Electrocapillarity of Solids and its Impact on Heterogeneous Catalysis

Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering

Volumn 14, Issue , 2014, Pages 163-220

  Weissmüller, Jörg ^a,b  

^a HAMBURG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Electrocapillarity of solids; Heterogeneous catalysis; Mechanically modulated catalysis; Solid electrodes

Indexed keywords

ELECTROCATALYSIS; ELECTRODES; ELECTROLYSIS; MECHANICS; THERMODYNAMICS;

CAPILLARY PHENOMENA; ELECTROCAPILLARITY; ELECTROCHEMICAL SURFACES; ELECTRODE SURFACES; PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION; SOLID ELECTRODES; THERMODYNAMIC DESCRIPTION; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

CATALYSIS;

EID: 84979719583     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527680436.ch5     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. Gibbs, J.W. (1928) The CollectedWorks of J. W. Gibbs, volume 1, Longmans, Green & Co., text and footnotes on p. 315.
2. Weissmüller, J. and Cahn, J.W. (1997) Mean stresses in microstructures due to interface stresses: A generalization of a capillary equation for solids. Acta Mater., 45 (5), 1899-1906.
3. Shuttleworth, R. (1950) The surface tension of solids. Proc. Phys. Soc. London A, 63 (365), 444-457.
4. Herring, C. (1951) Surface Tension as a Motivation for Sintering, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 143-179.
5. Gurtin, M.E. and Murdoch, A.I. (1975) A continuum theory of elastic material surfaces. Arch. Ration. Mech. An., 57, 291-323.
6. Gurtin, M.E., Weissmüller, J., and Larche, F. (1998) A general theory of curved deformable interfaces in solids at equilibrium. Philos. Mag. A, 78 (5), 1093-1109.
7. Inglesfield, J.E. (1985) Reconstructions and relaxations on metal-surfaces. Prog. Surf. Sci., 20 (2), 105-164.
8. Lemier, C. and Weissmüller, J. (2007) Grain boundary segregation, stress and stretch: Effects on hydrogen absorption in nanocrystalline palladium. Acta Mater., 55 (4), 1241-1254.
9. Nichols, R.J., Nouar, T., Lucas, C.A., Haiss, W., and Hofer, W.A. (2002) Surface relaxation and surface stress of Au(111). Surf. Sci., 513 (2), 263-271.
10. Umeno, Y., Elsässer, C., Meyer, B., Gumbsch, P., and Weimueller, J. (2008) Reversible relaxation at charged metal surfaces: An ab initio study. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 84 (1), 13002.
11. Noziéres, P. and Wolf, D.E. (1988) Interfacial properties of elastically strained materials .1. thermodynamics of a planar interface. Z. Phys. B Condens. Matter, 70 (3), 399-407.
12. Weissmüller, J. and Kramer, D. (2005) Balance of force at curved solid metalliquid electrolyte interfaces. Langmuir, 21 (10), 4592-4603.
13. Lipkowski, J., Schmickler, W., Kolb, D.M., and Parsons, R. (1998) Comments on the thermodynamics of solid electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 452 (2), 193-197.
14. 1-x nanoparticles. Surf. Sci., 600 (19), 4584-4590.
15. Noziéres, P. (1991) Solid Surfaces: Capillarity vs. Elasticity, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer, pp. 113-128.
16. Cammarata, R.C. and Sieradzki, K. (1994) Surface and interface stresses. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 24, 215-234.
17. Ibach, H. (1997) The role of surface stress in reconstruction, epitaxial growth and stabilization of mesoscopic structures. Surf. Sci. Rep., 29 (5-6), 195-263.
18. Haiss, W. (2001) Surface stress of clean and adsorbate-covered solids. Rep. Prog. Phys., 64 (5), 591-648.
19. Müller, P. and Saúl, A. (2004) Elastic effects on surface physics. Surf. Sci. Rep., 54 (5-8), 157-258.
20. Kramer, D. and Weissmüller, J. (2007) A note on surface stress and surface tension and their interrelation via Shuttleworth's equation and the Lippmann equation. Surf. Sci., 601 (14), 3042-3051.
21. Weißmüller, J. (1998) Grenzflächen in Nanostrukturierten Materialien - Lokale Eigenschaften und Makroskopische Mittelwerte. Habilitationsschrift. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany.
22. Weissmüller, J., Kramer, D., Viswanath, R.N., and Gleiter, H. (2003) Durchstimmbare Dehnung in platin. Physik in Unserer Zeit, 34 (4), 155-156.
23. Cahn, J.W. and Hilliard, J.E. (1958) Free energy of a nonuniform system. 1. Interfacial free energy. J. Chem. Phys., 28 (2), 258-267.
24. Cahn, J.W. (1961) On spinodal decomposition. Acta Met., 9 (9), 795-801.
25. Cahn, J.W. (1977) Critical-point wetting. J. Chem. Phys., 66 (8), 3667-3672.
26. Cahn, J.W. (1978) Thermodynamics of Solid and Fluid Surfaces, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, pp. 3-23.
27. Young, Thomas. (1805) An essay on the cohesion of fluids. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 95, 65-87.
28. Smetanin, M., Deng, Q.B., and Weissmüller, J. (2011) Dynamic electrochemo- mechanical analysis during cyclic voltammetry. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13 (38), 17313-17322.
29. Stoney, G.G. (1909) The tension of metallic films deposited by electrolysis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A, 82 (553), 172-175.
30. Laplace, P.S. (1805) Mécaniqe Céleste, vol. 4, Courcier, Paris.
31. Gibbs, J.W. (1928) The CollectedWorks of J. W. Gibbs, volume 1, Longmans, Green & Co., subsection 'The Stability of Surfaces of Discontinuity' in section 'Surfaces of Discontinuity between Fluid Masses'.
32. Weissmüller, J., Duan, H.L., and Farkas, D. (2010) Deformation of solids with nanoscale pores by the action of capillary forces. Acta Mater., 58 (1), 1-13.
33. Smetanin, M., Kramer, D., Mohanan, S., Herr, U., and Weissmüller, J. (2009) Response of the potential of a gold electrode to elastic strain. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11 (40), 9008-9012.
34. Smetanin, M., Deng, Q.B., Kramer, D., Mohanan, S., Herr, U., and Weissmüller, J. (2010) Reply to the 'comment on "Response of the potential of a gold electrode to elastic strain"' by A. Horvath, G. Nagy and R. Schiller. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12 (26), 7291-7292.
35. Pannikkat, A.K. and Raj, R. (1999) Measurement of an electrical potential induced by normal stress applied to the interface of an ionic material at elevated temperatures. Acta Mater., 47 (12), 3423-3431.
36. Lippmann, G. (1875) Relations entre les phénomènes électriques et capillaries. Ann. Chim. Phys., 5, 494.
37. Couchman, P.R. and Davidson, C.R. (1977) Lippmann relation and surface thermodynamics. J. Electroanal. Chem., 85 (2), 407-409.
38. Gokhshtein, A.Ya. (1969) Charge acquirement by an elastically strained electrode. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 187 (3), 601.
39. Gokhshtein, A.Ya. (1975) The estance method. Russ. Chem. Rev., 44 (11), 921-932.
40. Gokhshtein, A.Ya. (2012) On the simple check of electrocapillarity. J. Solid State Electrochem. pages doi: 10.1007/s10008-012-1843-z.
41. Smetanin, M., Viswanath, R.N., Kramer, D., Beckmann, D., Koch, T., Kibler, L.A., Kolb, D.M., and Weissmüller, J. (2008) Surface stress-charge response of a (111)- textured gold electrode under conditions of weak ion adsorption. Langmuir, 24 (16), 8561-8567.
42. Nørskov, J.K., Bligaard, T., Logadottir, A., Kitchin, J.R., Chen, J.G., and Pandelov, S. (2005) Trends in the exchange current for hydrogen evolution. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (3), J23-J26.
43. Weissmüller, J., Viswanath, R.N., Kibler, L.A., and Kolb, D.M. (2011) Impact of surface mechanics on the reactivity of electrodes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13 (6), 2114-2117.
44. Kibler, L.A., El-Aziz, A.M., Hoyer, R., and Kolb, D.M. (2005) Tuning reaction rates by lateral strain in a palladium monolayer. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44 (14), 2080-2084.
45. Ruban, A., Hammer, B., Stoltze, P., Skriver, H.L., and Nørskov, J.K. (1997) Surface electronic structure and reactivity of transition and noble metals. J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem., 115 (3), 421-429.
46. Alefeld, G. (1978) Hydrogen in Metals I, Topics in Applied Physics, vol. 28, Springer, Berlin.
47. Mott, N.F. and Nabarro, F.R.N. (1940) An attempt to estimate the degree of precipitation hardening, with a simple model. Proc. Phys. Soc., 52 (1), 86.
48. Viswanath, R.N. and Weissmüller, J. (2013) Electrocapillary coupling coefficients for hydrogen electrosorption on palladium. Acta Mater. doi: 10.1016/ j.actamat.2013.07.013.
49. Trasatti, S. (1971) Work function, electronegativity, and electrochemical behaviour of metals 2. Potentials of zero charge and electrochemical work functions. J. Electroanal. Chem., 33 (2), 351.
50. Rath, D.L. and Kolb, D.M. (1981) Continuous work function monitoring for electrode emersion. Surf. Sci., 109 (3), 641-647.
51. Bohnen, K.P. and Kolb, D.M. (1998) Charge- versus adsorbate-induced lifting of the Au(100)-(hex) reconstruction in an electrochemical environment. Surf. Sci., 407 (1-3), L629-L632.
52. Lozovoi, A.Y. and Alavi, A. (2003) Reconstruction of charged surfaces: General trends and a case study of Pt(110) and Au(110). Phys. Rev. B, 68 (24), 245416.
53. Weigend, F.,Weissmüller, J., and Evers, F. (2006) Structural relaxation in charged metal surfaces and cluster ions. Small, 2 (12), 1497-1503.
54. Smoluchowski, R. (1941) Anisotropy of the electronic work function of metals. Phys. Rev., 60 (9), 661.
55. Lang, N.D. and Kohn, W. (1971) Theory of metal surfaces - work function. Phys. Rev. B, 3 (4), 1215-1223.
56. Umeno, Y., Elsässer, C., Meyer, B., Gumbsch, P., Nothacker, M., Weissmüller, J., and Evers, F. (2007) Ab initio study of surface stress response to charging. Europhys. Lett., 78 (1), 13001.
57. Gokhshtein, A.Ya. (1970) Investigation of surface tension of solid electrodes at several frequencies simultaneously. Electrochim. Acta, 15 (1), 219-223.
58. Gokhshtein, A.Ya. (1976) Surface Tension of Solids and Adsorption, Nauka, Moscow.
59. Beck, T.R. (1969) Electrocapillary curves of solid metals measured by extensometer instrument. J. Phys. Chem., 73 (2), 466.
60. Lin, K.F. and Beck, T.R. (1976) Surface stress curves for gold. J. Electrochem. Soc., 123 (8), 1145-1151.
61. Seo, M., Makino, T., and Sato, N. (1986) Piezoelectric response to surface stress change of platinum-electrode. J. Electrochem. Soc., 133 (6), 1138-1142.
62. Seo, M., Jiang, X.C., and Sato, N. (1987) Piezoelectric response to surface stress change of gold electrode in sulfate aqueous-solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc., 134 (12), 3094-3098.
63. Haiss, W. and Sass, J.K. (1995) Adsorbateinduced surface stress at the solid- electrolyte interface measured with an STM. J. Electroanal. Chem., 386 (1-2), 267-270.
64. Raiteri, R. and Butt, H.J. (1995) Measuring electrochemically induced surface stress with an atomic-force microscope. J. Phys. Chem., 99 (43), 15728-15732.
65. Haiss, W. and Sass, J.K. (1996) Quantitative surface stress measurements on Au(111) electrodes by scanning tunneling microscopy. Langmuir, 12 (18), 4311-4313.
66. Brunt, T.A., Rayment, T., Oshea, S.J., and Welland, M.E. (1996) Measuring the surface stresses in an electrochemically deposited metal monolayer: Pb on Au (111). Langmuir, 12 (24), 5942-5946.
67. Haiss, W., Nichols, R.J., Sass, J.K., and Charle, K.P. (1998) Linear correlation between surface stress and surface charge in anion adsorption on Au(111). J. Electroanal. Chem., 452 (2), 199-202.
68. 4 electrolyte. Surf. Sci., 375 (1), 107-119.
69. Ueno, K. and Seo, M. (1999) Study of adsorption of iodide ions on gold electrode by a laser-beam deflection method compared with a piezoelectric technique. J. Electrochem. Soc., 146 (4), 1496-1499.
70. Lang, G.G., Ueno, K., Ujvari, M., and Seo, M. (2000) Simultaneous oscillations of surface stress and potential in the course of galvanostatic oxidation of formic acid. J. Phys. Chem. B, 104 (13), 2785-2789.
71. Kongstein, O.E., Bertocci, U., and Stafford, G.R. (2005) In situ stress measurements during copper electrodeposition on (111)-textured Au. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (3), C116-C123.
72. Stafford, G.R. and Bertocci, U. (2006) In situ stress and nanogravimetric measurements during underpotential deposition of bismuth on (111)-textured Au. J. Phys. Chem. B, 110 (31), 15493-15498.
73. Friesen, C., Dimitrov, N., Cammarata, R. C., and Sieradzki, K. (2001) Surface stress and electrocapillarity of solid electrodes. Langmuir, 17 (3), 807-815.
74. -. Langmuir, 20 (16), 6639-6643.
75. Tabard-Cossa, V., Godin, M., Beaulieu, L. Y., and Grütter, P. (2005) A differential microcantilever-based system for measuring surface stress changes induced by electrochemical reactions. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem., 107 (1), 233-241.
76. Tabard-Cossa, V., Godin, M., Burgess, I.J., Monga, T., Lennox, R.B., and Grütter, P. (2007) Microcantilever-based sensors: Effect of morphology, adhesion, and cleanliness of the sensing surface on surface stress. Anal. Chem., 79 (21), 8136-8143.
77. x heteroepitaxy: Dislocations, islanding, and segregation. J. Electron. Mater., 26 (9), 969-979.
78. Lafouresse, M.C., Bertocci, U., Beauchamp, C.R., and Stafford, G.R. (2012) Simultaneous electrochemical and mechanical impedance spectroscopy using cantilever curvature. J. Electrochem. Soc., 159 (10), H816-H822.
79. Viswanath, R.N., Kramer, D., and Weissmüller, J. (2008) Adsorbate effects on the surface stress-charge response of platinum electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 53 (6), 2757-2767.
80. Lavrik, N.V., Tipple, C.A., Sepaniak, M.J., and Datskos, P.G. (2001) Gold nanostructures for transduction of biomolecular interactions into micrometer scale movements. Biomed. Microdevices, 3, 35-44.
81. Weissmüller, J., Viswanath, R.N., Kramer, D., Zimmer, P., Würschum, R., and Gleiter, H. (2003) Charge-induced reversible strain in a metal. Science, 300 (5617), 312-315.
82. Kramer, D., Viswanath, R.N., and Weissmüller, J. (2004) Surface-stress induced macroscopic bending of nanoporous gold cantilevers. Nano Lett., 4 (5), 793-796.
83. Jin, H.J.,Wang, X.L., Parida, S., Wang, K., Seo, M., and Weissmüller, J. (2010) Nanoporous Au-Pt alloys as large strain electrochemical actuators. Nano Lett., 10 (1), 187-194.
84. Detsi, E., Chen, Z.G., Vellinga, W.P., Onck, P.R., and De Hosson, J.T.M. (2012) Actuating and sensing properties of nanoporous gold. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 12 (6), 4951-4955.
85. Dahmen, K., Lehwald, S., and Ibach, H. (2000) Bending of crystalline plates under the influence of surface stress - a finite element analysis. Surf. Sci., 446 (1-2), 161-173.
86. Duan, H.L., Weissmüller, J., and Wang, Y. (2008) Instabilities of core-shell heterostructured cylinders due to diffusions and epitaxy: Spheroidization and blossom of nanowires. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 56 (5), 1831-1851.
87. Wang, Y., Weissmüller, J., and Duan, H.L. (2010) Mechanics of corrugated surfaces. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 58 (10), 1552-1566.
88. Li, W.N., Duan, H.L., Albe, K., and Weissmüller, J. (2011) Line stress of step edges at crystal surfaces. Surf. Sci., 605 (9-10), 947-957.
89. Jin, H.J., Parida, S., Kramer, D., and Weissmüller, J. (2008) Sign-inverted surface stress-charge response in nanoporous gold. Surf. Sci., 602 (23), 3588-3594.
90. Soliman, K.A. and Kibler, L.A. (2007) Variation of the potential of zero charge for a silver monolayer deposited onto various noble metal single crystal surfaces. Electrochim. Acta, 52 (18), 5654-5658.
91. Albina, J.M., Elsässer, C., Weissmüller, J., Gumbsch, P., and Umeno, Y. (2012) Ab initio investigation of surface stress response to charging of transition and noble metals. Phys. Rev. B, 85 (12), 125118.
92. Deng, Q., Smetanin, M., and Weissmüller, J. (2012) Dynamic electrochemo- mechanical analysis. Meeting Abstracts, MA2012-01 (23), 959.
93. Wang, X.F., Li, W., Lin, J.G., and Xiao, Y. (2010) Electronic work function of the Cu (100) surface under different strain states. EPL, 89, 66004 doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/89/66004.
94. Feibelman, P.J. (1997) First-principles calculations of stress induced by gas adsorption on Pt(111). Phys. Rev. B, 56 (4), 2175-2182.
95. Mavrikakis, M., Stoltze, P., and Nørskov, J.K. (2000) Making gold less noble. Catal. Lett., 64 (2-4), 101-106.
96. Gsell, M., Jakob, P., and Menzel, D. (1998) Effect of substrate strain on adsorption. Science, 280 (5364), 717-720.
97. Miyatani, T. and Fujihira, M. (1997) Calibration of surface stress measurements with atomic force microscopy. J. Appl. Phys., 81 (11), 7099-7115.
98. Smetanin, M. (2010) Mechanics of Electrified Interfaces in Diluted Electrolytes. PhD thesis, http://scidok. sulb.uni-saarland.de/volltexte/2010/3380/.
99. Deng, Q., Smetanin, M., and Weissmüller, J. (2013) Mechanical modulation of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. In preparation.
100. Bard, A.J. and Faulkner, L.R. (1980) Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
101. Parsons, R. (1958) The rate of electrolytic hydrogen evolution and the heat of adsorption of hydrogen. Trans. Faraday Soc., 54 (7), 1053-1063.
102. Kibler, L.A. (2006) Hydrogen electrocatalysis. ChemPhysChem, 7 (5), 985-991.
103. Gasteiger, H.A., Sheng,W., and Shao-Horn, Y. (2010) Hydrogen oxidation and evolution reaction kinetics on platinum: Acid vs alkaline electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 157 (11), B1529-B1536.
104. Brønsted, J.N. (1928) Acid and basic catalysis. Chem. Rev., 5 (3), 231-338.
105. Evans, M.G. and Polanyi, M. (1938) Inertia and driving force of chemical reactions. Trans. Faraday Soc., 34 (0), 11-24.
106. Nørskov, J.K., Bligaard, T., Logadottir, A., Bahn, S., Hansen, L.B., Bollinger, M., Bengaard, H., Hammer, B., Sljivancanin, Z., Mavrikakis, M., Xu, Y., Dahl, S., and Jacobsen, C.J.H. (2002) Universality in heterogeneous catalysis. J. Catal., 209 (2), 275-278.
107. Kitchin, J.R., Nørskov, J.K., Barteau, M.A., and Chen, J.G. (2004) Role of strain and ligand effects in the modification of the electronic and chemical properties of bimetallic surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (15), 156801.
108. Greeley, J., Nørskov, J.K., Kibler, L.A., El-Aziz, A.M., and Kolb, D.M. (2006) Hydrogen evolution over bimetallic systems: Understanding the trends. ChemPhysChem, 7 (5), 1032-1035.