforced starch-gelatin polymer composite. J Appl Polym Sci 132(14)