Redox Effects on Organic Matter Storage in Coastal Sediments during the Holocene: A BiomarkerProxy Perspective

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 44, Issue , 2016, Pages 295-319

  Bianchi, Thomas S ^a   Schreiner, Kathryn M ^b   Smith, Richard W ^c   Burdige, David J ^d   Woodard, Stella ^c,e   Conley, Daniel J ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH   (United States)

^c Global Aquatic Research LLC   (United States)

^d Old Dominion University   (United States)

^e RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Anthropogenic; Environmental change; Hypoxia; Organic carbon burial; Oxygen minimum zones

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; CARBON; GLOBAL WARMING; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; OXYGEN; SEA LEVEL;

ANTHROPOGENIC; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; HYPOXIA; ORGANIC CARBON BURIAL; OXYGEN MINIMUM ZONE;

ORGANIC CARBON;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BIOMARKER; COASTAL SEDIMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM; GLOBAL WARMING; HOLOCENE; ORGANIC CARBON; OXYGEN MINIMUM LAYER; PERIODICITY; REDOX CONDITIONS; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; WATER TEMPERATURE;

EID: 84977138799     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105417     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Airoldi L, Beck WM. 2007. Loss, status and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 45:345-405
2. Aller RC. 1998. Mobile deltaic and continental shelf muds as suboxic, fluidized bed reactors. Mar. Chem. 61:143-55
3. Aller RC. 2004. Conceptual models of early diagenetic processes: The muddy seafloor as an unsteady, batch reactor. J. Mar. Res. 62:815-935
4. Aller RC. 2014. Sedimentary diagenesis, depositional environments, and benthic fluxes. In Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol. 8: The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry, ed. MJ Mottl, H Elderfield, pp. 293-34. Amsterdam: Elsevier
5. Altieri AH, Gedan KB. 2015. Climate change and dead zones. Glob. Change Biol. 21:1395-406
6. Arndt S, JOrgensen BB, LaRowe DE, Middelburg J, Pancost R, Regnier P. 2013. Quantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine sediments: A review and synthesis. Earth Sci. Rev. 123:53-86
7. Baldrian P, Valášková V. 2008. Degradation of cellulose by basidiomycetous fungi. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32:501-21
8. Basse A, Zhu C, Versteegh GJM, Fischer G, Hinrichs K-U, Mollenhauer G. 2014. Distribution of intact and core tetraether lipids in water column profiles of suspended particulate matter off Cape Blanc, NW Africa. Org. Geochem. 72:1-13
9. Bauer JE, Cai W, Raymond PA, Bianchi TS, Hopkinson CS, Regnier PA. 2013. The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean. Nature 504:61-70
10. Benner R, Moran MA, Hodson RE. 1986. Biogeochemical cycling of lignocellulosic carbon in marine and freshwater ecosystems: relative contributions of procaryotes and eucaryotes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31:89-100
11. Berner RA. 1989. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. Glob. Planet. Change 1:97-122
12. Berner RA. 2006. GEOCARBSULF: A combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70:5653-64
13. Bianchi TS. 2011. The role of terrestrially derived organic carbon in the coastal ocean: A changing paradigm and the priming effect. PNAS 108:19473-81
14. Bianchi TS, Allison MA. 2009. Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural "recorders" of global environmental change. PNAS 106:8085-92
15. Bianchi TS, Allison MA, Zhao J, Li X, Comeaux RS, et al. 2013. Historical reconstruction of mangrove expansion in the Gulf of Mexico: linking climate change with carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 119:7-16
16. Bianchi TS, Canuel EA. 2011. Chemical Biomarkers in Aquatic Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
17. Bianchi TS, DiMarco S, Cowan J, Hetland R, Chapman P, et al. 2010. The science of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 408:1471-84
18. Bianchi TS, Engelhaupt E, Westman P, Andren T, Rolff C, Elmgren R. 2000a. Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea: natural or human-induced? Limnol. Oceanogr. 45:716-26
19. Bianchi TS, Johansson B, Elmgren R. 2000b. Breakdown of phytoplankton pigments in Baltic sediments: effects of anoxia and loss of deposit-feeding macrofauna. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 251:161-83
20. Bianchi TS, Thornton DCO, Yvon-Lewis S, King GM, Eglinton TI, et al. 2015. Positive priming of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter in a freshwater microcosm system. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42(13):5460-67
21. BingemanCW,Varner J, MartinW.1953. The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 17:34-38
22. Blair NE, Aller RC. 2012. The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in the marine environment. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 4:401-23
23. Blanchette R. 1991. Delignification by wood-decay fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 29:381-98
24. Boynton W, Garber J, Summers R, Kemp W. 1995. Inputs, transformations, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay and selected tributaries. Estuaries 18:285-314
25. Burdige DJ. 1993. The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron reduction in marine sediments. Earth Sci. Rev. 35:249-84
26. Burdige DJ. 2006. Geochemistry of Marine Sediments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
27. Burdige D. 2011. Estuarine and coastal sediments-coupled biogeochemical cycling. In Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, Vol. 5: Biogeochemistry, ed. RWPM Laane, JJ Middelburg, pp. 279-316. Amsterdam: Elsevier
28. Canfield DE. 1994. Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chem. Geol. 114:315-29
29. Canfield DE. 2005. The early history of atmospheric oxygen: homage to Robert M. Garrels. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33:1-36
30. Canfield DE. 2014. Oxygen: A Four Billion Year History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
31. Canuel EA, Cammer SS, McIntosh HA, Pondell CR. 2012. Climate change impacts on the organic carbon cycle at the land-ocean interface. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 40:685-711
32. Canuel EA, Martens CS. 1996. Reactivity of recently deposited organic matter. Degradation of lipid compounds near the sediment-water interface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60:1793-806
33. Capone DG, Hutchins DA. 2013. Microbial biogeochemistry of coastal upwelling regimes in a changing ocean. Nat. Geosci. 6:711-17
34. Caraco N, Cole J, Likens GE. 1990. A comparison of phosphorus immobilization in sediments of freshwater and coastal marine systems. Biogeochemistry 9:277-90
35. Caradec S, Grossi V, Gilbert F, Guigue C, Goutx M. 2004. Influence of various redox conditions on the degradation of microalgal triacylglycerols and fatty acids in marine sediments. Org. Geochem. 35:277-87
36. Carstensen J, Conley DJ, Bonsdorff E, Gustafsson BG, Hietanen S, et al. 2014. Hypoxia in the Baltic Sea: biogeochemical cycles, benthic fauna, and management. Ambio 43:26-36
37. Chen N, Bianchi TS, McKee BA, Bland JM. 2001. Historical trends of hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf: application of pigments as biomarkers. Org. Geochem. 32:543-61
38. Conley DJ, Carstensen J, Artebjerg G, Christensen PB, Dalsgaard T, et al. 2007. Long-term changes and impacts of hypoxia in Danish coastal waters. Ecol. Appl. 17:S165-84
39. Conley DJ, Carstensen J, Aigars J, Axe P, Bonsdorff E, et al. 2011. Hypoxia is increasing in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:6777-83
40. Conley DJ, Paerl HW, Howarth RW, Boesch DF, Seitzinger SP, et al. 2009. Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus. Science 323:1014-15
41. Coolen MJ, Overmann J. 2000. Functional exoenzymes as indicators of metabolically active bacteria in 124,000-year-old sapropel layers of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2589-98
42. Cowie G,Hedges J, Prahl F, de Lange G. 1995. Elemental and major biochemical changes across an oxidation front in a relict turbidite: an oxygen effect. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59:33-46
43. Dawson KS, Schaperdoth I, Freeman KH, Macalady JL. 2013. Anaerobic biodegradation of the isoprenoid biomarkers pristane and phytane. Org. Geochem. 65:118-26
44. Day JW Jr., Boesch DF, Clairain EJ, Kemp GP, Laska SB, et al. 2007. Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: lessons from hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Science 315:1679-84
45. Duarte CM, Middelburg JJ, Caraco NF. 2005. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2:1-8
46. Eglinton TI, Eglinton G. 2008. Molecular proxies for paleoclimatology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 275:1-16
47. Elmgren R. 1984. Trophic dynamics in the enclosed, brackish Baltic Sea. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 183:152-69
48. Emerson S, Hedges J. 2008. Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
49. Froelich PN, Klinkhammer GP, Bender ML, Luedtke NA, Heath GR, et al. 1979. Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43:1075-90
50. Funkey CP, Conley DJ, Reuss NS, Humborg C, Jilbert T, Slomp CP. 2014. Hypoxia sustains cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48:2598-602
51. Gilbert R, Crookshanks S. 2009. Sediment waves in a modern high-energy glacilacustrine environment. Sedimentology 56:645-59
52. Glessmer MS, Eden C, Oschlies A. 2009. Contribution of oxygen minimum zone waters to the coastal upwelling off Mauritania. Prog. Oceanogr. 83:143-50
53. Gong C, Hollander DJ. 1999. Evidence for differential degradation of alkenones under contrasting bottom water oxygen conditions: implication for paleotemperature reconstruction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63:405-11
54. Gooday A, Jorissen F, Levin L, Middelburg J,Naqvi S, et al. 2009. Historical records of coastal eutrophicationinduced hypoxia. Biogeosciences 6:1707-45
55. GruberN. 2011. Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 369:1980-96
56. Guenet B, Danger M, Abbadie L, Lacroix G. 2010. Priming effect: bridging the gap between terrestrial and aquatic ecology. Ecology 91:2850-61
57. Gustafsson BG, Schenk F, Blenckner T, Eilola K, Meier HM, et al. 2012. Reconstructing the development of Baltic Sea eutrophication 1850-2006. Ambio 41:534-48
58. Haddad RI, Martens CS, Farrington JW. 1992. Quantifying early diagenesis of fatty acids in a rapidly accumulating coastal marine sediment. Org. Geochem. 19:205-216
59. Hartnett HE, Keil RG, Hedges JI, Devol AH. 1998. Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon preservation in continental margin sediments. Nature 391:572-75
60. Hedges JI, Blanchette RA, Weliky K, Devol AH. 1988. Effects of fungal degradation on the CuO oxidation products of lignin: A controlled laboratory study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52:2717-26
61. Hedges JI, Keil RG. 1995. Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar. Chem. 49:81-115
62. Hedges JI, Keil RG. 1999. Organic geochemical perspectives on estuarine processes: sorption reactions and consequences. Mar. Chem. 65:55-65
63. Heider J. 2007. Adding handles to unhandy substrates: anaerobic hydrocarbon activation mechanisms. Curr. Chem. Biol. 11:188-94
64. Helly JJ, Levin LA. 2004. Global distribution of naturally occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea Res. I 51:1159-68
65. Hendy IL, Kennett JP. 2003. Tropical forcing of North Pacific intermediate water distribution during Late Quaternary rapid climate change? Quat. Sci. Rev. 22:673-89
66. Hendy IL, Pedersen TF. 2006. Oxygen minimum zone expansion in the eastern tropical North Pacific during deglaciation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33:L20602
67. Herbert TD. 2014. Alkenone paleotemperature determinations. In Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol. 8, ed. WH Schlesinger, pp. 399-433. Amsterdam: Elsevier
68. Hoefs MJ, Rijpstra WIC, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2002. The influence of oxic degradation on the sedimentary biomarker record I: evidence from Madeira Abyssal Plain turbidites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66:2719-35
69. Hopmans EC, Weijers JWH, Schefub E, Herfort L, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2004. A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 224:107-16
70. Huguet C, de Lange GJ, Gustafsson O, Middelburg JJ, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Schouten S. 2008. Selective preservation of soil organic matter in oxidized marine sediments (Madeira Abyssal Plain). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72:6061-68
71. Huguet C, Kim J-H, de Lange GJ, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Schouten S. 2009. Effects of long term oxic degradation on the UK 37, TEX86 and BIT organic proxies. Org. Geochem. 40:1188-94
72. Ivanochko TS, GaneshramRS, Brummer GA, Ganssen G, Jung SJ, et al. 2005. Variations in tropical convection as an amplifier of global climate change at the millennial scale. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 235:302-14
73. Jaccard SL, Galbraith ED. 2012. Large climate-driven changes of oceanic oxygen concentrations during the last deglaciation. Nat. Geosci. 5:151-56
74. Jenkyns H, Schouten-Huibers L, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2012. Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous high-latitude sea-surface temperatures from the Southern Ocean. Clim. Past Discuss. 7:1339-61
75. Jex CN, Pate GH, Blyth AJ, Spencer RGM, Hernes PJ, et al. 2014. Lignin biogeochemistry: from modern processes to Quaternary archives. Quat. Sci. Rev. 87:46-59
76. Karstensen J, Stramma L, Visbeck M. 2008. Oxygen minimum zones in the eastern tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Prog. Oceanogr. 77:331-50
77. Kastner TP, Goñi MA. 2003. Constancy in the vegetation of the Amazon Basin during the late Pleistocene: evidence from the organic matter composition of Amazon deep sea fan sediments. Geology 31:291-94
78. Keeling RF, Körtzinger A, Gruber N. 2010. Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2:199-229
79. Keil RG, Dickens AF, Arnarson T, Nunn BL, Devol AH. 2004. What is the oxygen exposure time of laterally transported organic matter along the Washington Margin? Mar. Chem. 92:157-65
80. Kennish MJ. 2001. Coastal salt marsh systems in the US: A review of anthropogenic impacts. J. Coast. Res. 17:731-48
81. Kim J, Huguet C, Zonneveld KA, Versteegh GJ, Roeder W, et al. 2009. An experimental field study to test the stability of lipids used for theTEX86 andU K 37 palaeothermometers. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73:2888-98
82. Kirk TK, Farrell RL. 1987. Enzymatic "combustion": The microbial degradation of lignin. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 41:465-501
83. Krauss KW, McKee KL, Lovelock CE, Cahoon DR, Saintilan N, et al. 2014. How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level. New Phytol. 202:19-34
84. Kuliński K, Kedra M, Legezyńska J, Gluchowska M, Zaborska A. 2014. Particulate organic matter sinks and sources in high Arctic fjord. J. Mar. Syst. 139:27-37
85. Kuypers MM, Lavik G, Woebken D, Schmid M, Fuchs BM, et al. 2005. Massive nitrogen loss from the Benguela upwelling system through anaerobic ammonium oxidation. PNAS 102:6478-83
86. Kuzyakov Y, Friedel J, Stahr K. 2000. Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32:1485-98
87. Lee C. 1992. Controls on organic carbon preservation: The use of stratified water bodies to compare intrinsic rates of decomposition in oxic and anoxic systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56:3323-35
88. Lengger SK, Hopmans EC, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Schouten S. 2014. Fossilization and degradation of archaeal intact polar tetraether lipids in deeply buried marine sediments (Peru Margin). Geobiology 12:212-20
89. Lengger SK, Kraaij M, Tjallingii R, Baas M, Stuut J-B, et al. 2013. Differential degradation of intact polar and core glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids upon post-depositional oxidation. Org. Geochem. 65:83-93
90. Li X, Bianchi TS, Allison MA, Chapman P, Mitra S, et al. 2012. Composition, abundance and age of total organic carbon in surface sediments from the inner shelf of the East China Sea. Mar. Chem. 145:37-52
91. Li X, Bianchi TS, Yang Z, Osterman LE, Allison MA, et al. 2011. Historical trends of hypoxia in Changjiang River estuary: applications of chemical biomarkers and microfossils. J. Mar. Syst. 86:57-68
92. Lipp JS, Hinrichs K-U. 2009. Structural diversity and fate of intact polar lipids in marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73:6816-33
93. Lotze HK, Lenihan HS, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, et al. 2006. Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312:1806-09
94. Lückge A, Doose-RolinskiH, Khan AA, Schulz H, VonRad U. 2001. Monsoonal variability in the northeastern Arabian Sea during the past 5000 years: geochemical evidence from laminated sediments. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 167:273-86
95. Madison AS, Tebo BM, Mucci A, Sundby B, LutherGWIII. 2013. Abundant Mn(III) in porewaters is a major component of the sedimentary redox system. Science 341:875-78
96. Mayer LM. 1994. Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58:1271-84
97. Mcleod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S, Salm R, Björk M, et al. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequesteringCO2. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9:552-60
98. Meile C, Van Cappellen P. 2005. Particle age distributions and O2 exposure times: timescales in bioturbated sediments. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 19:GB3013
99. Middelburg JJ. 2011. Chemoautotrophy in the ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38:L24604
100. Middelburg JJ, Levin L. 2009. Coastal hypoxia and sediment biogeochemistry. Biogeosciences 6:1273-93
101. Muri G, Wakeham SG, Pease TK, Faganeli J. 2004. Evaluation of lipid biomarkers as indicators of changes in organic matter delivery to sediments from Lake Planina, a remote mountain lake in NWSlovenia. Org. Geochem. 35:1083-93
102. Opsahl S, Benner R. 1995. Early diagenesis of vascular plant tissues: lignin and cutin decomposition and biogeochemical implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59:4889-904
103. Osterman LE, Poore RZ, Swarzenski PW, Turner RE. 2005. Reconstructing a 180 yr record of natural and anthropogenic induced low-oxygen conditions from Louisiana continental shelf sediments. Geology 33:329-32
104. Pagani M. 2014. Biomarker-based inferences of past climate: The alkenone pCO2 proxy. In Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol. 12: Organic Geochemistry, ed. PG Falkowski, KH Freeman, pp. 361-78. Amsterdam: Elsevier
105. Pantoja S, Sepúlveda J, GonzálezH. 2004. Decomposition of sinking proteinaceous material during fall in the oxygen minimum zone off northern Chile. Deep-Sea Res. I 51:55-70
106. Paytan A, Kastner M, Campbell D, Thiemens MH. 1998. Sulfur isotopic composition of Cenozoic seawater sulfate. Science 282:1459-62
107. Perga M, Desmet M, Enters D, Reyss J. 2010. A century of bottom-up and top-down driven changes on a lake planktonic food web: A paleoecological and paleoisotopic study of Lake Annecy, France. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55:803-16
108. Petsch ST, Eglington TI, Edwards KJ. 2001. 14C-dead living biomass: evidence for microbial assimilation of ancient organic carbon during shale weathering. Science 292:1127-31
109. Prahl F, de Lange G, Lyle M, Sparrow M. 1989. Post-depositional stability of long-chain alkenones under contrasting redox conditions. Nature 341:434-37
110. Rabalais N, Turner R, Gupta BS, Boesch D, Chapman P, Murrell M. 2007. Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Does the science support the plan to reduce, mitigate, and control hypoxia? Estuaries Coasts 30:753-72
111. Regnier P, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Mackenzie FT, Gruber N, et al. 2013. Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean. Nat. Geosci. 6:597-607
112. Rontani J, Bonin P, Jameson I, Volkman JK. 2005. Degradation of alkenones and related compounds during oxic and anoxic incubation of the marine haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi with bacterial consortia isolated from microbial mats from the Camargue, France. Org. Geochem. 36:603-18
113. Rontani J, Harji R, Guasco S, Prahl FG, Volkman JK, et al. 2008. Degradation of alkenones by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria: selective or not? Org. Geochem. 39:34-51
114. Rowe A, Bird L, Lam B, Nealson K. 2014. Characterizing mechanisms of extracellular electron transport in sulfur and iron-oxidizing electrochemically active bacteria isolated from marine sediments. Presented at AGU Fall Meet., Dec. 15-19, San Francisco
115. Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnsen G. 2011. Phytoplankton Pigments: Characterization, Chemotaxonomy and Applications in Oceanography. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
116. Sachs JP, Schneider RR, Eglinton TI, Freeman KH, Ganssen G, et al. 2000. Alkenones as paleooceanographic proxies. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 1:2000GC000059
117. Schippers A, Neretin LN, Kallmeyer J, Ferdelman TG, Cragg BA, et al. 2005. Prokaryotic cells of the deep sub-seafloor biosphere identified as living bacteria. Nature 433:861-64
118. SchmidtMW,Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, et al. 2011. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478:49-56
119. Schmittner A, Galbraith ED, Hostetler SW, Pedersen TF, Zhang R. 2007. Large fluctuations of dissolved oxygen in the Indian and Pacific oceans during Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations caused by variations of North Atlantic deep water subduction. Paleoceanography 22:PA3207
120. Schouten S, Hopmans EC, Rosell-Mele, Pearson A, Adam P. 2013. An interlaboratory study of TEX86 and BIT analysis of sediments, extracts, and standard mixtures. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 14:5263-85
121. Schouten S, Hopmans EC, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2004. The effect of maturity and depositional redox conditions on archaeal tetraether lipid palaeothermometry. Org. Geochem. 35:567-71
122. Schouten S, Hopmans EC, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2013. The organic geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids: A review. Org. Geochem. 54:19-61
123. Schouten S, Ossebaar J, Schreiber K, Kienhuis M, Langer G, et al. 2006. The effect of temperature, salinity and growth rate on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones produced by Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. Biogeosciences 3:113-19
124. Schreiner KM, Bianchi TS, Eglinton TI, Allison MA, Hanna AJM. 2013. Sources of terrigenous inputs to surface sediments of the Colville River Delta and Simpson's Lagoon, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. 118:1-17
125. Schreiner KM, Bianchi TS, Rosenheim BF. 2014. Evidence for permafrost thaw and transport from the Alaskan North Slope watershed. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41:3117-26
126. Scott C, Lyons T, Bekker A, Shen Y, Poulton S, et al. 2008. Tracing the stepwise oxygenation of the Proterozoic ocean. Nature 452:456-59
127. Shah SR, Mollenhauer G, Ohkouchi N, Eglinton TI, et al. 2008. Origins of archaeal tetraether lipids in sediments: insights from radiocarbon analysis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72:4577-4594
128. SigmanDM,Boyle EA. 2000. Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature 407:859-69
129. Silliman BR, van de Koppel J, McCoy MW, Diller J, Kasozi GN, et al. 2012. Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP-Deepwater Horizon oil spill. PNAS 109:11234-39
130. Sinninghe Damsté JS, Rijpstra WIC, Reichart G. 2002. The influence of oxic degradation on the sedimentary biomarker record II. Evidence from Arabian Sea sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66:2737-54
131. Smith RW, Bianchi TS, Allison M, Savage C. 2010. Comparison of lignin phenols and branched/isoprenoid tetraethers (BIT index) as indices of terrestrial organic matter in Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand. Org. Geochem. 41:281-290
132. Smith RW, Bianchi TS, Allison M, Savage C, Galy V. 2015. High rates of organic carbon burial in fjord sediments globally. Nat. Geosci. 8:450-53
133. Smith RW, Bianchi TS, Li X. 2012. A re-evaluation of the use of branched GDGTs as terrestrial biomarkers: implications for the BIT Index. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 80:14-29
134. Sun M, Aller RC, Lee C, Wakeham SG. 2002. Effects of oxygen and redox oscillation on degradation of cell-associated lipids in surficial marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66:2003-12
135. Sun M, Zou L, Dai J, Ding H, Culp RA, Scranton MI. 2004. Molecular carbon isotopic fractionation of algal lipids during decomposition in natural oxic and anoxic seawaters. Org. Geochem. 35:895-908
136. Szymczak-Z yła M, Kowalewska G, Louda JW. 2011. Chlorophyll-A and derivatives in recent sediments as indicators of productivity and depositional conditions. Mar. Chem. 125:39-48
137. Tareq SM, Tanaka N, Ohta K. 2004. Biomarker signature in tropical wetland: lignin phenol vegetation index (LPVI) and its implications for reconstructing the paleoenvironment. Sci. Total Environ. 324:91-103
138. Tierney JE, Schouten S, Pitcher A, Hopmans EC, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2012. Core and intact polar glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in Sand Pond, Warwick, Rhode Island (USA): insights into the origin of lacustrine GDGTs. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 77:561-81
139. Ulloa O, Canfield DE, DeLong EF, Letelier RM, Stewart FJ. 2012. Microbial oceanography of anoxic oxygen minimum zones. PNAS 109:15996-6003
140. vanNiftrik LA, Fuerst JA, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Kuenen JG, Jetten MS, Strous M. 2004. The anammoxosome: an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 233:7-13
141. Vandewiele S, Cowie G, Soetaert K, Middelburg JJ. 2009. Amino acid biogeochemistry and organic matter degradation state across the Pakistan margin oxygen minimum zone. Deep-Sea Res. II 56:376-92
142. Versteegh GJ, Zonneveld KA, de Lange GJ. 2010. Selective aerobic and anaerobic degradation of lipids and palynomorphs in the Eastern Mediterranean since the onset of sapropel S1 deposition. Mar. Geol. 278:177-92
143. Vishnivetskaya TA, Petrova MA, Urbance J, Ponder M, Moyer CL, et al. 2006. Bacterial community in ancient Siberian permafrost as characterized by culture and culture-independent methods. Astrobiology 6:400-14
144. Vitousek PM, Aber JD, Howarth RW, Likens GE, Matson PA, et al. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol. Appl. 7:737-50
145. Vonk JE, Sánchez-García L, Semiletov IP, Dudarev OV, Eglinton TI, et al. 2010. Molecular and radiocarbon constraints on sources and degradation of terrestrial organic carbon along the Kolyma paleoriver transect, East Siberian Sea. Biogeosciences 7:3153-66
146. Walker HA, Latimer JS, Dettmann EH. 2000. Assessing the effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors in the Potomac Estuary: implications for long-term monitoring. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 63:237-51
147. Wang B, Wei Q, Chen J, Xie L. 2012. Annual cycle of hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary. Mar. Environ. Res. 77:1-5
148. Ward BB, Tuit CB, Jayakumar A, Rich JJ, Moffett J, Naqvi SWA. 2008. Organic carbon, and not copper, controls denitrification in oxygen minimum zones of the ocean. Deep Sea Res. Part I 55:1672-83
149. Willard DA, Bernhardt CE. 2011. Impacts of past climate and sea level change on Everglades wetlands: placing a century of anthropogenic change into a late-Holocene context. Clim. Change 107:59-80
150. Wong JX, Van Colen C, Airoldi L. 2015. Nutrient levels modify saltmarsh responses to increased inundation in different soil types.Mar. Environ. Res. 104:37-46
151. Wright JJ, Konwar KM, Hallam SJ. 2012. Microbial ecology of expanding oxygen minimum zones. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10:381-94
152. Xie S, Lipp JS, Wegener G, Ferdelman TG, Hinrichs K-U. 2013. Turnover of microbial lipids in the deep biosphere and growth of benthic archaeal populations. PNAS 110:6010-14
153. Zachos JC, Dickens GR, Zeebe RE. 2008. An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carboncycle dynamics. Nature 451:279-83
154. Zeng N, Qian H, Roedenbeck C, Heimann M. 2005. Impact of 1998-2002 midlatitude drought and warming on terrestrial ecosystem and the global carbon cycle. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32:2005GL024607
155. Zhao J, Bianchi TS, Li X, Allison MA, Yao P, Yu Z. 2012. Historical eutrophication in the Changjiang and Mississippi Delta-front estuaries: stable sedimentary chloropigments as biomarkers. Cont. Shelf Res. 47:133-44
156. Zillén L, Conley DJ, Andrén T, Andrén E, Björck S. 2008. Past occurrences of hypoxia in the Baltic Sea and the role of climate variability, environmental change and human impact. Earth Sci. Rev. 91:77-92
157. Zimmerman AR, Canuel EA. 2000. A geochemical record of eutrophication and anoxia in Chesapeake Bay sediments: anthropogenic influence on organic matter composition. Mar. Chem. 69:117-37