Age of onset of bipolar disorder: Combined effect of childhood adversity and familial loading of psychiatric disorders

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 81, Issue , 2016, Pages 63-70

  Post, Robert M ^a,b   Altshuler, Lori L ^c,d   Kupka, Ralph ^e   McElroy, Susan L ^e,f   Frye, Mark A ^g   Rowe, Michael ^a   Grunze, Heinz ^h   Suppes, Trisha ^i,j   Keck, Paul E ^e,f   Leverich, Gabriele S ^a   Nolen, Willem A ^k  

^a Bipolar Collaborative Network   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d VA GREATER LOS ANGELES HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f LINDNER CENTER OF HOPE   (United States)

^g MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^h PARACELSUS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

ⁱ STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j VA PALO ALTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

more..

Author keywords

Age of onset of bipolar disorder; Childhood abuse; Depression; Family history; Heat map; Substance abuse

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY; EARLY LIFE STRESS; FAMILY; FAMILY INTERACTION; HUMAN; INFORMED CONSENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENTAL DISEASE; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; ONSET AGE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR; VULNERABLE POPULATION; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; GENETICS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; OUTPATIENT; PARENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

ADULT; AGE OF ONSET; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; OUTPATIENTS; PARENTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84978140833     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.008     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Antypa, N., Serretti, A., Family history of a mood disorder indicates a more severe bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 156 (2014), 178–186.
2. Azorin, J.M., Bellivier, F., Kaladjian, A., Adida, M., Belzeaux, R., Fakra, E., et al. Characteristics and profiles of bipolar I patients according to age-at-onset: findings from an admixture analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 150 (2013), 993–1000.
3. Baldessarini, R.J., Tondo, L., Vazquez, G.H., Undurraga, J., Bolzani, L., Yildiz, A., et al. Age at onset versus family history and clinical outcomes in 1,665 international bipolar-I disorder patients. World Psychiatry 11 (2012), 40–46.
4. Bale, T.L., Lifetime stress experience: transgenerational epigenetics and germ cell programming. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 16 (2014), 297–305.
5. Bellivier, F., Etain, B., Malafosse, A., Henry, C., Kahn, J.P., Elgrabli-Wajsbrot, O., et al. Age at onset in bipolar I affective disorder in the USA and Europe. World J. Biol. Psychiatry Off. J. World Fed. Soc. Biol. Psychiatry 15 (2014), 369–376.
6. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B., Monk, K., Kalas, C., Obreja, M., et al. Psychiatric disorders in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS). Am. J. Psychiatry 167 (2010), 321–330.
7. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Monk, K., Kalas, C., Goldstein, B., Hickey, M.B., et al. Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study. Archives General Psychiatry 66 (2009), 287–296.
8. Birmaher, B., Gill, M.K., Axelson, D.A., Goldstein, B.I., Goldstein, T.R., Yu, H., et al. Longitudinal trajectories and associated baseline predictors in youths with bipolar spectrum disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 171 (2014), 990–999.
9. Birmaher, B., Goldstein, B.I., Axelson, D.A., Monk, K., Hickey, M.B., Fan, J., et al. Mood lability among offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and community controls. Bipolar Disord. 15 (2013), 253–263.
10. Brown, G.R., McBride, L., Bauer, M.S., Williford, W.O., Impact of childhood abuse on the course of bipolar disorder: a replication study in U.S. veterans. J. Affect. Disord. 89 (2005), 57–67.
11. Carlson, G.A., Bromet, E.J., Driessens, C., Mojtabai, R., Schwartz, J.E., Age at onset, childhood psychopathology, and 2-year outcome in psychotic bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 159 (2002), 307–309.
12. Carter, T.D., Mundo, E., Parikh, S.V., Kennedy, J.L., Early age at onset as a risk factor for poor outcome of bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatric Res. 37 (2003), 297–303.
13. Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T.E., Taylor, A., Craig, I.W., Harrington, H., et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301 (2003), 386–389.
14. Correll, C.U., Penzner, J.B., Lencz, T., Auther, A., Smith, C.W., Malhotra, A.K., et al. Early identification and high-risk strategies for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 9 (2007), 324–338.
15. Craddock, N., O'Donovan, M.C., Owen, M.J., Psychosis genetics: modeling the relationship between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and mixed (or “schizoaffective”) psychoses. Schizophr. Bull. 35 (2009), 482–490.
16. DelBello, M.P., Hanseman, D., Adler, C.M., Fleck, D.E., Strakowski, S.M., Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. Am. J. Psychiatry 164 (2007), 582–590.
17. Dias, B.G., Ressler, K.J., Parental olfactory experience influences behavior and neural structure in subsequent generations. Nat. Neurosci. 17 (2014), 89–96.
18. Dietz, D.M., Nestler, E.J., From father to offspring: paternal transmission of depressive-like behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology. official Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 37 (2012), 311–312.
19. Epel, E.S., Blackburn, E.H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F.S., Adler, N.E., Morrow, J.D., et al. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004), 17312–17315.
20. Ernst, C.L., Goldberg, J.F., Clinical features related to age at onset in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 82 (2004), 21–27.
21. Etain, B., Lajnef, M., Bellivier, F., Mathieu, F., Raust, A., Cochet, B., et al. Clinical expression of bipolar disorder type I as a function of age and polarity at onset: convergent findings in samples from France and the United States. J. Clin. Psychiatry 73 (2012), e561–e566.
22. Gapp, K., von Ziegler, L., Tweedie-Cullen, R.Y., Mansuy, I.M., Early life epigenetic programming and transmission of stress-induced traits in mammals: how and when can environmental factors influence traits and their transgenerational inheritance?. BioEssays: News Rev. Mol. Cell. Dev. Biol. 36 (2014), 491–502.
23. Garno, J.L., Goldberg, J.F., Ramirez, P.M., Ritzler, B.A., Impact of childhood abuse on the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci. 186 (2005), 121–125.
24. Geller, B., Luby, J.L., Joshi, P., Wagner, K.D., Emslie, G., Walkup, J.T., et al. A randomized controlled trial of risperidone, lithium, or divalproex sodium for initial treatment of bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed phase, in children and adolescents. Archives General Pychiatry 69 (2012), 515–528.
25. Geller, B., Tillman, R., Bolhofner, K., Zimerman, B., Strauss, N.A., Kaufmann, P., Controlled, blindly rated, direct-interview family study of a prepubertal and early-adolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype: morbid risk, age at onset, and comorbidity. Archives General Psychiatry 63 (2006), 1130–1138.
26. Geoffroy, P.A., Etain, B., Scott, J., Henry, C., Jamain, S., Leboyer, M., et al. Reconsideration of bipolar disorder as a developmental disorder: importance of the time of onset. J. Physiology, Paris 107 (2013), 278–285.
27. Hardt, J., Rutter, M., Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, Allied Discip. 45 (2004), 260–273.
28. Jochems, J., Teegarden, S.L., Chen, Y., Boulden, J., Challis, C., Ben-Dor, G.A., et al. Enhancement of stress resilience through histone deacetylase 6-mediated regulation of glucocorticoid receptor chaperone dynamics. Biol. Psychiatry 77 (2015), 345–355.
29. Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., Sen, S., The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: evidence of genetic moderation. Archives General Psychiatry 68 (2011), 444–454.
30. Kessing, L.V., Hansen, H.V., Hvenegaard, A., Christensen, E.M., Dam, H., Gluud, C., et al. Treatment in a specialised out-patient mood disorder clinic v. standard out-patient treatment in the early course of bipolar disorder: randomised clinical trial. The British journal of psychiatry. J. Ment. Sci. 202 (2013), 212–219.
31. Kessler, R.C., McLaughlin, K.A., Green, J.G., Gruber, M.J., Sampson, N.A., Zaslavsky, A.M., et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO world mental health surveys. Br. J. psychiatry J. Ment. Sci. 197 (2010), 378–385.
32. Kowatch, R.A., Fristad, M., Birmaher, B., Wagner, K.D., Findling, R.L., Hellander, M., Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44 (2005), 213–235.
33. Labonte, B., Suderman, M., Maussion, G., Lopez, J.P., Navarro-Sanchez, L., Yerko, V., et al. Genome-wide methylation changes in the brains of suicide completers. Am. J. Psychiatry 170 (2013), 511–520.
34. Larsson, S., Aas, M., Klungsoyr, O., Agartz, I., Mork, E., Steen, N.E., et al. Patterns of childhood adverse events are associated with clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 2013, 97.
35. Lee, S.H., Ripke, S., Neale, B.M., Faraone, S.V., Purcell, S.M., Perlis, R.H., et al. Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nat. Genet. 45 (2013), 984–994.
36. Leverich, G.S., Altshuler, L.L., Frye, M.A., Suppes, T., Keck, P.E. Jr., McElroy, S.L., et al. Factors associated with suicide attempts in 648 patients with bipolar disorder in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64 (2003), 506–515.
37. Leverich, G.S., McElroy, S.L., Suppes, T., Keck, P.E. Jr., Denicoff, K.D., Nolen, W.A., et al. Early physical and sexual abuse associated with an adverse course of bipolar illness. Biol. Psychiatry 51 (2002), 288–297.
38. Lin, P.I., McInnis, M.G., Potash, J.B., Willour, V., MacKinnon, D.F., DePaulo, J.R., et al. Clinical correlates and familial aggregation of age at onset in bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 163 (2006), 240–246.
39. Mandelli, L., Serretti, A., Gene environment interaction studies in depression and suicidal behavior: an update. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37 (2013), 2375–2397.
40. McGowan, P.O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A.C., Dymov, S., Labonte, B., Szyf, M., et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat. Neurosci. 12 (2009), 342–348.
41. McGowan, P.O., Suderman, M., Sasaki, A., Huang, T.C., Hallett, M., Meaney, M.J., et al. Broad epigenetic signature of maternal care in the brain of adult rats. PloS one, 6, 2011, e14739.
42. McNamara, R.K., Nandagopal, J.J., Strakowski, S.M., DelBello, M.P., Preventative strategies for early-onset bipolar disorder: towards a clinical staging model. CNS Drugs 24 (2010), 983–996.
43. Meaney, M.J., Aitken, D.H., Bodnoff, S.R., Iny, L.J., Tatarewicz, J.E., Sapolsky, R.M., Early postnatal handling alters glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in selected brain regions. Behav. Neurosci. 127 (2013), 637–641.
44. Mehta, D., Klengel, T., Conneely, K.N., Smith, A.K., Altmann, A., Pace, T.W., et al. Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110 (2013), 8302–8307.
45. Miklowitz, D.J., Schneck, C.D., Singh, M.K., Taylor, D.O., George, E.L., Cosgrove, V.E., et al. Early intervention for symptomatic youth at risk for bipolar disorder: a randomized trial of family-focused therapy. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 52 (2013), 121–131.
46. Nurnberger, J.I. Jr., Koller, D.L., Jung, J., Edenberg, H.J., Foroud, T., Guella, I., et al. Identification of pathways for bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 71 (2014), 657–664.
47. Pavuluri, M.N., Birmaher, B., Naylor, M.W., Pediatric bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44 (2005), 846–871.
48. Perlis, R.H., Dennehy, E.B., Miklowitz, D.J., Delbello, M.P., Ostacher, M., Calabrese, J.R., et al. Retrospective age at onset of bipolar disorder and outcome during two-year follow-up: results from the STEP-BD study. Bipolar Disord. 11 (2009), 391–400.
49. Perlis, R.H., Miyahara, S., Marangell, L.B., Wisniewski, S.R., Ostacher, M., DelBello, M.P., et al. Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Biol. Psychiatry 55 (2004), 875–881.
50. Peters, A., Sylvia, L.G., Magalhaes, P.V., Miklowitz, D.J., Frank, E., Otto, M.W., et al. Age at onset, course of illness and response to psychotherapy in bipolar disorder: results from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Psychol. Med. 44 (2014), 3455–3467.
51. Post, R., Altshuler, L., Kupka, R., McElroy, S., Frye, M., Rowe, M., et al. Multigenerational positive family history of psychiatric disorders is associated with a poor prognosis in bipolar disorder. J. neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 27:4 (2015), 304–310.
52. Post, R., Altshuler, L., Leverich, G., Frye, M., Suppes, T., McElroy, S., et al. The impact of verbal abuse on the course of bipolar disorder in patients from the United States. Bipolar Disord. 17 (2015), 323–330.
53. Post, R.M., Heading off depressive illness evolution and progression to treatment resistance. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 17 (2015), 105–109.
54. Post, R.M., Altshuler, L., Kupka, R., McElroy, S., Frye, M.A., Rowe, M., et al. More pernicious course of bipolar disorder in the United States than in many European countries: implications for policy and treatment. J. Affect. Disord. 160 (2014), 27–33.
55. Post, R.M., Leverich, G.S., Kupka, R., Keck, P.E., McElroy, S.L., Alshuler, L.A., et al. Increases in multiple psychiatric disorders in parents and grandparents of patients with bipolar disorder from the United States compared to the Netherlands and Germany. Psychiatr. Genet. 25:5 (2015), 194–200.
56. Post, R.M., Altshuler, L., Leverich, G., Nolen, W., Kupka, R., Grunze, H., et al. More stressors prior to and during the course of bipolar illness in patients from the United States compared with the Netherlands and Germany. Psychiatry Res. 210 (2013), 880–886.
57. Post, R.M., Altshuler, L.L., Frye, M.A., Suppes, T., Keck, P.E. Jr., McElroy, S.L., et al. Complexity of pharmacologic treatment required for sustained improvement in outpatients with bipolar disorder. J. Clin. psychiatry, 71, 2010 1176-86; quiz 252–3.
58. Post, R.M., Altshuler, L.L., Kupka, R., McElroy, S.L., Frye, M.A., Rowe, M., et al. More illness in offspring of bipolar patients from the U.S. compared to Europe. J. Affect. Disord. 191 (2016), 180–186.
59. Post, R.M., Chang, K., Frye, M.A., Paradigm shift: preliminary clinical categorization of ultrahigh risk for childhood bipolar disorder to facilitate studies on prevention. J. Clin. psychiatry 74 (2013), 167–169.
60. Post, R.M., Leverich, G.S., Kupka, R., Keck, P. Jr., McElroy, S., Altshuler, L., et al. Increased parental history of bipolar disorder in the United States: association with early age of onset. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 129 (2014), 375–382.
61. Post, R.M., Leverich, G.S., Kupka, R., Keck, P.E. Jr., McElroy, S.L., Altshuler, L.L., et al. Increases in multiple psychiatric disorders in parents and grandparents of patients with bipolar disorder from the USA compared with The Netherlands and Germany. Psychiatr. Genet. 25 (2015), 194–200.
62. Post, R.M., Leverich, G.S., Kupka, R.W., Keck, P.E. Jr., McElroy, S.L., Altshuler, L.L., et al. Early-onset bipolar disorder and treatment delay are risk factors for poor outcome in adulthood. J. Clin. Psychiatry 71 (2010), 864–872.
63. Preisig, M., Strippoli, M.P., Castelao, E., Merikangas, K.R., Gholam-Rezaee, M., Marquet, P., et al. The specificity of the familial aggregation of early-onset bipolar disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study of offspring of parents with mood disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 190 (2016), 26–33.
64. Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K.Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., et al. Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. Jama 301 (2009), 2462–2471.
65. Roth, T.L., Lubin, F.D., Funk, A.J., Sweatt, J.D., Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biol. Psychiatry 65 (2009), 760–769.
66. Shonkoff, J.P., Garner, A.S., The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 129 (2012), e232–e246.
67. Song, J., Bergen, S.E., Kuja-Halkola, R., Larsson, H., Landen, M., Lichtenstein, P., Bipolar disorder and its relation to major psychiatric disorders: a family-based study in the Swedish population. Bipolar Disord. 17 (2015), 184–193.
68. Suderman, M., McGowan, P.O., Sasaki, A., Huang, T.C., Hallett, M.T., Meaney, M.J., et al. Conserved epigenetic sensitivity to early life experience in the rat and human hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109:Suppl. 2 (2012), 17266–17272.
69. Suominen, K., Mantere, O., Valtonen, H., Arvilommi, P., Leppamaki, S., Paunio, T., et al. Early age at onset of bipolar disorder is associated with more severe clinical features but delayed treatment seeking. Bipolar Disord. 9 (2007), 698–705.
70. Szutorisz, H., DiNieri, J.A., Sweet, E., Egervari, G., Michaelides, M., Carter, J.M., et al. Parental THC exposure leads to compulsive heroin-seeking and altered striatal synaptic plasticity in the subsequent generation. Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 39 (2014), 1315–1323.
71. Vassoler, F.M., White, S.L., Schmidt, H.D., Sadri-Vakili, G., Pierce, R.C., Epigenetic inheritance of a cocaine-resistance phenotype. Nat. Neurosci. 16 (2013), 42–47.
72. Viana, M.C., Andrade, L.H., Lifetime Prevalence, age and gender distribution and age-of-onset of psychiatric disorders in the sao Paulo Metropolitan area, Brazil: results from the sao Paulo Megacity mental health survey. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 34 (2012), 249–260.
73. Wang, P.S., Berglund, P., Olfson, M., Pincus, H.A., Wells, K.B., Kessler, R.C., Failure and delay in initial treatment contact after first onset of mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives general psychiatry 62 (2005), 603–613.
74. Weaver, I.C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F.A., D'Alessio, A.C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J.R., et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004), 847–854.
75. Wickramaratne, P., Gameroff, M.J., Pilowsky, D.J., Hughes, C.W., Garber, J., Malloy, E., et al. Children of depressed mothers 1 year after remission of maternal depression: findings from the STAR*D-Child study. Am. J. Psychiatry 168 (2011), 593–602.
76. Wolkowitz, O.M., Mellon, S.H., Epel, E.S., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F.S., Su, Y., et al. Leukocyte telomere length in major depression: correlations with chronicity, inflammation and oxidative stress–preliminary findings. PloS One, 6, 2011, e17837.
77. Yehuda, R., Flory, J.D., Bierer, L.M., Henn-Haase, C., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., et al. Lower methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter 1F in peripheral blood of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 77 (2015), 356–364.