Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 49, Issue , 2016, Pages 92-105

  Gibson, Lauren E ^a   Alloy, Lauren B ^a   Ellman, Lauren M ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adversity; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Trauma

Indexed keywords

AMBIGUITY; BULLYING; COGNITION; EPIGENETICS; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MENTAL STRESS; MOOD DISORDER; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NEUROBIOLOGY; PERSONALITY; POSITIVE SYNDROME; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOTRAUMA; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; WAR EXPOSURE; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

HUMANS; PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84986550439     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Aakre, J.M., Brown, C.H., Benson, K.M., Drapalski, A.L., Gearon, J.S., Trauma exposure and PTSD in women with schizophrenia and coexisting substance use disorders: Comparisons to women with severe depression and substance use disorders. Psychiatry Research 220:3 (2014), 840–845.
2. Aas, M., Djurovic, S., Athanasiu, L., Steen, N.E., Agartz, I., Lorentzen, S., Melle, I., Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, childhood trauma, and cognition in patients with psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38:1 (2012), 15–22.
3. Addington, J., Tran, L., Using the brief core schema scales with individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 37:02 (2009), 227–231.
4. Addington, J., Stowkowy, J., Cadenhead, K.S., Cornblatt, B.A., McGlashan, T.H., Perkins, D.O., Cannon, T.D., Early traumatic experiences in those at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 7:3 (2013), 300–305.
5. Afifi, T.O., Mather, A., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., Enns, M.W., MacMillan, H., Sareen, J., Childhood adversity and personality disorders: Results from a nationally representative population-based study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45:6 (2011), 814–822.
6. Aiello, G., Horowitz, M., Hepgul, N., Pariante, C.M., Mondelli, V., Stress abnormalities in individuals at risk for psychosis: A review of studies in subjects with familial risk or with “at risk” mental state. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:10 (2012), 1600–1613.
7. Alemany, S., Arias, B., Aguilera, M., Villa, H., Moya, J., Ibáñez, M.I., Fañanás, L., Childhood abuse, the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism and adult psychotic-like experiences. The British Journal of Psychiatry 199:1 (2011), 38–42.
8. Alemany, S., Goldberg, X., van Winkel, R., Gastó, C., Peralta, V., Fañanás, L., Childhood adversity and psychosis: Examining whether the association is due to genetic confounding using a monozygotic twin differences approach. European Psychiatry 28:4 (2013), 207–212.
9. Alvarez, M.J., Roura, P., Osés, A., Foguet, Q., Sola, J., Arrufat, F.X., Prevalence and clinical impact of childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199:3 (2011), 156–161.
10. American Psychiatric Association (APA), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed., 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Arlington, VA.
11. Anglin, D.M., Polanco-Roman, L., Lui, F., Ethnic variation in whether dissociation mediates the relation between traumatic life events and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 16:1 (2014), 68–85.
12. Anketell, C., Dorahy, M.J., Shannon, M., Elder, R., Hamilton, G., Corry, M., O'Rawe, B., An exploratory analysis of voice hearing in chronic PTSD: Potential associated mechanisms. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 11:1 (2010), 93–107.
13. Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Fisher, H.L., Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: A genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 168:1 (2011), 65–72.
14. Babb, J.A., Masini, C.V., Day, H.E.W., Campeau, S., Sex differences in activated corticotropin-releasing factor neurons within stress-related neurocircuitry and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis hormones following restraint in rats. Neuroscience 234 (2013), 40–52.
15. Barnow, S., Arens, E.A., Sieswerda, S., Dinu-Biringer, R., Spitzer, C., Lang, S., Borderline personality disorder and psychosis: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports 12:3 (2010), 186–195.
16. Bearden, C.E., Rosso, I.M., Hollister, J.M., Sanchez, L.E., Hadley, T., Cannon, T.D., A prospective cohort study of childhood behavioral deviance and language abnormalities as predictors of adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 26:2 (2000), 395–410.
17. Bebbington, P.E., Bhugra, D., Brugha, T., Singleton, N., Farrell, M., Jenkins, R., Meltzer, H., Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage evidence from the second British National Survey of psychiatric morbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry 185:3 (2004), 220–226.
18. Bebbington, P., Jonas, S., Kuipers, E., King, M., Cooper, C., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: Data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England. The British Journal of Psychiatry 199:1 (2011), 29–37.
19. Bechdolf, A., Thompson, A., Nelson, B., Cotton, S., Simmons, M.B., Amminger, G.P., Yung, A.R., Experience of trauma and conversion to psychosis in an ultra-high-risk (prodromal) group. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 121:5 (2010), 377–384.
20. Bendall, S., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Nelson, B., McGorry, P., Childhood trauma and psychosis: New perspectives on aetiology and treatment. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 7:1 (2013), 1–4.
21. Bendall, S., Hulbert, C.A., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Allott, K., McGorry, P.D., Jackson, H.J., Testing a model of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and psychosis in a first-episode psychosis group: The role of hallucinations and delusions, posttraumatic intrusions, and selective attention. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201:11 (2013), 941–947.
22. Bendall, S., Jackson, H.J., Hulbert, C.A., McGorry, P.D., Childhood trauma and psychotic disorders: A systematic, critical review of the evidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34:3 (2008), 568–579.
23. Bentall, R.P., Fernyhough, C., Social predictors of psychotic experiences: Specificity and psychological mechanisms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34:6 (2008), 1012–1020.
24. Bentall, R.P., de Sousa, P., Varese, F., Wickham, S., Sitko, K., Haarmans, M., Read, J., From adversity to psychosis: Pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49:7 (2014), 1011–1022.
25. Bentall, R.P., Wickham, S., Shevlin, M., Varese, F., Do specific early-life adversities lead to specific symptoms of psychosis? A study from the 2007 the adult psychiatric morbidity survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38:4 (2012), 734–740.
26. Bernstein, D.P., Fink, L., Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report: Manual. 1998, Psychological Corporation.
27. Besnier, N., Kaladjian, A., Mazzola-Pomietto, P., Adida, M., Fakra, E., Jeanningros, R., Azorin, J.M., Differential responses to emotional interference in paranoid schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Psychopathology 44:1 (2010), 1–11.
28. Binder, E.B., Bradley, R.G., Liu, W., Epstein, M.P., Deveau, T.C., Mercer, K.B., Ressler, K.J., Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA 299:11 (2008), 1291–1305.
29. Birchwood, M., Trower, P., The future of cognitive–behavioural therapy for psychosis: Not a quasi-neuroleptic. The British Journal of Psychiatry 188:2 (2006), 107–108.
30. Bonoldi, I., Simeone, E., Rocchetti, M., Codjoe, L., Rossi, G., Gambi, F., Fusar-Poli, P., Prevalence of self-reported childhood abuse in psychosis: A meta-analysis of retrospective studies. Psychiatry Research 210:1 (2013), 8–15.
31. Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., Boulenger, J.P., Gely-Nargeot, M.C., Raffard, S., Early maladaptive schemas predict positive symptomatology in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research 209:3 (2013), 361–366.
32. Bradley, R.G., Binder, E.B., Epstein, M.P., Tang, Y., Nair, H.P., Liu, W., Ressler, K.J., Influence of child abuse on adult depression: Moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Archives of General Psychiatry 65:2 (2008), 190–200.
33. Braehler, C., Valiquette, L., Holowka, D., Malla, A.K., Joober, R., Ciampi, A., King, S., Childhood trauma and dissociation in first-episode psychosis, chronic schizophrenia and community controls. Psychiatry Research 210:1 (2013), 36–42.
34. Bryer, J.B., Nelson, B.A., Miller, J.B., Krol, P.A., Childhood sexual and physical abuse as factors in psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 144:11 (1987), 1430–1436.
35. Buckley, P.F., Miller, B.J., Lehrer, D.S., Castle, D.J., Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35:2 (2009), 383–402.
36. Calvete, E., Orue, I., Hankin, B.L., Transactional relationships among cognitive vulnerabilities, stressors, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 41:3 (2013), 399–410.
37. Caparos, S., Blanchette, I., Emotional Stroop interference in trauma-exposed individuals: A contrast between two accounts. Consciousness and Cognition 28 (2014), 104–112.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prevalence of individual adverse childhood experiences., 2014, May 13 (Retrieved from) http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/prevalence.html.
39. Chen, J., Lipska, B.K., Halim, N., Ma, Q.D., Matsumoto, M., Melhem, S., Egan, M.F., Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. The American Journal of Human Genetics 75:5 (2004), 807–821.
40. Cisler, J.M., Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B., Adams, T.G., Babson, K.A., Badour, C.L., Willems, J.L., The emotional Stroop task and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 31:5 (2011), 817–828.
41. Collip, D., Myin-Germeys, I., Wichers, M., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., van Winkel, R., FKBP5 as a possible moderator of the psychosis-inducing effects of childhood trauma. The British Journal of Psychiatry 202:4 (2013), 261–268.
42. Collip, D., Wigman, J.T., Myin-Germeys, I., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., van Os, J., From epidemiology to daily life: Linking daily life stress reactivity to persistence of psychotic experiences in a longitudinal general population study. PloS One, 8(4), 2013, e62688.
43. Cooper, F., Morgan, C., Morgan, K., Dazzan, P., Doody, G., Hutchinson, G., Fearon, P., Locus of control and psychotic-like symptoms in the Aesop study. Schizophrenia Research, 102(1), 2008, 135.
44. Cutajar, M.C., Mullen, P.E., Ogloff, J.R., Thomas, S.D., Wells, D.L., Spataro, J., Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in a cohort of sexually abused children. Archives of General Psychiatry 67:11 (2010), 1114–1119.
45. Cutajar, M.C., Mullen, P.E., Ogloff, J.R., Thomas, S.D., Wells, D.L., Spataro, J., Psychopathology in a large cohort of sexually abused children followed up to 43 years. Child Abuse & Neglect 34:11 (2010), 813–822.
46. Daalman, K., Diederen, K.M.J., Derks, E.M., van Lutterveld, R., Kahn, R.S., Sommer, I.E., Childhood trauma and auditory verbal hallucinations. Psychological Medicine 42:12 (2012), 2475–2484.
47. Debbané, M., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Schizotypy from a developmental perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41:2 (2015), S386–S395.
48. Dennison, U., McKernan, D., Cryan, J., Dinan, T., Schizophrenia patients with a history of childhood trauma have a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Psychological Medicine 42:09 (2012), 1865–1871.
49. Devylder, J.E., Ben-David, S., Schobel, S.A., Kimhy, D., Malaspina, D., Corcoran, C.M., Temporal association of stress sensitivity and symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychological Medicine 43:02 (2013), 259–268.
50. Dominguez, M.D., Saka, M.C., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., van Os, J., Early expression of negative/disorganized symptoms predicting psychotic experiences and subsequent clinical psychosis: A 10-year study. American Journal of Psychiatry 167:9 (2010), 1075–1082.
51. Duhig, M., Patterson, S., Connell, M., Foley, S., Capra, C., Dark, F., Scott, J., The prevalence and correlates of childhood trauma in patients with early psychosis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2015, 10.1177/0004867415575379.
52. Dvir, Y., Denietolis, B., Frazier, J.A., Childhood trauma and psychosis. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 22:4 (2013), 629–641.
53. Elklit, A., Shevlin, M., Female sexual victimization predicts psychosis: A case–control study based on the Danish Registry System. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37:6 (2010), 1305–1310.
54. Ellman, L.M., Yolken, R.H., Buka, S.L., Torrey, E.F., Cannon, T.D., Cognitive functioning prior to the onset of psychosis: The role of fetal exposure to serologically determined influenza infection. Biological Psychiatry 65:12 (2009), 1040–1047.
55. Fisher, H.L., McGuffin, P., Boydell, J., Fearon, P., Craig, T.K., Dazzan, P., Morgan, C., Interplay between childhood physical abuse and familial risk in the onset of psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40:6 (2014), 1443–1451.
56. Fisher, J.E., Miller, G.A., Sass, S.M., Silton, R.L., Edgar, J.C., Stewart, J.L., Heller, W., Neural correlates of suspiciousness and interactions with anxiety during emotional and neutral word processing. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014), 1–14.
57. Fisher, H.L., Appiah-Kusi, E., Grant, C., Anxiety and negative self-schemas mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and paranoia. Psychiatry Research 196:2 (2012), 323–324.
58. Fisher, H.L., Craig, T.K., Fearon, P., Morgan, K., Dazzan, P., Lappin, J., Morgan, C., Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients’ retrospective reports of childhood abuse. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37:3 (2011), 546–553.
59. Fisher, H.L., Jones, P.B., Fearon, P., Craig, T.K., Dazzan, P., Morgan, K., Morgan, C., The varying impact of type, timing and frequency of exposure to childhood adversity on its association with adult psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine 40:12 (2010), 1967–1978.
60. Fisher, H., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Craig, T.K., Morgan, K., Hutchinson, G., Fearon, P., Gender differences in the association between childhood abuse and psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 194:4 (2009), 319–325.
61. Fisher, H.L., Schreier, A., Zammit, S., Maughan, B., Munafò, M.R., Lewis, G., Wolke, D., Pathways between childhood victimization and psychosis-like symptoms in the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39:5 (2013), 1045–1055.
62. Fowler, D., Hodgekins, J., Garety, P., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P.E., Negative cognition, depressed mood, and paranoia: A longitudinal pathway analysis using structural equation modeling. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38:5 (2011), 1063–1073.
63. Freeman, D., Fowler, D., Routes to psychotic symptoms: Trauma, anxiety and psychosis-like experiences. Psychiatry Research 169:2 (2009), 107–112.
64. Frenkel, E., Kugelmass, S., Nathan, M., Ingraham, L.J., Locus of control and mental health in adolescence and adulthood. Schizophrenia Bulletin 21:2 (1995), 219–226.
65. Friedman, S., Smith, L., Fogel, D., Paradis, C., Viswanathan, R., Ackerman, R., Trappler, B., The incidence and influence of early traumatic life events in patients with panic disorder: A comparison with other psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 16:3 (2002), 259–272.
66. Fusar-Poli, P., Yung, A.R., McGorry, P., Van Os, J., Lessons learned from the psychosis high-risk state: Towards a general staging model of prodromal intervention. Psychological Medicine 44:01 (2014), 17–24.
67. Galletly, C., Van Hooff, M., McFarlane, A., Psychotic symptoms in young adults exposed to childhood trauma—A 20 year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research 127:1 (2011), 76–82.
68. Garety, P.A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P.E., A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 31:02 (2001), 189–195.
69. Gayer-Anderson, C., Fisher, H.L., Fearon, P., Hutchinson, G., Morgan, K., Dazzan, P., Morgan, C., Gender differences in the association between childhood physical and sexual abuse, social support and psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2015, 10.1007/s00127-015-1058-6.
70. Gearon, J.S., Kaltman, S.I., Brown, C., Bellack, A.S., Traumatic life events and PTSD among women with substance use disorders and schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 54 (2003), 523–528.
71. Gibson, L.E., Anglin, D.M., Klugman, J.T., Reeves, L.E., Fineberg, A.M., Maxwell, S.D., Ellman, L.M., Stress sensitivity mediates the relationship between traumatic life events and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms differentially by gender in a college population sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research 53 (2014), 111–118.
72. Glaser, J.P., Van Os, J., Portegijs, P.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Childhood trauma and emotional reactivity to daily life stress in adult frequent attenders of general practitioners. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61:2 (2006), 229–236.
73. Goel, N., Workman, J.L., Lee, T.T., Innala, L., Viau, V., Sex differences in the HPA axis. Comprehensive Physiology 4 (2014), 1121–1155.
74. Gracie, A., Freeman, D., Green, S., Garety, P.A., Kuipers, E., Hardy, A., Fowler, D., The association between traumatic experience, paranoia and hallucinations: A test of the predictions of psychological models. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116:4 (2007), 280–289.
75. Gray, M.J., Litz, B.T., Hsu, J.L., Lombardo, T.W., Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment 11:4 (2004), 330–341.
76. Green, J.G., McLaughlin, K.A., Berglund, P.A., Gruber, M.J., Sampson, N.A., Zaslavsky, A.M., Kessler, R.C., Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 67:2 (2010), 113–123.
77. Hardt, J., Rutter, M., Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45:2 (2004), 260–273.
78. Harley, M., Kelleher, I., Clarke, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Connor, D., Cannon, M., Cannabis use and childhood trauma interact additively to increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in adolescence. Psychological Medicine 40:10 (2010), 1627–1634.
79. Hassan, A.N., De Luca, V., The effect of lifetime adversities on resistance to antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research 161:2–3 (2015), 496–500.
80. Heim, C., Binder, E.B., Current research trends in early life stress and depression: Review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene–environment interactions, and epigenetics. Experimental Neurology 233:1 (2012), 102–111.
81. Heins, M., Simons, C., Lataster, T., Pfeifer, S., Versmissen, D., Lardinois, M., Myin-Germeys, I., Childhood trauma and psychosis: A case–control and case-sibling comparison across different levels of genetic liability, psychopathology, and type of trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 168:12 (2011), 1286–1294.
82. Holtzman, C.W., Trotman, H.D., Goulding, S.M., Ryan, A.T., Macdonald, A.N., Shapiro, D.I., Walker, E.F., Stress and neurodevelopmental processes in the emergence of psychosis. Neuroscience 249 (2013), 172–191.
83. Houston, J.E., Murphy, J., Adamson, G., Stringer, M., Shevlin, M., Childhood sexual abuse, early cannabis use, and psychosis: Testing an interaction model based on the National Comorbidity Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34:3 (2008), 580–585.
84. Hovens, J.G.F.M., Giltay, E.J., Wiersma, J.E., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Zitman, F.G., Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 126:3 (2012), 198–207.
85. Howes, O.D., Murray, R.M., Schizophrenia: An integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model. The Lancet 383:9929 (2014), 1677–1687.
86. Hutcheson, C., Fleming, M.P., Martin, C.R., An examination and appreciation of the dimensions of locus of control in psychosis: Issues and relationships between constructs and measurement. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 21:10 (2014), 906–916.
87. Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., Graaf, R.D., Os, J.V., Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109:1 (2004), 38–45.
88. Kapur, S., Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: A framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:1 (2003), 13–23.
89. Kaymaz, N., Drukker, M., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., Werbeloff, N., Weiser, M., van Os, J., Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? A systematic review and meta-analysis, enriched with new results. Psychological Medicine 42:11 (2012), 2239–2253.
90. Kelleher, I., Harley, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Fitzpatrick, C., Cannon, M., Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry 193:5 (2008), 378–382.
91. Kelleher, I., Keeley, H., Corcoran, P., Ramsay, H., Wasserman, C., Carli, V., Cannon, M., Childhood trauma and psychosis in a prospective cohort study: Cause, effect, and directionality. American Journal of Psychiatry 170:7 (2013), 730–741.
92. Kessler, R.C., Davis, C.G., Kendler, K.S., Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine 27:05 (1997), 1101–1119.
93. Kinderman, P., Prince, S., Waller, G., Peters, E., Self-discrepancies, attentional bias and persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 42:1 (2003), 1–12.
94. Konings, M., Stefanis, N., Kuepper, R., De Graaf, R., Have, M.T., Van Os, J., Henquet, C., Replication in two independent population-based samples that childhood maltreatment and cannabis use synergistically impact on psychosis risk. Psychological Medicine 42:01 (2012), 149–159.
95. Kraan, T., Velthorst, E., Smit, F., de Haan, L., van der Gaag, M., Trauma and recent life events in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: Review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 160 (2015), 143–149.
96. Kramer, I., Simons, C.J., Wigman, J.T., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Wichers, M., Time-lagged moment-to-moment interplay between negative affect and paranoia: New insights in the affective pathway to psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40:2 (2014), 278–286.
97. Lardinois, M., Lataster, T., Mengelers, R., Van Os, J., Myin-Germeys, I., Childhood trauma and increased stress sensitivity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123:1 (2011), 28–35.
98. Larsson, S., Andreassen, O.A., Aas, M., Røssberg, J.I., Mork, E., Steen, N.E., Lorentzen, S., High prevalence of childhood trauma in patients with schizophrenia spectrum and affective disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 54:2 (2013), 123–127.
99. Lataster, J., Myin-Germeys, I., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., Van Os, J., Adversity and psychosis: A 10-year prospective study investigating synergism between early and recent adversity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 125:5 (2012), 388–399.
100. Lataster, T., Wichers, M., Jacobs, N., Mengelers, R., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Myin-Germeys, I., Does reactivity to stress cosegregate with subclinical psychosis? A general population twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 119:1 (2009), 45–53.
101. Levine, E., Jonas, H., Serper, M.R., Interpersonal attributional biases in hallucinatory-prone individuals. Schizophrenia Research 69:1 (2004), 23–28.
102. Linscott, R.J., Van Os, J., Systematic reviews of categorical versus continuum models in psychosis: Evidence for discontinuous subpopulations underlying a psychometric continuum. Implications for DSM-V, DSM-VI, and DSM-VII. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 6 (2010), 391–419.
103. Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Bernstein, D.P., Disentangling the relationship between different types of childhood maltreatment and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders 24:3 (2010), 285–295.
104. Mackie, C.J., Castellanos-Ryan, N., Conrod, P.J., Developmental trajectories of psychotic-like experiences across adolescence: Impact of victimization and substance use. Psychological Medicine 41:01 (2011), 47–58.
105. Marks, E.M., Steel, C., Peters, E.R., Intrusions in trauma and psychosis: Information processing and phenomenology. Psychological Medicine 42:11 (2012), 2313–2323.
106. Matheson, S.L., Shepherd, A.M., Pinchbeck, R.M., Laurens, K.R., Carr, V.J., Childhood adversity in schizophrenia: A systematic meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 43:02 (2012), 225–238.
107. McCarthy-Jones, S., Green, M.J., Scott, R.J., Tooney, P.A., Cairns, M.J., Wu, J.Q., Carr, V., Preliminary evidence of an interaction between the FOXP2 gene and childhood emotional abuse predicting likelihood of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 50 (2014), 66–72.
108. McGowan, P.O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A.C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Meaney, M.J., Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience 12:3 (2009), 342–348.
109. McLaughlin, K.A., Green, J.G., Gruber, M.J., Sampson, N.A., Zaslavsky, A.M., Kessler, R.C., Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: Associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 67:2 (2010), 124–132.
110. Mondelli, V., Cattaneo, A., Di Forti, M., Handley, R., Hepgul, N., Miorelli, A., Pariante, C.M., Stress and inflammation reduce brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in first-episode psychosis: A pathway to smaller hippocampal volume. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72:12 (2011), 1677–1684.
111. Moskowitz, A., Corstens, D., Auditory hallucinations: Psychotic symptom or dissociative experience?. Journal of Psychological Trauma 6:2–3 (2008), 35–63.
112. Myin-Germeys, I., Krabbendam, L., Delespaul, P.A.E.G., Van Os, J., Sex differences in emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 (2004), 805–809.
113. Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., Schwartz, J.E., Stone, A.A., Delespaul, P.A., Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 58:12 (2001), 1137–1144.
114. Neria, Y., Bromet, E.J., Sievers, S., Lavelle, J., Fochtmann, L.J., Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in psychosis: Findings from a first-admission cohort. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 2002, 246.
115. Nieman, D.H., Ruhrmann, S., Dragt, S., Soen, F., van Tricht, M.J., Koelman, J.H., de Haan, L., Psychosis prediction: Stratification of risk estimation with information-processing and premorbid functioning variables. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40:6 (2014), 1482–1490.
116. Niendam, T.A., Bearden, C.E., Rosso, I.M., Sanchez, L.E., Hadley, T., Nuechterlein, K.H., Cannon, T.D., A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:11 (2003), 2060–2062.
117. Ogawa, J.R., Sroufe, L., Weinfield, N.S., Carlson, E.A., Egeland, B., Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology 9:04 (1997), 855–879.
118. O'Hare, T., Shen, C., Sherrer, M., Differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms in clients with schizophrenia spectrum and major mood disorders. Psychiatry Research 205:1 (2013), 85–89.
119. Pec, O., Bob, P., Raboch, J., Dissociation in schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 10 (2014), 487–491.
120. Peerbooms, O., Rutten, B.P.F., Collip, D., Lardinois, M., Lataster, T., Thewissen, V., van Winkel, R., Evidence that interactive effects of COMT and MTHFR moderate psychotic response to environmental stress. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 125:3 (2012), 247–256.
121. Perona-Garcelán, S., Carrascoso-López, F., García-Montes, J.M., Ductor-Recuerda, M.J., López Jiménez, A.M., Vallina-Fernández, O., Gómez-Gómez, M.T., Dissociative experiences as mediators between childhood trauma and auditory hallucinations. Journal of Traumatic Stress 25:3 (2012), 323–329.
122. Pruessner, J.C., Champagne, F., Meaney, M.J., Dagher, A., Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care: A positron emission tomography study using [11C] raclopride. The Journal of Neuroscience 24:11 (2004), 2825–2831.
123. Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S.T., D'Souza, D.C., Gone to pot – A review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 2014, 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054.
124. Raune, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Stressful and intrusive life events preceding first episode psychosis. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 18:03 (2009), 221–228.
125. Read, J., Agar, K., Argyle, N., Aderhold, V., Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 76:1 (2003), 1–22.
126. Read, J., van Os, J.V., Morrison, A.P., Ross, C.A., Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: A literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112:5 (2005), 330–350.
127. Roiser, J.P., Howes, O.D., Chaddock, C.A., Joyce, E.M., McGuire, P., Neural and behavioral correlates of aberrant salience in individuals at risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39:6 (2013), 1328–1336.
128. Rubino, I.A., Nanni, R.C., Pozzi, D.M., Siracusano, A., Early adverse experiences in schizophrenia and unipolar depression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197:1 (2009), 65–68.
129. Ruby, E., Polito, S., McMahon, K., Gorovitz, M., Corcoran, C., Malaspina, D., Pathways associating childhood trauma to the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychological and Behavioral Science 3:1 (2014), 1–17.
130. Santiago, P.N., Ursano, R.J., Gray, C.L., Pynoos, R.S., Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Fullerton, C.S., A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PloS One, 8(4), 2013, e59236.
131. Schäfer, I., Fisher, H.L., Aderhold, V., Huber, B., Hoffmann-Langer, L., Golks, D., Harfst, T., Dissociative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: Relationships with childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry 53:4 (2012), 364–371.
132. Schenkel, L.S., Spaulding, W.D., DiLillo, D., Silverstein, S.M., Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia Research 76:2 (2005), 273–286.
133. Schreier, A., Wolke, D., Thomas, K., Horwood, J., Hollis, C., Gunnell, D., Harrison, G., Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 66:5 (2009), 527–536.
134. Schroeder, K., Fisher, H.L., Schäfer, I., Psychotic symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: Prevalence and clinical management. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 26:1 (2013), 113–119.
135. Schürhoff, F., Laguerre, A., Fisher, H., Etain, B., Méary, A., Soussy, C., Leboyer, M., Self-reported childhood trauma correlates with schizotypal measures in schizophrenia but not bipolar pedigrees. Psychological Medicine 39:03 (2009), 365–370.
136. Scott, K.M., McLaughlin, K.A., Smith, D.A., Ellis, P.M., Childhood maltreatment and DSM-IV adult mental disorders: Comparison of prospective and retrospective findings. The British Journal of Psychiatry 200:6 (2012), 469–475.
137. Shea, A., Walsh, C., MacMillan, H., Steiner, M., Child maltreatment and HPA axis dysregulation: Relationship to major depressive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder in females. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30:2 (2005), 162–178.
138. Sherrer, M.V., The role of cognitive appraisal in adaptation to traumatic stress in adults with serious mental illness: A critical review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse 12:3 (2011), 151–167.
139. Shevlin, M., Dorahy, M.J., Adamson, G., Trauma and psychosis: An analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. The American Journal of Psychiatry 164:1 (2007), 166–169.
140. Shevlin, M., Houston, J.E., Dorahy, M.J., Adamson, G., Cumulative traumas and psychosis: An analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34:1 (2008), 193–199.
141. Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., Read, J., Testing complex hypotheses using secondary data analysis: Is the association between sexual abuse and psychosis moderated by gender in a large prison sample?. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 5(2), 2015.
142. Sideli, L., Mule, A., La Barbera, D., Murray, R.M., Do child abuse and maltreatment increase risk of schizophrenia?. Psychiatry Investigation 9:2 (2012), 87–99.
143. Simons, C.J.P., Wichers, M., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Myin-Germeys, I., Krabbendam, L., Van Os, J., Subtle gene–environment interactions driving paranoia in daily life. Genes, Brain and Behavior 8:1 (2009), 5–12.
144. Soosay, I., Silove, D., Bateman-Steel, C., Steel, Z., Bebbington, P., Jones, P.B., Marnane, C., Trauma exposure, PTSD and psychotic-like symptoms in post-conflict Timor Leste: An epidemiological survey. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 2012, 229.
145. Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., Van Os, J., Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: Relationship with psychosis proneness. The British Journal of Psychiatry 188:6 (2006), 527–533.
146. Spence, W., Mulholland, C., Lynch, G., McHugh, S., Dempster, M., Shannon, C., Rates of childhood trauma in a sample of patients with schizophrenia as compared with a sample of patients with non-psychotic psychiatric diagnoses. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 7:3 (2006), 7–22.
147. Stain, H.J., Brønnick, K., Hegelstad, W.T., Joa, I., Johannessen, J.O., Langeveld, J., Larsen, T.K., Impact of interpersonal trauma on the social functioning of adults with first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40:6 (2014), 1491–1498.
148. Stefanis, N.C., Henquet, C., Avramopoulos, D., Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I., Myin-Germeys, I., Van Os, J., COMT Val158Met moderation of stress-induced psychosis. Psychological Medicine 37:11 (2007), 1651–1656.
149. Stein, D.J., Koenen, K.C., Friedman, M.J., Hill, E., McLaughlin, K.A., Petukhova, M., Kessler, R.C., Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the world mental health surveys. Biological Psychiatry 73:4 (2013), 302–312.
150. Susser, E., Widom, C.S., Still searching for lost truths about the bitter sorrows of childhood. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38:4 (2012), 672–675.
151. Thompson, J.L., Kelly, M., Kimhy, D., Harkavy-Friedman, J.M., Khan, S., Messinger, J.W., Corcoran, C., Childhood trauma and prodromal symptoms among individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 108:1 (2009), 176–181.
152. Thompson, A., Nelson, B., McNab, C., Simmons, M., Leicester, S., McGorry, P.D., Yung, A.R., Psychotic symptoms with sexual content in the “ultra high risk” for psychosis population: Frequency and association with sexual trauma. Psychiatry Research 177:1 (2010), 84–91.
153. Thompson, A.D., Nelson, B., Yuen, H.P., Lin, A., Amminger, G.P., McGorry, P.D., Yung, A.R., Sexual trauma increases the risk of developing psychosis in an ultra high-risk “prodromal” population. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40:3 (2014), 697–706.
154. Thompson, A., Papas, A., Bartholomeusz, C., Nelson, B., Yung, A., Externalized attributional bias in the ultra high risk (UHR) for psychosis population. Psychiatry Research 206:2 (2013), 200–205.
155. Thompson, A., Sullivan, S., Lewis, G., Zammit, S., Heron, J., Horwood, J., Harrison, G., Association between locus of control in childhood and psychotic symptoms in early adolescence: Results from a large birth cohort. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 16:5 (2011), 385–402.
156. Trauelsen, A.M., Bendall, S., Jansen, J.E., Nielsen, H.G.L., Pedersen, M.B., Trier, C.H., Simonsen, E., Childhood adversity specificity and dose–response effect in non-affective first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 165:1 (2015), 52–59.
157. Trotman, H.D., Holtzman, C.W., Walker, E.F., Addington, J.M., Bearden, C.E., Cadenhead, K.S., McGlashan, T.H., Stress exposure and sensitivity in the clinical high-risk syndrome: Initial findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS). Schizophrenia Research 160:1 (2014), 104–109.
158. Tschoeke, S., Steinert, T., Flammer, E., Uhlmann, C., Similarities and differences in borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia with voice hearing. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 202:7 (2014), 544–549.
159. van Dam, D.S., Korver-Nieberg, N., Velthorst, E., Meijer, C.J., de Haan, L., Childhood maltreatment, adult attachment and psychotic symptomatology: A study in patients, siblings and controls. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49:11 (2014), 1759–1767.
160. van Dam, D.S., Van Der Ven, E., Velthorst, E., Selten, J.P., Morgan, C., De Haan, L., Childhood bullying and the association with psychosis in non-clinical and clinical samples: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 42:12 (2012), 2463–2474.
161. van Dam, D.S., van Nierop, M., Viechtbauer, W., Velthorst, E., van Winkel, R., Bruggeman, R., Wiersma, D., Childhood abuse and neglect in relation to the presence and persistence of psychotic and depressive symptomatology. Psychological Medicine 45:7 (2014), 1363–1377.
162. van Nierop, M., Lataster, T., Smeets, F., Gunther, N., van Zelst, C., de Graaf, R., van Winkel, R., Psychopathological mechanisms linking childhood traumatic experiences to risk of psychotic symptoms: Analysis of a large, representative population-based sample. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40:Suppl. 2 (2014), S123–S130.
163. van Nierop, M., Viechtbauer, W., Gunther, N., van Zelst, C., de Graaf, R., Ten Have, M., van Winkel, R., Childhood trauma is associated with a specific admixture of affective, anxiety, and psychosis symptoms cutting across traditional diagnostic boundaries. Psychological Medicine 45:6 (2014), 1277–1288.
164. van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Introduction: The extended psychosis phenotype—Relationship with schizophrenia and with ultrahigh risk status for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38:2 (2012), 227–230.
165. van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., Krabbendam, L., A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine 39:02 (2009), 179–195.
166. van Winkel, R., van Nierop, M., Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., Childhood trauma as a cause of psychosis: Linking genes, psychology, and biology. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 58:1 (2013), 44–51.
167. Varese, F., Barkus, E., Bentall, R.P., Dissociation mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness. Psychological Medicine 42:05 (2012), 1025–1036.
168. Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., Bentall, R.P., Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38:4 (2012), 661–671.
169. Vauth, R., Nyberg, E., Untreated PTSD in schizophrenia-unrecognized risk factor for recovery and course of illness?. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 75:8 (2007), 463–472.
170. Velikonja, T., Fisher, H.L., Mason, O., Johnson, S., Childhood trauma and schizotypy: A systematic literature review. Psychological Medicine 45:5 (2014), 947–963.
171. Velthorst, E., Nelson, B., O'Connor, K., Mossaheb, N., de Haan, L., Bruxner, A., Thompson, A., History of trauma and the association with baseline symptoms in an ultra-high risk for psychosis cohort. Psychiatry Research 210:1 (2013), 75–81.
172. Wand, G.S., Oswald, L.M., McCaul, M.E., Wong, D.F., Johnson, E., Zhou, Y., Kumar, A., Association of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release and cortisol responses to psychological stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:11 (2007), 2310–2320.
173. Weathers, F.W., Keane, T.M., The criterion a problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 20:2 (2007), 107–121.
174. Whitfield, C.L., Dube, S.R., Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinations. Child Abuse & Neglect 29:7 (2005), 797–810.
175. Wiffen, B.D., O'Connor, J.A., Russo, M., Falcone, M.A., Joseph, C., Kolliakou, A., David, A.S., Do psychosis patients with poor insight show implicit awareness on the emotional stroop task?. Psychopathology 47:2 (2013), 93–100.
176. Wingenfeld, K., Riedesel, K., Petrovic, Z., Philippsen, C., Meyer, B., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Impact of childhood trauma, alexithymia, dissociation, and emotion suppression on emotional Stroop task. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 70:1 (2011), 53–58.