Schizophrenia: An integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model

The Lancet

Volumn 383, Issue 9929, 2014, Pages 1677-1687

  Howes, Oliver D ^a,b   Murray, Robin M ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; AMPHETAMINE; COCAINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 3 RECEPTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEROTONIN;

DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; MODEL; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; PARANOIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIODEVELOPMENTAL COGNITIVE MODEL; STRESS; THEORY; BRAIN CORTEX LESION; CESAREAN SECTION; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORPUS STRIATUM; CROSS ALLERGY; DOPAMINE BRAIN LEVEL; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HYPOXIA; IMMIGRANT; INTRAUTERINE INFECTION; LOCOMOTION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MENTAL STRESS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NEWBORN HYPOXIA; NONHUMAN; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRENATAL STRESS; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SEROTONIN BRAIN LEVEL; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIAL STRESS; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY;

BRAIN; COGNITION; DOPAMINE; HALLUCINATIONS; HUMANS; PARANOID DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 84900324712     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62036-X     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2013; 382: 1575-86.
2. Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 379: 2063-71.
3. Howes OD, Egerton A, Allan V, McGuire P, Stokes P, Kapur S. Mechanisms underlying psychosis and antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia: insights from PET and SPECT imaging. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15: 2550-59.
4. Harrington A. The fall of the schizophrenogenic mother. Lancet 2012; 379: 1292-93.
5. Howes OD, Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III - the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35: 549-62.
6. Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 295: 681-82.
7. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 660-69.
8. Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington PE. A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 189-95.
9. Abi-Dargham A. Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7 (suppl 1): S1-5.
10. Berman SM, Kuczenski R, McCracken JT, London ED. Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14: 123-42.
11. Curran C, Byrappa N, McBride A. Stimulant psychosis: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185: 196-204.
12. Howes OD, Kambeitz J, Kim E, et al. The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 776-86.
13. Chen KC, Yang YK, Howes O, et al. Striatal dopamine transporter availability in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: a case-control SPECT study with [(99m)Tc]-TRODAT-1 and a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: 378-86.
14. Lyon GJ, Abi-Dargham A, Moore H, Lieberman JA, Javitch JA, Sulzer D. Presynaptic regulation of dopamine transmission in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37: 108-17.
15. Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC, Murray RM, Grasby PM, McGuire PK. Molecular imaging studies of the striatal dopaminergic system in psychosis and predictions for the prodromal phase of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2007; 51: s13-18.
16. Bose SK, Turkheimer FE, Howes OD, et al. Classification of schizophrenic patients and healthy controls using [18F] fluorodopa PET imaging. Schizophr Res 2008; 106: 148-55.
17. Reith J, Benkelfat C, Sherwin A, et al. Elevated dopa decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 11651-54.
18. Woods SW, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, et al. Validity of the prodromal risk syndrome for first psychosis: findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35: 894-908.
19. Abi-Dargham A, Kegeles LS, Zea-Ponce Y, et al. Striatal amphetamine-induced dopamine release in patients with schizotypal personality disorder studied with single photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodobenzamide. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 1001-06.
20. Howes OD, Bose SK, Turkheimer F, et al. Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 1311-17.
21. Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC, et al. Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 13-20.
22. Egerton A, Chaddock CA, Winton-Brown TT, et al. Presynaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: findings in a second cohort. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74: 106-12.
23. Hanssen M, Bak M, Bijl R, Vollebergh W, van Os J. The incidence and outcome of subclinical psychotic experiences in the general population. Br J Clin Psychol 2005; 44: 181-91.
24. Howes OD, Shotbolt P, Bloomfield M, et al. Dopaminergic function in the psychosis spectrum: an [18F]-DOPA imaging study in healthy individuals with auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: 807-14.
25. Huttunen J, Heinimaa M, Svirskis T, et al. Striatal dopamine synthesis in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 114-17.
26. Shotbolt P, Stokes PR, Owens SF, et al. Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2011; 41: 2331-38.
27. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Kegeles L, Innis R. Increased dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: relationship to illness phases. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 56-72.
28. Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 8104-09.
29. Howes O, Bose S, Turkheimer F, et al. Progressive increase in striatal dopamine synthesis capacity as patients develop psychosis: a PET study. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16: 885-86.
30. Brown AS, Derkits EJ. Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 261-80.
31. Khandaker GM, Zimbron J, Lewis G, Jones PB. Prenatal maternal infection, neurodevelopment and adult schizophrenia: a systematic review of population-based studies. Psychol Med 2013; 43: 239-57.
32. Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1080-92.
33. Bramon E, Walshe M, McDonald C, et al. Dermatoglyphics and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and investigation of the impact of obstetric complications upon a-b ridge count. Schizophr Res 2005; 75: 399-404.
34. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994; 344: 1398-402.
35. Reichenberg A, Caspi A, Harrington H, et al. Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 160-69.
36. Ellison-Wright I, Glahn DC, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Bullmore E. The anatomy of first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: an anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 1015-23.
37. Bose SK, Mackinnon T, Mehta MA, et al. The effect of ageing on grey and white matter reductions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 112: 7-13.
38. Lawrie SM, Whalley HC, Abukmeil SS, et al. Brain structure, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 811-23.
39. Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD, et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet 2003; 361: 281-88.
40. Vuillermot S, Weber L, Feldon J, Meyer U. A longitudinal examination of the neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal immune activation in mice reveals primary defects in dopaminergic development relevant to schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 1270-87.
41. Aguilar-Valles A, Flores C, Luheshi GN. Prenatal inflammation-induced hypoferremia alters dopamine function in the adult off spring in rat: relevance for schizophrenia. PLoS One 2010; 5: e10967.
42. El-Khodor BF, Boksa P. effects of birth insult and stress at adulthood on in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase activities in rat brain. Synapse 2003; 47: 87-89.
43. El-Khodor BF, Boksa P. Long-term reciprocal changes in dopamine levels in prefrontal cortex versus nucleus accumbens in rats born by Caesarean section compared to vaginal birth. Exp Neurol 1997; 145: 118-29.
44. El-Khodor BF, Boksa P. Differential vulnerability of male versus female rats to long-term effects of birth insult on brain catecholamine levels. Exp Neurol 2003; 182: 208-19.
45. Brake WG, Noel MB, Boksa P, Gratton A. Influence of perinatal factors on the nucleus accumbens dopamine response to repeated stress during adulthood: an electrochemical study in the rat. Neuroscience 1997; 77: 1067-76.
46. Lodge DJ, Grace AA. Aberrant hippocampal activity underlies the dopamine dysregulation in an animal model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 11424-30.
47. Stefanis N, Frangou S, Yakeley J, et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia: effects of genetic risk and pregnancy and birth complications. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 697-702.
48. Moore H, Jentsch JD, Ghajarnia M, Geyer MA, Grace AA. A neurobehavioral systems analysis of adult rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate on E17: implications for the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60: 253-64.
49. Chrapusta SJ, Egan MF, Wyatt RJ, Weinberger DR, Lipska BK. Neonatal ventral hippocampal damage modifies serum corticosterone and dopamine release responses to acute footshock in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Synapse 2003; 47: 270-77.
50. Cantor-Graae E, Selten JP. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 12-24.
51. Krabbendam L, van Os J. Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence - conditional on genetic risk. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31: 795-99.
52. Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M, et al. Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38: 661-71.
53. Lederbogen F, Kirsch P, Haddad L, et al. City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nature 2011; 474: 498-501.
54. Morgan C, Charalambides M, Hutchinson G, Murray RM. Migration, ethnicity, and psychosis: toward a sociodevelopmental model. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36: 655-64.
55. Thompson JL, Pogue-Geile MF, Grace AA. Developmental pathology, dopamine, and stress: a model for the age of onset of schizophrenia symptoms. Schizophr Bull 2004; 30: 875-900.
56. Corcoran C, Walker E, Huot R, et al. The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset. Schizophr Bull 2003; 29: 671-92.
57. Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, van Os J. Behavioural sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis. Psychol Med 2005; 35: 733-41.
58. Walker EF, Trotman HD, Pearce BD, et al. Cortisol levels and risk for psychosis: initial findings from the north american prodrome longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74: 410-17.
59. Lapiz MD, Fulford A, Muchimapura S, Mason R, Parker T, Marsden CA. Influence of postweaning social isolation in the rat on brain development, conditioned behavior, and neurotransmission. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2003; 33: 13-29.
60. Grant KA, Shively CA, Nader MA, et al. effect of social status on striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding characteristics in cynomolgus monkeys assessed with positron emission tomography. Synapse 1998; 29: 80-83.
61. Abercrombie ED, Keefe KA, DiFrischia DS, Zigmond MJ. Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 1655-58.
62. Barrot M, Marinelli M, Abrous DN, Roug-Pont F, Le Moal M, Piazza PV. The dopaminergic hyper-responsiveness of the shell of the nucleus accumbens is hormone-dependent. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12: 973-79.
63. Tidey JW, Miczek KA. Social defeat stress selectively alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 1996; 721: 140-49.
64. Anstrom KK, Miczek KA, Budygin EA. Increased phasic dopamine signaling in the mesolimbic pathway during social defeat in rats. Neuroscience 2009; 161: 3-12.
65. Trainor BC. Stress responses and the mesolimbic dopamine system: social contexts and sex differences. Horm Behav 2011; 60: 457-69.
66. Wand GS, Oswald LM, McCaul ME, et al. Association of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release and cortisol responses to psychological stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2310-20.
67. Brunelin J, d'Amato T, van Os J, Cochet A, Suaud-Chagny MF, Saoud M. effects of acute metabolic stress on the dopaminergic and pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with schizophrenia, their unaffected siblings and controls. Schizophr Res 2008; 100: 206-11.
68. Montgomery AJ, Mehta MA, Grasby PM. Is psychological stress in man associated with increased striatal dopamine levels?: A [11C]raclopride PET study. Synapse 2006; 60: 124-31.
69. Pruessner JC, Champagne F, Meaney MJ, Dagher A. Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care: a positron emission tomography study using [11C]raclopride. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 2825-31.
70. Mizrahi R, Addington J, Rusjan PM, et al. Increased stress-induced dopamine release in psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71: 561-67.
71. Slotkin TA, Kreider ML, Tate CA, Seidler FJ. Critical prenatal and postnatal periods for persistent effects of dexamethasone on serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 904-11.
72. Marsden CA, King MV, Fone KC. Influence of social isolation in the rat on serotonergic function and memory - relevance to models of schizophrenia and the role of 5-HT6 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61: 400-07.
73. Egerton A, Mehta MA, Montgomery AJ, et al. The dopaminergic basis of human behaviors: A review of molecular imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33: 1109-32.
74. Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, et al. Modeling sensitization to stimulants in humans: an [11C]raclopride/positron emission tomography study in healthy men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1386-95.
75. Jezierski G, Zehle S, Bock J, Braun K, Gruss M. Early stress and chronic methylphenidate cross-sensitize dopaminergic responses in the adolescent medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem 2007; 103: 2234-44.
76. Prasad BM, Sorg BA, Ulibarri C, Kalivas PW. Sensitization to stress and psychostimulants. Involvement of dopamine transmission versus the HPA axis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 771: 617-25.
77. de Jong JG, Wasilewski M, van der Vegt BJ, Buwalda B, Koolhaas JM. A single social defeat induces short-lasting behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Physiol Behav 2005; 83: 805-11.
78. Kosten TA, Zhang XY, Kehoe P. Chronic neonatal isolation stress enhances cocaine-induced increases in ventral striatal dopamine levels in rat pups. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2003; 141: 109-16.
79. Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, et al. Conditioned dopamine release in humans: a positron emission tomography [11C]raclopride study with amphetamine. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 3998-4003.
80. O'Daly OG, Joyce D, Stephan KE, Murray RM, Shergill SS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the amphetamine sensitization model of schizophrenia in healthy male volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 545-54.
81. Talkowski ME, Kirov G, Bamne M, et al. A network of dopaminergic gene variations implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17: 747-58.
82. Allen NC, Bagade S, McQueen MB, et al. Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 827-34.
83. Stokes PR, Shotbolt P, Mehta MA, et al. Nature or nurture? Determining the heritability of human striatal dopamine function: an [18F]-DOPA PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38: 485-91.
84. Jones P, Murray RM. The genetics of schizophrenia is the genetics of neurodevelopment. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 615-23.
85. Sun J, Jia P, Fanous AH, et al. Schizophrenia gene networks and pathways and their applications for novel candidate gene selection. PLoS One 2010; 5: e11351.
86. Ayalew M, Le-Niculescu H, Levey DF, et al. Convergent functional genomics of schizophrenia: from comprehensive understanding to genetic risk prediction. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17: 887-905.
87. Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S, et al, and the Genetic Risk and Outcome in Psychosis (GROUP). Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2009; 460: 744-47.
88. Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Gogtay N. Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17: 1228-38.
89. Jaaro-Peled H, Hayashi-Takagi A, Seshadri S, Kamiya A, Brandon NJ, Sawa A. Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding disturbed postnatal brain maturation through neuregulin-1-ErbB4 and DISC1. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32: 485-95.
90. Schmidt-Kastner R, van Os J, WM Steinbusch H, Schmitz C. Gene regulation by hypoxia and the neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006; 84: 253-71.
91. Grayton HM, Fernandes C, Rujescu D, Collier DA. Copy number variations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99: 81-91.
92. Weiss LA. Autism genetics: emerging data from genome-wide copy-number and single nucleotide polymorphism scans. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9: 795-803.
93. Mefford HC, Muhle H, Ostertag P, et al. Genome-wide copy number variation in epilepsy: novel susceptibility loci in idiopathic generalized and focal epilepsies. PLoS Genet 2010; 6: e1000962.
94. Girirajan S, Brkanac Z, Coe BP, et al. Relative burden of large CNVs on a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes. PLoS Genet 2011; 7: e1002334.
95. Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A, Craddock N. Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 198: 173-75.
96. Niwa M, Kamiya A, Murai R, et al. Knockdown of DISC1 by in utero gene transfer disturbs postnatal dopaminergic maturation in the frontal cortex and leads to adult behavioral deficits. Neuron 2010; 65: 480-89.
97. Kato T, Abe Y, Sotoyama H, et al. Transient exposure of neonatal mice to neuregulin-1 results in hyperdopaminergic states in adulthood: implication in neurodevelopmental hypothesis for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16: 307-20.
98. Papaleo F, Yang F, Garcia S, et al. Dysbindin-1 modulates prefrontal cortical activity and schizophrenia-like behaviors via dopamine/ D2 pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17: 85-98.
99. Yoon SO, Chikaraishi DM. Isolation of two E-box binding factors that interact with the rat tyrosine hydroxylase enhancer. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 18453-62.
100. Thompson JL, Urban N, Slifstein M, et al. Striatal dopamine release in schizophrenia comorbid with substance dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18: 909-15.
101. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol 1999; 13: 358-71.
102. Emamian ES. AKT/GSK3 signaling pathway and schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5: 33.
103. Kunii Y, Ikemoto K, Wada A, et al. Detailed DARPP-32 expression profiles in postmortem brains from patients with schizophrenia: an immunohistochemical study. Med Mol Morphol 2011; 44: 190-99.
104. Albert KA, Hemmings HC Jr, Adamo AI, et al. Evidence for decreased DARPP-32 in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 705-12.
105. Gould TD, O'Donnell KC, Picchini AM, Manji HK. Strain differences in lithium attenuation of d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion: a mouse model for the genetics of clinical response to lithium. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 1321-33.
106. Beaulieu JM, Sotnikova TD, Yao WD, et al. Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 5099-104.
107. Hiroi N, Fienberg AA, Haile CN, et al. Neuronal and behavioural abnormalities in striatal function in DARPP-32-mutant mice. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 1114-18.
108. Fienberg AA, Hiroi N, Mermelstein PG, et al. DARPP-32: regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Science 1998; 281: 838-42.
109. Chambers RA, Sentir AM, Engleman EA. Ventral and dorsal striatal dopamine efflux and behavior in rats with simple vs co-morbid histories of cocaine sensitization and neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212: 73-83.
110. Nicodemus KK, Marenco S, Batten AJ, et al. Serious obstetric complications interact with hypoxia-regulated/vascular-expression genes to influence schizophrenia risk. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 873-77.
111. Di Forti M, Iyegbe C, Sallis H, et al. Confirmation that the AKT1 (rs2494732) genotype influences the risk of psychosis in cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72: 811-16.
112. van Winkel R, and the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators. Family-based analysis of genetic variation underlying psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis: sibling analysis and proband follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 148-57.
113. Bentall RP, Rowse G, Shryane N, et al. The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: a transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 236-47.
114. Garety PA, Bebbington P, Fowler D, Freeman D, Kuipers E. Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 1377-91.
115. Heinz A, Schlagenhauf F. Dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: salience attribution revisited. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36: 472-85.
116. Murray GK. The emerging biology of delusions. Psychol Med 2011; 41: 7-13.
117. de Lafuente V, Romo R. Dopamine neurons code subjective sensory experience and uncertainty of perceptual decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 19767-71.
118. de Lafuente V, Romo R. Dopaminergic activity coincides with stimulus detection by the frontal lobe. Neuroscience 2012; 218: 181-84.
119. Rabinowicz EF, Silipo G, Goldman R, Javitt DC. Auditory sensory dysfunction in schizophrenia: imprecision or distractibility? Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 1149-55.
120. de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Favila R, Gez-Martin D, Pellicer F, Graff-Guerrero A. Functional magnetic resonance imaging response to experimental pain in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2010; 183: 99-104.
121. Valkonen-Korhonen M, Purhonen M, Tarkka IM, et al. Altered auditory processing in acutely psychotic never-medicated first-episode patients. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2003; 17: 747-58.
122. Shergill SS, Samson G, Bays PM, Frith CD, Wolpert DM. Evidence for sensory prediction deficits in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 2384-86.
123. Fletcher PC, Frith CD. Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 48-58.
124. Simpson EH, Waltz JA, Kellendonk C, Balsam PD. Schizophrenia in translation: dissecting motivation in schizophrenia and rodents. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38: 1111-17.
125. Alvarez-Jimenez M, Priede A, Hetrick SE, et al. Risk factors for relapse following treatment for first episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Schizophr Res 2012; 139: 116-28.
126. Simpson EH, Kellendonk C, Kandel E. A possible role for the striatum in the pathogenesis of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Neuron 2010; 65: 585-96.
127. Lisman JE, Coyle JT, Green RW, et al. Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31: 234-42.
128. Marcelis M, Suckling J, Hofman P, Woodruff P, Bullmore E, van Os J. Evidence that brain tissue volumes are associated with HVA reactivity to metabolic stress in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006; 86: 45-53.
129. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 544-49.
130. Joyce EM, Roiser JP. Cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20: 268-72.
131. Perry W, Minassian A, Lopez B, Maron L, Lincoln A. Sensorimotor gating deficits in adults with autism. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 482-86.
132. Cheung C, Yu K, Fung G, et al. Autistic disorders and schizophrenia: related or remote? An anatomical likelihood estimation. PLoS One 2010; 5: e12233.
133. Holstein DH, Vollenweider FX, Geyer MA, Csomor PA, Belser N, Eich D. Sensory and sensorimotor gating in adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatry Res 2013; 205: 117-26.
134. Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Ziebell S, Pierson R, Magnotta V. Long-term antipsychotic treatment and brain volumes: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 128-37.
135. Zipursky RB, Reilly TJ, Murray RM. The myth of schizophrenia as a progressive brain disease. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: 1636-72.
136. Marsman A, van den Heuvel MP, Klomp DW, Kahn RS, Luijten PR, Hulshoff Pol HE. Glutamate in schizophrenia: a focused review and meta-analysis of H-MRS studies. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: 120-29.
137. Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A, Zea-Ponce Y, et al. Modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by ketamine in humans: implications for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 627-40.
138. Disshon KA, Dluzen DE. Estrogen reduces acute striatal dopamine responses in vivo to the neurotoxin MPP+ in female, but not male rats. Brain Res 2000; 868: 95-104.
139. Bloomfield MA, Morgan CJ, Egerton A, Kapur S, Curran HV, Howes OD. Dopaminergic function in cannabis users and its relationship to cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 2013; published online June 29. DOI:10.1016/ j.biopsych.2013.05.027.
140. Howes OD, McDonald C, Cannon M, Arseneault L, Boydell J, Murray RM. Pathways to schizophrenia: the impact of environmental factors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7 (suppl 1): S7-13.
141. Murray RM, Lappin J, Di Forti M. Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18 (suppl 3): S129-34.
142. Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E. Hypothesis: social defeat is a risk factor for schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2007; 51: s9-12.
143. Eyles D, Feldon J, Meyer U. Schizophrenia: do all roads lead to dopamine or is this where they start? Evidence from two epidemiologically informed developmental rodent models. Transcult Psychiatry 2012; 2: e81.
144. Du Y, Grace AA. Peripubertal diazepam administration prevents the emergence of dopamine system hyperresponsivity in the MAM developmental disruption model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38: 1881-88.
145. McGuire P, Howes OD, Stone J, Fusar-Poli P. Functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia: diagnosis and drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29: 91-98.
146. Gill KM, Lodge DJ, Cook JM, Aras S, Grace AA. A novel alpha5GABA(A)R-positive allosteric modulator reverses hyperactivation of the dopamine system in the MAM model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36: 1903-11.
147. Buchanan RW, Freedman R, Javitt DC, Abi-Dargham A, Lieberman JA. Recent advances in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 1120-30.