Antibiotic prophylaxis in cirrhosis: Good and bad

Hepatology

Volumn 63, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 2019-2031

  Fernández, Javier ^a,b,c   Tandon, Puneeta ^d   Mensa, Jose ^a   Garcia Tsao, Guadalupe ^e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

^c INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^e YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BILE ACID; HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PREBIOTIC AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROKINETIC AGENT; RIFAXIMIN;

ACUTE ON CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ASCITES; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; DECOMPENSATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS; FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION; HEPATORENAL SYNDROME; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INTESTINE FLORA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; STOMACH VARICES BLEEDING; SURVIVAL; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING;

EID: 84978275909     PISSN: 02709139     EISSN: 15273350     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hep.28330     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Fernandez J, Gustot T. Management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012;56(Suppl. 1):S1-S12.
2. Gustot T, Durand F, Lebrec D, Vincent JL, Moreau R. Severe sepsis in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2009;50:2022-2033.
3. Fernández J, Acevedo J, Castro M, Garcia O, de Lope CR, Roca D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of infections by multiresistant bacteria in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology 2012;55:1551-1561.
4. Jalan R, Fernández J, Wiest R, Schnabl B, Moreau R, Angeli P, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013. J Hepatol 2014;60:1310-1324.
5. Hou MC, Lin HC, Liu TT, Kuo BI, Lee FY, Chang FY, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2004;39:746-753.
6. Moreau R, Jalan R, Ginès P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, et al.; CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013;144:1426-1437.
7. Arvaniti V, D'Amico G, Fede G, Manousou P, Tsochatzis E, Pleguezuelo M, et al. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1246-1256.
8. de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015;63:743-752.
9. Runyon BA; AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology 2009;49:2087-2107.
10. Ginés P, Rimola A, Planas R, Vargas V, Marco F, Almela M, et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1990;12:716-724.
11. Bauer TM, Follo A, Navasa M, Vila J, Planas R, Clemente G, et al. Daily norfloxacin is more effective than weekly rufloxacin in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:1356-1361.
12. Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, Csako G, Pucino F. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:487-493.
13. Wiest R, Krag A, Gerbes A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: recent guidelines and beyond. Gut 2012;61:297-231.
14. Fernández J, Navasa N, Planas R, Montoliu S, Monfort D, Soriano G, et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007;133:818-824.
15. Bernard B, Grangé JD, Khac EN, Amiot X, Opolon P, Poynard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999;29:1655-1661.
16. Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila F, Soares-Weiser K, Mendez-Sanchez N, Gluud C, et al. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding—an updated Cochrane review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:509-518.
17. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007;46:922-938.
18. Fernandez J, Ruiz del Arbol L, Gomez C, Durandez R, Serradilla R, Guarner C, et al. Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 2006;131:1049-1056.
19. Tandon P, Abraldes JG, Keough A, Bastiampillai R, Jayakumar S, Carbonneau M, et al. Risk of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal hemorrhage, based on Child-Pugh class, and effects of antibiotics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:1189-1196.
20. Karvellas CJ, Abraldes JG, Arabi YM, Kumar A; Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group. Appropriate and timely antimicrobial therapy in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis-associated septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;41:747-757.
21. Fernandez J, Navasa M, Gomez J, Colmenero J, Vila J, Arroyo V, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 2002;35:140-148.
22. Chaulk J, Carbonneau M, Qamar H, Keough A, Chang HJ, Ma M, et al. Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a single-centre experience and summary of existing studies. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;28:83-88.
23. Tandon P, Delisle A, Topal JE, Garcia-Tsao G. High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections among patients with cirrhosis at a US liver center. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:1291-1298.
24. Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, Hafeezullah M, Zadvornova Y, Dye A, McGinley EL, et al. Clostridium difficile is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis: a national and tertiary center perspective. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:106-113.
25. Bird ST, Etminan M, Brophy JM, Hartzema AG, Delaney JA. Risk of AKI associated with the use of fluoroquinolones. CMAJ 2013;185:E475-E482.
26. Udy AA, Roberts JA, Lipman J. Clinical implications of antibiotic pharmacokinetic principles in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 2013;39:2070-2078.
27. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sanyal AJ, Hylemon PB, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, et al. Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PloS One 2013;8:e60042.
28. Hanouneh MA, Hanouneh IA, Hashash JG, Law R, Esfeh JM, Lopez R, et al. The role of rifaximin in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012;46:709-715.
29. Vlachogiannakos J, Viazis N, Vasianopoulou P, Vafiadis I, Karamanolis DG, Ladas SD. Long-term administration of rifaximin improves the prognosis of patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;28:450-455.
30. Lutz P, Parcina M, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Nischalke HD, Nattermann J, Sauerbruch T, et al. Impact of rifaximin on the frequency and characteristics of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. PloS One 2014;9:e93909.
31. Wiest R, Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2005;41:422-433.
32. Stadlbauer V, Mookerjee RP, Hodges S, Wright GA, Davies NA, Jalan R. Effect of probiotic treatment on deranged neutrophil function and cytokine responses in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2008;48:945-951.
33. Bartoli R, Mane J, Cabre E, Lorenzo-Zuniga V, Planas R, Vinado B, et al. Effect of the administration of fermentable and non-fermentable dietary fiber on intestinal bacterial translocation in ascitic cirrhotic rats. Clin Nutr 2007;26:383-387.
34. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Hansen S, Boucsein K, Muller AR, Serke S, et al. Early enteral supply of lactobacillus and fiber versus selective bowel decontamination: a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002;74:123-127.
35. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S, et al. Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation—a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Transplant 2005;5:125-130.
36. Pande C, Kumar A, Sarin SK. Addition of probiotics to norfloxacin does not improve efficacy in the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized-controlled trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:831-839.
37. Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:651-659.
38. Crum-Cianflone NF, Sullivan E, Ballon-Landa G. Fecal microbiota transplantation and successful resolution of multidrug-resistant-organism colonization. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:1986-1989.
39. Sandhu BS, Gupta R, Sharma J, Singh J, Murthy NS, Sarin SK. Norfloxacin and cisapride combination decreases the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic ascites. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20:599-605.
40. Abraldes JG, Tarantino I, Turnes J, Garcia-Pagan JC, Rodes J, Bosch J. Hemodynamic response to pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension and long-term prognosis of cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003;37:902-908.
41. Worlicek M, Knebel K, Linde HJ, Moleda L, Scholmerich J, Straub RH, et al. Splanchnic sympathectomy prevents translocation and spreading of E. coli but not S. aureus in liver cirrhosis. Gut 2010;59:1127-1134.
42. Reiberger T, Ferlitsch A, Payer BA, Mandorfer M, Heinisch BB, Hayden H, et al. Non-selective betablocker therapy decreases intestinal permeability and serum levels of LBP and IL-6 in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013;58:911-921.
43. Bajaj JS, Ratliff SM, Heuman DM, Lapane KL. Non-selective beta-blockers are not associated with serious infections in veterans with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:407-414.
44. Mandorfer M, Bota S, Schwabl P, Bucsics T, Pfisterer N, Kruzik M, et al. Non-selective beta-blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 2014;146:1680-1690.
45. Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Burra P, Leandro G, Thalheimer U, Patch D, et al. Beta-blockers protect against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis. Liver Int 2009;29:1189-1193.
46. Ridlon JM, Alves JM, Hylemon PB, Bajaj JS. Cirrhosis, bile acids and gut microbiota: unraveling a complex relationship. Gut Microbes 2013;4:382-387.
47. Kakiyama G, Pandak WM, Gillevet PM, Hylemon PB, Heuman DM, Daita K, et al. Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013;58:949-955.
48. Lorenzo-Zuniga V, Bartoli R, Planas R, Hofmann AF, Vinado B, Hagey LR, et al. Oral bile acids reduce bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 2003;37:551-557.
49. Verbeke L, Farre R, Verbinnen B, Covens K, Vanuytsel T, Verhaegen J, et al. The FXR agonist obeticholic acid prevents gut barrier dysfunction and bacterial dysfunction in cholestatic rats. Am J Pathol 2015;185:409-419.
50. Lutz P, Berger C, Langhans B, Grünhage F, Appenrodt B, Nattermann J, et al. A farsenoid X receptor polymorphism predisposes to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Dig Liver Dis 2014;46:1047-1050.
51. Abraldes JG, Albillos A, Banares R, Turnes J, Gonzalez R, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Simvastatin lowers portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1651-1658.
52. Motzkus-Feagans C, Pakyz AL, Ratliff SM, Bajaj JS, Lapane KL. Statin use and infections in veterans with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:611-618.
53. Abraldes J, Villanueva C, Aracil C, Turnes J, Hernandez-Guerra M, Genesca J, et al. Addition of simvastatin to standard treatment improves survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A double-blind randomized trial. J Hepatol 2014;60:S525.
54. Kedarisetty CK, Anand L, Bhardwaj A, Bhadoria AS, Kumar G, Vyas AK, et al. Combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin improves outcomes of patients with decompensated cirrosis. Gastroenterology 2015;148:1362-1370.
55. Soriano G, Guarner C, Teixidó M, Such J, Barrios J, Enríquez J, et al. Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1991;100:477-481.
56. Singh N, Gayowski T, Yu VL, Wagener MM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:595-598.
57. Rolachon A, Cordier L, Bacq Y, Nousbaum JB, Franza A, Paris JC, et al. Ciprofloxacin and long-term prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a prospective controlled trial. Hepatology 1995;22:1171-1174.
58. Alvarez RF, Mattos AA, Corrêa EB, Cotrim HP, Nascimento TV. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin in the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Arq Gastroenterol 2005;42:256-262.
59. Lontos S, Shelton E, Angus PW, Vaughan R, Roberts SK, Gordon A, et al. A randomized controlled study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin for the prevention of infection in cirrhotic patients. J Dig Dis 2014;15:260-267.
60. Novella M, Solà R, Soriano G, Andreu M, Gana J, Ortiz J, et al. Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with norfloxacin. Hepatology 1997;25:532-536.
61. Grangé JD, Roulot D, Pelletier G, Pariente EA, Denis J, Ink O, et al. Norfloxacin primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a double-blind randomized trial. J Hepatol 1998;29:430-436.
62. Terg R, Fassio E, Guevara M, Cartier M, Longo C, Lucero R, et al. Ciprofloxacin in primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol 2008;48:774-779.
63. Rimola A, Bory F, Teres J, Perez-Ayuso RM, Arroyo V, Rodes J. Oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics prevent infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1985;5:463-467.
64. Soriano G, Guarner C, Tomás A, Villanueva C, Torras X, González D, et al. Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1992; 103:1267-1272.
65. Rolando N, Gimson A, Philpott-Howard J, Sahathevan M, Casewell M, Fagan E, et al. Infectious sequelae after endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices: role of antibiotic prophylaxis. J Hepatol 1993;18:290-294.
66. Blaise M, Pateron D, Trinchet JC, Levacher S, Beaugrand M, Pourriat JL. Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1994;20:34-38.
67. Pauwels A, Mostefa-Kara N, Debenes B, Degoutte E, Lévy VG. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients with a high risk of infection. Hepatology 1996;24:802-806.
68. Hsieh WJ, Lin HC, Hwang SJ, Hou MC, Lee FY, Chang FY, et al. The effect of ciprofloxacin in the prevention of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:962-966.
69. Hong SN, Kim BJ, Lee SY, Lee CY, Ryu MK, Choi MS, et al. Prospective randomized trial of intravenous ciprofloxacin for prevention of bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi 2002;8:288-296.
70. Lin YT, Lo GH, Lai KH, Chen TA, Lin WJ. Prophylactic antibiotics in cirrhotics with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a prospective, controlled trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002;65:365-371.
71. Xu HW, Wang JH, Tsai MS, Wu KL, Chiou SS, Changchien CS, et al. The effects of cefazolin on cirrhotic patients with acute variceal hemorrhage after endoscopic interventions. Surg Endosc 2011;25:2911-2918.
72. Sàbat M, Kolle L, Soriano G, Ortiz J, Pamplona J, Novella MT, et al. Parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial infections does not improve cost-efficacy of oral norfloxacin in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:2457-2462.
73. Díaz J, Román R, Bustíos C, Davalos M, Zumaeta E. Ciprofloxacin vs cefazolin in the prevention of infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2011;31:319-322.
74. Wu CK, Wang JH, Lee CH, Wu KL, Tai WC, Lu SN, et al. The outcome of prophylactic intravenous cefazolin and ceftriaxone in cirrhotic patients at different clinical stages of disease after endoscopic interventions for acute variceal hemorrhage. PLoS One 2013;8:e61666.