Cirrhosis, bile acids and gut microbiota: Unraveling a complex relationship

Gut Microbes

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2013, Pages

  Ridlon, Jason M ^a,b   Alves, Joao Marcelo ^a   Hylemon, Phillip B ^a,b   Bajaj, Jasmohan S ^a,b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

7 dehydroxylation; Autochthonous; Bile acids; Cirrhosis; Clostridium cluster XIVa; Lachnospiraceae; MELD score; Rifaximin; Ruminoccoccaceae

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CHOLIC ACID; DEOXYCHOLIC ACID; LITHOCHOLIC ACID; RIFAXIMIN; SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID; BILE ACID;

7ALPHA DEHYDROXYLATION; ARTICLE; BACTEROIDES; BILE ACID METABOLISM; CLOSTRIDIUM CLUSTER XIVA; ENERGY TRANSFER; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; FIRMICUTES; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINE FLORA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MICROBIOME; NONHUMAN; ORGANISMAL INTERACTION; PORPHYROMONADACEAE; 7Α-DEHYDROXYLATION; AUTOCHTHONOUS; BILE ACIDS; CHEMISTRY; FECES; FEMALE; INTESTINE; LACHNOSPIRACEAE; MALE; MELD SCORE; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; NOTE; PHYSIOLOGY; RUMINOCCOCCACEAE;

7Α-DEHYDROXYLATION; AUTOCHTHONOUS; BILE ACIDS; CIRRHOSIS; CLOSTRIDIUM CLUSTER XIVA; LACHNOSPIRACEAE; MELD SCORE; RIFAXIMIN; RUMINOCCOCCACEAE;

BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; FECES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTESTINES; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALE; MICROBIOTA;

EID: 84883442887     PISSN: 19490976     EISSN: 19490984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/gmic.25723     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Bajaj JS, Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB, Thacker LR, Heuman DM, Smith S, et al. Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G168-75; PMID:21940902; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ ajpgi.00190.2011
2. Chen Y, Yang F, Lu H, Wang B, Chen Y, Lei D, et al. Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 54:562-72; PMID:21574172; http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/hep.24423
3. Chiang JY. Bile acids: regulation of synthesis. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1955-66; PMID:19346330; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R900010-JLR20
4. Vlahcevic ZR, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB. Regulation of bile acid synthesis. Hepatology 1991; 13:590-600; PMID:1847897; http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/hep.1840130331
5. Axelson M, Sjövall J. Potential bile acid precursors in plasma--possible indicators of biosynthetic pathways to cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in man. J Steroid Biochem 1990; 36:631-40; PMID:2214780; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(90)90182-R
6. Vlahcevic ZR, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB. 1996. Physiology and pathophysiology of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. In Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease. 3rd edition. Vol. 1. D. Zakim and T. Boyer, editors. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 376-417.
7. Savage DC. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu Rev Microbiol 1977; 31:107-33; PMID:334036; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev. mi.31.100177.000543
8. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005; 308:1635-8; PMID:15831718; http://dx.doi. org/10.1126/science.1110591
9. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, et al.; MetaHIT Consortium. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010; 464:59-65; PMID:20203603; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ nature08821
10. Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:241-59; PMID:16299351; http://dx.doi. org/10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200
11. Mallonee DH, White WB, Hylemon PB. Cloning and sequencing of a bile acid-inducible operon from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:7011-9; PMID:2254270
12. Wells JE, Hylemon PB. Identification and characterization of a bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation operon in Clostridium sp. strain TO-931, a highly active 7alpha-dehydroxylating strain isolated from human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:1107-13; PMID:10698778; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ AEM.66.3.1107-1113.2000
13. Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. Isolation and characterization of a bile acid inducible 7alpha-dehydroxylating operon in Clostridium hylemonae TN271. Anaerobe 2010; 16:137-46; PMID:19464381; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe. 2009.05.004
14. Islam KB, Fukiya S, Hagio M, Fujii N, Ishizuka S, Ooka T, et al. Bile acid is a host factor that regulates the composition of the cecal microbiota in rats. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1773-81; PMID:21839040; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro. 2011.07.046
15. Kakiyama G, Pandak WM, Gillevet PM, Hylemon PB, Heuman DM, Daita K, et al. Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013; 58:949-55; PMID:23333527; http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.003
16. Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB. Identification and characterization of two bile acid coenzyme A transferases from Clostridium scindens, a bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating intestinal bacterium. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:66-76; PMID:22021638; http://dx.doi. org/10.1194/jlr.M020313
17. Sayin SI, Wahlström A, Felin J, Jäntti S, Marschall HU, Bamberg K, et al. Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-betamuricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist. Cell Metab 2013; 17:225-35; PMID:23395169; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.003
18. Dikopoulos N, Weidenbach H, Adler G, Schmid RM. Lipopolysaccharide represses cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase and induces binding activity to the bile acid response element II. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33:58-64; PMID:12492453; http://dx.doi. org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01079.x
19. Neimark E, Chen F, Li X, Shneider BL. Bile acidinduced negative feedback regulation of the human ileal bile acid transporter. Hepatology 2004; 40:149-56; PMID:15239098; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ hep.20295
20. Quigley EM, Quera R. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: roles of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(Suppl 1):S78-90; PMID:16473077; http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j. gastro.2005.11.046
21. Raetz CR, Whitfield C. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem 2002; 71:635-700; PMID:12045108; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414
22. Delahooke DM, Barclay GR, Poxton IR. A reappraisal of the biological activity of bacteroides LPS. J Med Microbiol 1995; 42:102-12; PMID:7869345; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-42-2-102
23. Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C, Hao L, Mehal WZ, Strowig T, et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature 2012; 482:179-85; PMID:22297845
24. Darveau RP, Pham TT, Lemley K, Reife RA, Bainbridge BW, Coats SR, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide contains multiple lipid A species that functionally interact with both toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5041-51; PMID:15321997; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ IAI.72.9.5041-5051.2004
25. Bajaj JS, Hylemon PB, Ridlon JM, Heuman DM, Daita K, White MB, et al. Colonic mucosal microbiome differs from stool microbiome in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy and is linked to cognition and inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G675-85; PMID:22821944; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2012
26. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sanyal AJ, Hylemon PB, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, et al. Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60042; PMID:23565181; http://dx.doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060042
27. Kalambokis GN, Mouzaki A, Rodi M, Pappas K, Fotopoulos A, Xourgia X, et al. Rifaximin improves systemic hemodynamics and renal function in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:815-8; PMID:22391344; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cgh.2012.02.025
28. Stenman LK, Holma R, Korpela R. High-fat-induced intestinal permeability dysfunction associated with altered fecal bile acids. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:923-9; PMID:22408351; http://dx.doi. org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i9.923
29. Stenman LK, Holma R, Eggert A, Korpela R. A novel mechanism for gut barrier dysfunction by dietary fat: epithelial disruption by hydrophobic bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G227-34; PMID:23203158; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ ajpgi.00267.2012
30. Gupta S, Stravitz RT, Dent P, Hylemon PB. Down-regulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expression by bile acids in primary rat hepatocytes is mediated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:15816-22; PMID:11278771; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc. M010878200
31. Begley M, Gahan CGM, Hill C. The interaction between bacteria and bile. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:625-51; PMID:16102595; http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003