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6
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L. R. Krumholz, J. P. McKinley, G. A. Ulrich, J. M. Suflita, Nature 386, 64 (1997).
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Krumholz, L.R.1
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Wilkes, H.1
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10
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0343771247
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J. Fang, M. J. Barcelona, R. V. Krishnamurthy, E. A. Atekwana, Appl. Geochem. 15, 169 (2000).
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11
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0032453073
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12
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0032452897
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M. J. L. Hoefs, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, G. J. De Lange, J. W. de Leeuw, Proc. Ocean Drill. Prog. Sci. Results 157, 591 (1998).
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13
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0031103296
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16
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0343771250
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note
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PLFAs are designated by the ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of double bonds. A cyc prefix indicates a cyclopropyl ring.
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18
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0000522843
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J. B. Guckert, C. P. Antworth, P. D. Nichols, D. C. White, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31, 147. (1985).
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Guckert, J.B.1
Antworth, C.P.2
Nichols, P.D.3
White, D.C.4
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19
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0343771249
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note
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The 60-cm core was obtained with a hand-powered coring auger equipped with presterilized stainless-steel core sleeves. Material from the bottom of the core was dark in color, blocky, and unfractured and gave off a petroliferous odor. Mid-depths of the core exhibited progressive lightening in color and increased friability. Iron staining was visible along several partings in the shale. The top 10 cm of the core was characterized by light brown shale rubble interspersed with roots and leaf litter. Further core data are provided in Table 1. Lysimeters were installed in the weathering profile and were sampled in June 2000 to measure soil-water pH.
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20
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0342900340
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note
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13C notation as ‰ deviation from the Pee Dee Betemnite standard and were corrected for the addition of methyl carbon during transesterification.
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-
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21
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0342900339
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note
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4, and HCl (to pH 3).
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22
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0343335385
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note
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3OH. The extracted shale was then dried at 40°C for 18 hours to drive off solvent.
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-
-
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23
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0342900338
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note
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To monitor cells, 2 to 10 μl were removed from cultures and either dried in air onto microscope slides or filtered onto black polycarbonate membranes (0.2 μm). Slides and filters were stained with DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole), which binds to DNA, or acridine orange, which binds to DNA and RNA. Slides and mounted filters were observed with a Zeiss Axiovert S100 equipped with a Hg vapor lamp.
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-
-
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24
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0342900337
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note
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8 cells/ml, extrapolated from 20 counts conducted on three separate filters.
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-
-
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25
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0342900336
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note
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The culture was centrifuged to separate solids from growth medium, and then extracted as in (20).
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26
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0343771248
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note
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14C content by the National Ocean Science Mass Spectrometry facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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28
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0001165084
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R. H. Findlay, M. B. Trexler, J. B. Guckert, D. C. White, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 62, 121 (1990).
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Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
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Findlay, R.H.1
Trexler, M.B.2
Guckert, J.B.3
White, D.C.4
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31
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0342900333
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note
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Fluorescent in situ hybridizations were performed on core samples and cultures with established hybridization protocols and fluorescent-labeled probes (universal and domain-level bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic probes). Positive hybridizations and negative controls showed that in culture and deepest core samples, the cell population was predominantly Bacteria, with smaller numbers of Archaea and Eukarya.
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-
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32
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0342466016
-
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note
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2; and dried at 40°C to remove solvent.
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33
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0342466015
-
-
note
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Polished blocks of unweathered New Albany Shale were sterilized by autoclaving at 120°C for 20 min, and then introduced into existing cultures. Blocks were removed after 24, 48, and 96 hours. Blocks were rinsed in sterile growth medium to remove loosely attached cells, stained with acridine orange, and viewed by epifluorescence microscopy to examine attachment of microbial cells to the shale surface.
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38
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0034051593
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R. A. Berner et al., Science 287, 1630 (2000).
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(2000)
Science
, vol.287
, pp. 1630
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Berner, R.A.1
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39
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0342900332
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note
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14C analyses. Supported by NSF grants EAR-9805517 (T.I.E.) and EAR-87399800 (K.J.E.) and the Woods Hole/USGS Postdoctoral Scholars Program. This is WHOI contribution 10439.
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