The role of cognitive appraisal in adaptation to traumatic stress in adults with serious mental illness: A critical review

Trauma, Violence, and Abuse

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 151-167

  Sherrer, Margaret V ^a  

^a LYNDON STATE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

attributions; beliefs; bipolar disorder; cognitions; cognitive appraisal; mood disorders; posttraumatic stress; PTSD; schema; schizophrenia; serious mental illness; trauma

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROL; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS; VICTIM;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; COGNITION DISORDERS; CRIME VICTIMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 79959983859     PISSN: 15248380     EISSN: 15528324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1524838011404254     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Agar, E., Kennedy, P., & King, N.S. (2006). The role of negative cognitive appraisals in PTSD symptoms following spinal cord injuries. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 437-452.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Ammons, R.B., & Ammons, C.H. (1962). Quick test. Misssoula, MT: Psychological Test Specialists.
4. Arnold, M.B. (1960). Emotion and personality: Vol. 1 psychological aspects. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
5. Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. New York, NY: Meridian.
6. Beck, A.T., & Steer, R.A. (1990). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
7. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
8. Beck, J.G., Gudmundsdottir, B., Palyo, S.A., Miller, L.M., & Grant, D.M. (2006). Rebound effects following deliberate thought suppression: Does PTSD make a difference? Behavior Therapy, 37, 170-180.
9. Bernstein, E.M., & Putnam, F.W. (1987). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727-735.
10. Blake, D.D., Weathers, F.W., Nagy, L.M., Kaloupek, D.G., Charney, D.S., & Keane, T.M. (1995). Clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-IV. Boston, MA: National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
11. Blanchard, E.B., Kuhn, E., Rowell, D.L., Hickling, E.J., Wittrock, D., Rogers, R.L., Steckler, D.C. (2004). Studies of the vicarious traumatization of college students by the September 11th attacks: Effects of proximity, exposure and connected-ness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 191-205.
12. Blanchard, E.P., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T.C., & Forneris, C.A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist. Behavior Therapy, 34, 669-673.
13. Bowe, S., Morrison, A.P., & Morley, S. (2002). The Worst Memories Scale. In The relationship between past childhood trauma and auditory hallucinations in individuals with psychosis. Unpublished manuscript, School of Medicine, University of Leeds.
14. Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J.D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
15. Brewin, C.R., & Holmes, E.A. (2003). Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. Special Issue: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, 23, 339-376.
16. Briere, J. (2001). Detailed assessment of posttraumatic stress. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
17. Bryant, R.A. (2003). Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 789-795.
18. Bryant, R.A., & Guthrie, R.M. (2005). Maladaptive appraisals as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress: A study of trainee firefighters. Psychological Science, 16, 749-752.
19. Bryant, R.A., & Guthrie, R.M. (2007). Maladaptive self-appraisals before trauma exposure predict posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 812-815.
20. Calvert, C., Larkin, W., & Jellicoe-Jones, L. (2008). An exploration of the links between trauma and delusional ideation in secure services. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 589-604.
21. Chisholm, B., Freeman, D., & Cooke, A. (2006). Identifying potential predictors of traumatic reactions to psychotic episodes. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 545-559.
22. Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59, 614-625.
23. Crisford, H., Dare, H., & Evangeli, M. (2008). Offence-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and guilt in mentally disordered violent and sexual offenders. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 19, 86-107.
24. Cusack, K.J., Frueh, B.C., & Brady, K.T. (2004). Trauma history screening in a community mental health center. Psychiatric Services, 55, 157-162.
25. Dalgleish, T. (2004). Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multirepresentational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 228-260.
26. Davidson, J.R.T., Book, S.W., Colket, J.T., Tupler, L.A., Roth, S., David, D., Feldman, M.E. (1997). Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 27, 153-160.
27. Dohrenwend, B.P., Neria, Y., Turner, J.B., Turse, N., Marshall, R., Lewis-Fernandez, R., & Koenen, K.C. (2004). Positive tertiary appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. male veterans of the war in Vietnam: The roles of positive affirmation, positive reformulation, and defensive denial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 417-433.
28. Drayton, M., Birchwood, M., & Trower, P. (1998). Early attachment experience and recovery from psychosis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 269-284.
29. Dunmore, E., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1063-1084.
30. Edworthy, Z., Chasey, R., & Williams, H. (2008). The role of schema and appraisals in the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms following birth. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 26, 123-138.
31. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.
32. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2006). Predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Trauma memories and appraisals. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (pp. 39-55). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
33. Fenigstein, A., & Vanable, P.A. (1992). Paranoia and self-consciousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 129-138.
34. First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J.B.W. (1996). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorders-Patient edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
35. Foa, E.B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Tolin, D.F., & Orsillo, S.M. (1999). The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303-314.
36. Foa, E.B., Huppert, J.D., & Cahill, S.P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (pp. 3-24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
37. Foa, E.B., & Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.
38. Foa, E.B., & Riggs, D.S. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims. In J. Oldham, M. B. Riba & A. Tasman (Eds.), Review of psychiatry (Vol. 12, pp. 273-303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
39. Foa, E.B., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
40. Ford, J.D., & Fournier, D. (2007). Psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder among women in community mental health aftercare following psychiatric intensive care. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care, 3, 27-34.
41. Frueh, B.C., Knapp, R.G., Cusack, K.J., Grubaugh, A.L., Sauvageot, J.A., Cousins, V.C., Hiers, T.G. (2005). Patients' reports of traumatic or harmful experiences within the psychiatric setting. Psychiatric Services, 56, 1123-1133.
42. Goodman, L., Corcoran, C., Turner, K., Yuan, N., & Green, B. (1998). Assessing traumatic event exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 521-542.
43. Goodman, L.A., Rosenberg, S.D., Mueser, K.T., & Drake, R.E. (1997). Physical and sexual assault history in women with serious mental illness: Prevalence, correlates, treatment, and future research directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Special Issue: Clinical Challenges in the Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia, 23, 685-696.
44. Green, B.L. (1996). Trauma history questionnaire. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurements of stress, trauma, and adaptation (pp. 366-368). Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
45. Guay, S., Billette, V., & Marchand, A. (2006). Exploring the links between posttraumatic stress disorder and social support: Processes and potential research avenues. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 327-338.
46. Gudjonsson, G.H., & Singh, K.K. (1989). The revised Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 67-70.
47. Halligan, S.L., Michael, T., Clark, D.M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 419-431.
48. Horowitz, M.J. (1979). Psychological response to serious life events. In V. Hamilton & D. M. Warbourton (Eds.), Human stress and cognition: An information processing approach (pp. 235-263). New York, NY: Wiley.
49. Horowitz, M.J. (1986). Stress response syndromes. New York, NY: Aronson.
50. Iversen, A.C., Fear, N.T., Ehlers, A., Hacker Hughes, J., Hull, L., Earnshaw, M., Hotopf, M. (2008). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among UK armed forces personnel. Psychological Medicine, 38, 511-522.
51. Jackson, C., Knott, C., Skeate, A., & Birchwood, M. (2004). The trauma of first episode psychosis: The role of cognitive mediation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 327-333.
52. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York, NY: Free Press.
53. Joseph, S., Andrews, B., Williams, R., & Yule, W. (1992). Crisis support and psychiatric symptomatology in adult survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3, 63-73.
54. Joseph, S., Williams, R., & Yule, W. (1997). Understanding posttraumatic stress: A psychosocial perspective on PTSD and treatment. New York, NY: John Wiley.
55. Joseph, S., Yule, W., Williams, R., & Hodgkinson, P. (1994). Correlates of post-traumatic stress at 30 months: The herald of free enterprise disaster. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 521-524.
56. Kay, S.R., & Opler, L.A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 507-518.
57. Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Demler, O., & Walters, E.E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627.
58. Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
59. Kilcommons, A.M., & Morrison, A.P. (2005). Relationships between trauma and psychosis: An exploration of cognitive and dissociative factors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 351-359.
60. Kilpatrick, D.G., Resnick, H.S., & Acierno, R. (2009). Should Criterion A be retained? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 374-383.
61. Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D., & Vaughan, M.A. (1977). A standardized psychiatric assessment scale for rating chronic psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55, 299-308.
62. Kubany, E.S. (2004). The Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI): Assessing and treating PTSD: Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
63. Lazarus, R.S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York, NY: Springer.
64. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
65. Lee, D.A., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 451-466.
66. Lommen, M.J.J., & Restifo, K. (2009). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Community Mental Health Journal, 45, 485-496.
67. Lommen, M.J.J., Sanders, A.J.M.L., Buck, N., & Arntz, A. (2009). Psychosocial predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in Sri Lankan tsunami survivors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 60-65.
68. Mayou, R.A., Ehlers, A., & Bryant, B. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: 3-year follow-up of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 665-675.
69. McCann, I.L., & Pearlman, L.A. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: Theory, therapy, and transformation. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
70. McGorry, P., Chanen, A., McCarthy, E., Van Riel, R., McKenzie, D., & Singh, B. (1991). Posttraumatic stress disorder following recent onset psychosis: An unrecognized post psychotic syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 253-258.
71. McNally, R.J. (2003). Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 229-252.
72. Morrison, A.P., Frame, L., & Larkin, W. (2003). Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 331-353.
73. Mueller, J., Moergeli, H., & Maercker, A. (2008). Disclosure and social acknowledgement as predictors of recovery from posttraumatic stress: A longitudinal study in crime victims. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 53, 160-168.
74. Mueser, K.T., Bolton, E., Carty, P.C., Bradley, M.J., Ahlgren, K.F., Distaso, D.R., Liddell, C. (2007). The trauma recovery group: A cognitive-behavioral program for post-traumatic stress disorder in persons with severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 43, 281-304.
75. Mueser, K.T., & Rosenberg, S.D. (2003). Treating the trauma of first episode psychosis: A PTSD perspective. Journal of Mental Health, 12, 103-108.
76. Mueser, K.T., Rosenberg, S.D., Goodman, L.A., & Trumbetta, S.L. (2002). Trauma, PTSD, and the course of severe mental illness: An interactive model. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 123-143.
77. Mueser, K.T., Rosenberg, S.D., Xie, H., Jankowski, M.K., Bolton, E.E., Lu, W., Wolfe, R. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 259-271.
78. Mueser, K.T., Trumbetta, S.L., Rosenberg, S.D., Vidaver, R., Goodman, L.A., Osher, F.C., & Auciello, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 493-499.
79. Newcombe, D., Humeniuk, R., & Ali, R. (2005). Validation of the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Report of results from the Australian site. Drug & Alcohol Review, 24, 217-226.
80. O'Donnell, M.L., Elliott, P., Wolfgang, B.J., & Creamer, M. (2007). Posttraumatic appraisals in the development and persistence of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 173-182.
81. O'Hare, T., & Sherrer, M.V. (2009). Impact of the most frequently reported traumatic events on community mental health clients. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19, 186-195.
82. O'Hare, T., Sherrer, M.V., & Shen, C. (2006). Subjective distress from stressful events and high-risk behaviors as predictors of PTSD symptom severity in clients with severe mental illness. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 375-386.
83. Overall, J.E., & Gorham, D. (1988). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS): Recent developments in ascertaining and scaling. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 24, 97-99.
84. Owens, G.P., Chard, K.M., & Cox, T.A. (2008). The relationship between maladaptive cognitions, anger expression, and posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans in residential treatment. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 17, 439-452.
85. Ozer, E.J., Best, S.R., Lipsey, T.L., & Weiss, D.S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73.
86. Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., Mandel, F., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 3-16.
87. Peters, E.R., Joseph, S., & Garety, P.A. (1999). The assessment of delusions in normal and psychotic populations: Introducing the PDE (Peterset al.Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 553-576.
88. Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Hove: Psychology Press.
89. Read, J., Perry, B.D., Moskowitz, A., & Connolly, J. (2001). The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: A traumagenic neurodevelopmental model. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64, 319-345.
90. Resnick, H.S., Kilpatrick, D.G., Dansky, B.S., Saunders, B.E., & Best, C.L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 984-991.
91. Resnick, S.G., Bond, G.R., & Mueser, K.T. (2003). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in people with schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 415-423.
92. Riskind, J.H., & Alloy, L.B. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to psychological disorders: Overview of theory, design and methods. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 705-725.
93. Scherer, G., Klaus, R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.). (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Series in affective science. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
94. Sherrer, M.V., & O'Hare, T. (2008). Clinical case management. In K. T. Mueser & D. V. Jeste (Eds.), Clinical handbook of schizophrenia (pp. 309-318). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
95. Solomon, Z., & Dekel, R. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder among Israeli ex-prisoners of war 18 and 30 years after release. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1031-1037.
96. Spitzer, R.L., First, M.B., & Wakefield, J.C. (2007). Saving PTSD from itself in DSM-V. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 233-241.
97. Stamm, B.H., Rudolph, J.M., Dewane, S., Gaines, N., Gorton, K., & Ercolano, M. (1996). Psychometric review of stressful life experiences screening. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation (pp. 317-322). Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
98. Tolin, D.F., & Foa, E.B. (2008). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, S, 37-85.
99. Ware, J., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. (1996). A 12-item Short-Form Health Survey. Medical Care, 34, 220-223.
100. Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
101. Woods, K.C., Buchanan, N.T., & Settles, I.H. (2009). Sexual harassment across the color line: Experiences and outcomes of cross- versus intraracial sexual harassment among black women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 67-76.
102. Zigmund, A.S., & Snaith, R.P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatricia Scandinavica, 67, 361-370.