Glioblastoma

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 134, Issue , 2016, Pages 381-397

  Wirsching, Hans Georg ^a   Galanis, Evanthia ^b   Weller, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Glioblastoma; Glioma initiating cell; Immunotherapy; Molecular subtype; Radiotherapy; Temozolomide

Indexed keywords

DNA LIGASE; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE; MGMT PROTEIN, HUMAN; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; GENETICS; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DNA MODIFICATION METHYLASES; DNA REPAIR ENZYMES; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMANS; ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE; NEUROIMAGING; PATHOLOGY, MOLECULAR; RISK FACTORS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS;

EID: 84976428099     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: 22124152     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802997-8.00023-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Aldape K.D., Ballman K., Furth A., et al. Immunohistochemical detection of EGFRvIII in high malignancy grade astrocytomas and evaluation of prognostic significance. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004, 63:700-707.
2. Arita N., Taneda M., Hayakawa T. Leptomeningeal dissemination of malignant gliomas. Incidence, diagnosis and outcome. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994, 126:84-92.
3. Awad I., Bay J.W., Rogers L. Leptomeningeal metastasis from supratentorial malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 1986, 19:247-251.
4. Bady P., Scuiscio D., Diserens A.C., et al. MGMT methylation analysis of glioblastoma on the Infinium methylation BeadChip identifies two distinct CpG regions associated with gene silencing and outcome, yielding a prediction model for comparisons across datasets, tumor grades, and CIMP-status. Acta Neuropathol 2012, 124:547-560.
5. Bao S., Wu Q., McLendon R.E., et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 2006, 444:756-760.
6. Batchelor T.T., Reardon D.A., de Groot J.F., et al. Phase III randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cediranib as monotherapy, and in combination with lomustine, versus lomustine alone in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2013, 31:3212-3218.
7. Batchelor T.T., Reardon D.A., de Groot J.F., et al. Antiangiogenic therapy for glioblastoma: current status and future prospects. Clin Cancer Res 2014, 20:5612-5619.
8. Beier D., Rohrl S., Pillai D.R., et al. Temozolomide preferentially depletes cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2008, 68:5706-5715.
9. Bloch O., Han S.J., Cha S., et al. Impact of extent of resection for recurrent glioblastoma on overall survival: clinical article. J Neurosurg 2012, 117:1032-1038.
10. Bloch O., Raizer J.J., Lim M., et al. Newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients treated with an autologous heat shock protein peptide vaccine: PD-L1 expression and response to therapy. J Clin Oncol 2015, (suppl). abstr 2011.
11. Bondy M.L., Scheurer M.E., Malmer B., et al. Brain tumor epidemiology: consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer 2008, 113:1953-1968.
12. Brada M., Ford D., Ashley S., et al. Risk of second brain tumour after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Br Med J 1992, 304:1343-1346.
13. Brada M., Stenning S., Gabe R., et al. Temozolomide versus procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine in recurrent high-grade glioma. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:4601-4608.
14. Brahmer J., Reckamp K.L., Baas P., et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2015, 373:123-135.
15. Brandsma D., Stalpers L., Taal W., et al. Clinical features, mechanisms, and management of pseudoprogression in malignant gliomas. Lancet Oncol 2008, 9:453-461.
16. Butowski N.A., Sneed P.K., Chang S.M. Diagnosis and treatment of recurrent high-grade astrocytoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:1273-1280.
17. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature 2008, 455:1061-1068.
18. Capper D., Zentgraf H., Balss J., et al. Monoclonal antibody specific for IDH1 R132H mutation. Acta Neuropathol 2009, 118:599-601.
19. Chaichana K.L., Parker S.L., Olivi A., et al. Long-term seizure outcomes in adult patients undergoing primary resection of malignant brain astrocytomas. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2009, 111:282-292.
20. Chen J., Li Y., Yu T.S., et al. A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy. Nature 2012, 488:522-526.
21. Cheng L., Huang Z., Zhou W., et al. Glioblastoma stem cells generate vascular pericytes to support vessel function and tumor growth. Cell 2013, 153:139-152.
22. Chinot O.L., Wick W., Mason M., et al. Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy-temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2014, 370:709-722.
23. Collignon F.P., Holland E.C., Feng S. Organ donors with malignant gliomas: an update. Am J Transplant 2004, 4:15-21.
24. Combs S.E., Debus J., Schulz-Ertner D. Radiotherapeutic alternatives for previously irradiated recurrent gliomas. BMC Cancer 2007, 7:167.
25. Connelly J.M., Malkin M.G. Environmental risk factors for brain tumors. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007, 7:208-214.
26. de Wit M.C., de Bruin H.G., Eijkenboom W., et al. Immediate post-radiotherapy changes in malignant glioma can mimic tumor progression. Neurology 2004, 63:535-537.
27. Dhermain F., de Crevoisier R., Parker F., et al. Role of radiotherapy in recurrent gliomas. Bull Cancer 2004, 91:883-889.
28. Djalilian H.R., Shah M.V., Hall W.A. Radiographic incidence of multicentric malignant gliomas. Surg Neurol 1999, 51:554-557. discussion 557-558.
29. Dziurzynski K., Chang S.M., Heimberger A.B., et al. Consensus on the role of human cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2012, 14:246-255.
30. El Ali A., Hermann D.M. ATP-binding cassette transporters and their roles in protecting the brain. Neuroscientist 2011, 17:423-436.
31. Ellingson B.M., Zaw T., Cloughesy T.F., et al. Comparison between intensity normalization techniques for dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI estimates of cerebral blood volume (CBV) in human gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012, 35:1472-1477.
32. Ellingson B.M., Lai A., Harris R.J., et al. Probabilistic radiographic atlas of glioblastoma phenotypes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013, 34:533-540.
33. Ellis L.M., Hicklin D.J. VEGF-targeted therapy: mechanisms of anti-tumour activity. Nat Rev Cancer 2008, 8:579-591.
34. Eriksson P.S., Perfilieva E., Bjork-Eriksson T., et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 1998, 4:1313-1317.
35. Erlich S.S., Davis R.L. Spinal subarachnoid metastasis from primary intracranial glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 1978, 42:2854-2864.
36. Fan Q.W., Cheng C.K., Gustafson W.C., et al. EGFR phosphorylates tumor-derived EGFRvIII driving STAT3/5 and progression in glioblastoma. Cancer Cell 2013, 24:438-449.
37. Fecci P.E., Heimberger A.B., Sampson J.H. Immunotherapy for primary brain tumors: no longer a matter of privilege. Clin Cancer Res 2014, 20:5620-5629.
38. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971, 285:1182-1186.
39. Friedman H.S., Prados M.D., Wen P.Y., et al. Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4733-4740.
40. Gallego Perez-Larraya J., Ducray F., Chinot O., et al. Temozolomide in elderly patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and poor performance status: an ANOCEF phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:3050-3055.
41. Gilbert M.R., Wang M., Aldape K.D., et al. Dose-dense temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a randomized phase III clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2013, 31:4085-4091.
42. Gilbert M.R., Dignam J.J., Armstrong T.S., et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2014, 370:699-708.
43. Gilbertson R.J., Rich J.N. Making a tumour's bed: glioblastoma stem cells and the vascular niche. Nat Rev Cancer 2007, 7:733-736.
44. Grabb P.A., Albright A.L., Pang D. Dissemination of supratentorial malignant gliomas via the cerebrospinal fluid in children. Neurosurgery 1992, 30:64-71.
45. Grothey A., Galanis E. Targeting angiogenesis: progress with anti-VEGF treatment with large molecules. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009, 6:507-518.
46. Han S.J., Yang I., Tihan T., et al. Primary gliosarcoma: key clinical and pathologic distinctions from glioblastoma with implications as a unique oncologic entity. J Neurooncol 2010, 96:313-320.
47. Hegi M.E., Diserens A.C., Gorlia T., et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:997-1003.
48. Hegi M.E., Rajakannu P., Weller M. Epidermal growth factor receptor: a re-emerging target in glioblastoma. Curr Opin Neurol 2012, 25:774-779.
49. Heimberger A.B., Hlatky R., Suki D., et al. Prognostic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:1462-1466.
50. Herrlinger U., Forschler H., Kuker W., et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis: survival and prognostic factors in 155 patients. J Neurol Sci 2004, 223:167-178.
51. Hodi F.S., O'Day S.J., McDermott M.F., et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:711-723.
52. Humphrey P.A., Wong A.J., Vogelstein B., et al. Anti-synthetic peptide antibody reacting at the fusion junction of deletion-mutant epidermal growth factor receptors in human glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 87:4207-4211.
53. Interphone Study Group Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39:675-694.
54. Karsy M., Gelbman M., Shah P., et al. Established and emerging variants of glioblastoma multiforme: review of morphological and molecular features. Folia Neuropathol 2012, 50:301-321.
55. Kaufmann J.K., Chiocca E.A. Glioma virus therapies between bench and bedside. Neuro Oncol 2014, 16:334-351.
56. Keime-Guibert F., Chinot O., Taillandier L., et al. Radiotherapy for glioblastoma in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:1527-1535.
57. Kerkhof M., Dielemans J.C., van Breemen M.S., et al. Effect of valproic acid on seizure control and on survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro Oncol 2013, 15:961-967.
58. Kickingereder P., Wiestler B., Sahm F., et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma and atypical glioblastoma: multiparametric differentiation by using diffusion-, perfusion-, and susceptibility-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 2014, 272:843-850.
59. Kono K., Inoue Y., Nakayama K., et al. The role of diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001, 22:1081-1088.
60. Korshunov A., Sycheva R., Golanov A., et al. Gains at the 1p36 chromosomal region are associated with symptomatic leptomeningeal dissemination of supratentorial glioblastomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2007, 127:585-590.
61. Kozak K.R., Moody J.S. Giant cell glioblastoma: a glioblastoma subtype with distinct epidemiology and superior prognosis. Neuro Oncol 2009, 11:833-841.
62. Kozak K.R., Mahadevan A., Moody J.S. Adult gliosarcoma: epidemiology, natural history, and factors associated with outcome. Neuro Oncol 2009, 11:183-191.
63. Kreisl T.N., Kim L., Moore K., et al. Phase II trial of single-agent bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab plus irinotecan at tumor progression in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:740-745.
64. Kubben P.L., ter Meulen K.J., Schijns O.E., et al. Intraoperative MRI-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2011, 12:1062-1070.
65. La Fougere C., Suchorska B., Bartenstein P., et al. Molecular imaging of gliomas with PET: opportunities and limitations. Neuro Oncol 2011, 13:806-819.
66. Labussiere M., Di Stefano A.L., Gleize V., et al. TERT promoter mutations in gliomas, genetic associations and clinico-pathological correlations. Br J Cancer 2014, 111:2024-2032.
67. Lacroix M., Abi-Said D., Fourney D.R., et al. A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg 2001, 95:190-198.
68. Lai A., Tran A., Nghiemephu P.L., et al. Phase II study of bevacizumab plus temozolomide during and after radiation therapy for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:142-148.
69. Laperriere N., Weller M., Stupp R., et al. Optimal management of elderly patients with glioblastoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2013, 39:350-357.
70. Lathia J.D., Gallagher J., Heddleston J.M., et al. Integrin alpha 6 regulates glioblastoma stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2010, 6:421-432.
71. Law M., Yang S., Wang H., et al. Glioma grading: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging compared with conventional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003, 24:1989-1998.
72. Lee E.Q., Kuhn J., Lamborn K.R., et al. Phase I/II study of sorafenib in combination with temsirolimus for recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma: North American Brain Tumor Consortium study 05-02. Neuro Oncol 2012, 14:1511-1518.
73. Lindsay A., Holthouse D., Robbins P., et al. Spinal leptomeningeal metastases following glioblastoma multiforme treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Neurosci 2002, 9:725-728.
74. Louis D.N., Ohgaki H., Wiestler O.D., et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2007, 114:97-109.
75. Macdonald D.R., Cascino T.L., Schold S.C., et al. Response criteria for phase II studies of supratentorial malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 1990, 8:1277-1280.
76. Malmstrom A., Gronberg B.H., Marosi C., et al. Temozolomide versus standard 6-week radiotherapy versus hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients older than 60 years with glioblastoma: the Nordic randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13:916-926.
77. Mashimo T., Pichumani K., Vemireddy V., et al. Acetate is a bioenergetic substrate for human glioblastoma and brain metastases. Cell 2014, 159:1603-1614.
78. Minniti G., Traish D., Ashley S., et al. Risk of second brain tumor after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma: update after an additional 10 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:800-804.
79. Mitchell D.A., Batich K.A., Gunn M.D., et al. Tetanus toxoid and CCL3 improve dendritic cell vaccines in mice and glioblastoma patients. Nature 2015, 519:366-369.
80. Neglia J.P., Robison L.L., Stovall M., et al. New primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006, 98:1528-1537.
81. Nghiemphu P.L., Liu W., Lee Y., et al. Bevacizumab and chemotherapy for recurrent glioblastoma: a single-institution experience. Neurology 2009, 72:1217-1222.
82. Nishikawa R., Sugiyama T., Narita Y., et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of the mutant epidermal growth factor, deltaEGFR, in glioblastoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2004, 21:53-56.
83. Noushmehr H., Weisenberger D.J., Diefes K., et al. Identification of a CpG island methylator phenotype that defines a distinct subgroup of glioma. Cancer Cell 2010, 17:510-522.
84. Nunes M.C., Roy N.S., Keyoung H.M., et al. Identification and isolation of multipotential neural progenitor cells from the subcortical white matter of the adult human brain. Nat Med 2003, 9:439-447.
85. Ohgaki H., Kim Y.H., Steinbach J.P. Nervous system tumors associated with familial tumor syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 2010, 23:583-591.
86. Ostrom Q.T., Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. Current state of our knowledge on brain tumor epidemiology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2011, 11:329-335.
87. Ostrom Q.T., Gittleman H., Liao P., et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. Neuro Oncol 2014, 16(Suppl 4):iv1-iv63.
88. Ostrom Q.T., Bauchet L., Davis F.G., et al. The epidemiology of glioma in adults: a "state of the science" review. Neuro Oncol 2014, 16:896-913.
89. Ostrom Q.T., de Blank P.M., Kruchko C., et al. Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation infant and childhood primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. Neuro Oncol 2015, 16(Suppl 10):x1-x36.
90. Ozawa T., Riester M., Cheng Y.K., et al. Most human non-GCIMP glioblastoma subtypes evolve from a common proneural-like precursor glioma. Cancer Cell 2014, 26:288-300.
91. Park J.K., Hodges T., Arko L., et al. Scale to predict survival after surgery for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:3838-3843.
92. Parsons D.W., Jones S., Zhang X., et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science 2008, 321:1807-1812.
93. Patel A.P., Tirosh I., Trombetta J.J., et al. Single-cell RNA-seq highlights intratumoral heterogeneity in primary glioblastoma. Science 2014, 344:1396-1401.
94. Phillips H.S., Kharbanda S., Chen R., et al. Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell 2006, 9:157-173.
95. Pietras A., Katz A.M., Ekstrom E.J., et al. Osteopontin-CD44 signaling in the glioma perivascular niche enhances cancer stem cell phenotypes and promotes aggressive tumor growth. Cell Stem Cell 2014, 14:357-369.
96. Reardon D.A., Schuster J.M., Tran D.D., et al. 107 ReACT: overall survival from a randomized phase II study of rindopepimut (CDX-110) plus bevacizumab in relapsed glioblastoma. Neurosurgery 2015, 62(Suppl 1):198-199.
97. Ribas A., Kefford R., Marshall M., et al. Phase III randomized clinical trial comparing tremelimumab with standard-of-care chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2013, 31:616-622.
98. Ricci-Vitiani L., Pallini R., Biffoni M., et al. Tumour vascularization via endothelial differentiation of glioblastoma stem-like cells. Nature 2010, 468:824-828.
99. Rizvi N.A., Mazieres J., Planchard D., et al. Activity and safety of nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, for patients with advanced, refractory squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 063): a phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol 2015, 16:257-265.
100. Roa W., Brasher P.M., Bauman G., et al. Abbreviated course of radiation therapy in older patients with glioblastoma multiforme: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:1583-1588.
101. Rohle D., Popovici-Muller J., Palaskas N., et al. An inhibitor of mutant IDH1 delays growth and promotes differentiation of glioma cells. Science 2013, 340:626-630.
102. Ron E., Modan B., Boice J.D., et al. Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. N Engl J Med 1988, 319:1033-1039.
103. Rygh O.M., Selbekk T., Torp S.H., et al. Comparison of navigated 3D ultrasound findings with histopathology in subsequent phases of glioblastoma resection. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008, 150:1033-1041. discussion 1042.
104. Sadetzki S., Chetrit A., Freedman L., et al. Long-term follow-up for brain tumor development after childhood exposure to ionizing radiation for tinea capitis. Radiat Res 2005, 163:424-432.
105. Sampson J.H., Heimberger A.B., Archer G.E., et al. Immunologic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:4722-4729.
106. Sanai N., Tramontin A.D., Quinones-Hinojosa A., et al. Unique astrocyte ribbon in adult human brain contains neural stem cells but lacks chain migration. Nature 2004, 427:740-744.
107. Sanai N., Alvarez-Buylla A., Berger M.S. Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:811-822.
108. Sanai N., Polley M.Y., McDermott M.W., et al. An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed glioblastomas. J Neurosurg 2011, 115:3-8.
109. Sandmann T., Bourgon R., Garcia J., et al. Patients with proneural glioblastoma may derive overall survival benefit from the addition of bevacizumab to first-line radiotherapy and temozolomide: retrospective analysis of the AVAglio trial. J Clin Oncol 2015, 33:2735-2744.
110. Schumacher T., Bunse L., Pusch S., et al. A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 induces antitumour immunity. Nature 2014, 512:324-327.
111. Schuster J., Lai R.K., Recht L.D., et al. A phase II, multicenter trial of rindopepimut (CDX-110) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: the ACT III study. Neuro Oncol 2015, 17:854-861.
112. Schweitzer T., Vince G.H., Herbold C., et al. Extraneural metastases of primary brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2001, 53:107-114.
113. Scott J., Tsai Y.Y., Chinnaiyan P., et al. Effectiveness of radiotherapy for elderly patients with glioblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011, 81:206-210.
114. Shinojima N., Tada K., Shiraishi S., et al. Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 2003, 63:6962-6970.
115. Simpson J.R., Horton J., Scott C., et al. Influence of location and extent of surgical resection on survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme: results of three consecutive Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993, 26:239-244.
116. Singh S.K., Hawkins C., Clarke I.D., et al. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature 2004, 432:396-401.
117. Son M.J., Woolard K., Nam D.H., et al. SSEA-1 is an enrichment marker for tumor-initiating cells in human glioblastoma. Cell Stem Cell 2009, 4:440-452.
118. Sottoriva A., Spiteri I., Piccirillo S.G., et al. Intratumor heterogeneity in human glioblastoma reflects cancer evolutionary dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110:4009-4014.
119. Stummer W., Pichlmeier U., Meinel T., et al. Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2006, 7:392-401.
120. Stummer W., Reulen H.J., Meinel T., et al. Extent of resection and survival in glioblastoma multiforme: identification of and adjustment for bias. Neurosurgery 2008, 62:564-576. discussion 564-576.
121. Stupp R., Mason W.P., van den Bent M.J., et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:987-996.
122. Stupp R., Wong E.T., Kanner A.A., et al. NovoTTF-100A versus physician's choice chemotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma: a randomised phase III trial of a novel treatment modality. Eur J Cancer 2012, 48:2192-2202.
123. Stupp R., Hegi M.F., Gorlia T., et al. Cilengitide combined with standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter (CENTRIC EORTC 26071-22072 study): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014, 15:1100-1108.
124. Stupp R., Wong E., Scott C., et al. Interim analysis of the EF-14 trial: a prospective, multi-center trial of NovoTTF-100A together with temozolomide compared to temozolomide alone in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Neuro Oncol 2014, 16:v167.
125. Sturm D., Witt H., Hovestadt V., et al. Hotspot mutations in H3F3A and IDH1 define distinct epigenetic and biological subgroups of glioblastoma. Cancer Cell 2012, 22:425-437.
126. Suchorska B., Weller M., Tabatabai G., et al. Complete resection of contrast-enhancing tumor volume is associated with improved survival in recurrent glioblastoma results from the DIRECTOR trial. Neurosurgery 2015, 62(Suppl 1):209.
127. Taal W., Oosterkamp H.M., Walenkamp A.M., et al. Single-agent bevacizumab or lomustine versus a combination of bevacizumab plus lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (BELOB trial): a randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014, 15:943-953.
128. Taphoorn M.J., Stupp R., Coens C., et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with glioblastoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2005, 6:937-944.
129. Taphoorn M.J., Henriksson R., Bottomley M., et al. Health-related quality of life in a randomized phase III study of bevacizumab, temozolomide, and radiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2015, 33:2166-2175.
130. Thomas A.A., Ernstoff M.S., Fadul C.E. Immunotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma. Cancer J 2012, 18:59-68.
131. Thomas A.A., Brennan C.W., DeAngelis L.M., et al. Emerging therapies for glioblastoma. JAMA Neurol 2014, 71:1437-1444.
132. Turcan S., Rohle D., Goenka A., et al. IDH1 mutation is sufficient to establish the glioma hypermethylator phenotype. Nature 2012, 483:479-483.
133. van Breemen M.S., Rijisman R.M., Taphoorn M.J., et al. Efficacy of anti-epileptic drugs in patients with gliomas and seizures. J Neurol 2009, 256:1519-1526.
134. Verhaak R.G., Hoadley K.A., Purdom E., et al. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell 2010, 17:98-110.
135. Wang R., Chadalavada K., Wilshire J., et al. Glioblastoma stem-like cells give rise to tumour endothelium. Nature 2010, 468:829-833.
136. Warrens A.N., Birch R., Collett D., et al. Advising potential recipients on the use of organs from donors with primary central nervous system tumors. Transplantation 2012, 93:348-353.
137. Watson C.J., Roberts R., Wright K.A., et al. How safe is it to transplant organs from deceased donors with primary intracranial malignancy? An analysis of UK Registry data. Am J Transplant 2010, 10:1437-1444.
138. Weber M.A., Zoubaa S., Schlieter M., et al. Diagnostic performance of spectroscopic and perfusion MRI for distinction of brain tumors. Neurology 2006, 66:1899-1906.
139. Weller M., Stupp R., Reifenberger G., et al. MGMT promoter methylation in malignant gliomas: ready for personalized medicine?. Nat Rev Neurol 2010, 6:39-51.
140. Weller M., Cloughesy T., Perry J.R., et al. Standards of care for treatment of recurrent glioblastoma - are we there yet?. Neuro Oncol 2013, 15:4-27.
141. Weller M., van den Bent M., Hopkins K., et al. EANO guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of anaplastic gliomas and glioblastoma. Lancet Oncol 2014, 15:e395-e403.
142. Weller M., Wick W., Aldape K., et al. Glioma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015.
143. Weller M., Tabatabai G., Kastner B., et al. MGMT promoter methylation is a strong prognostic biomarker for benefit from dose-intensified temozolomide rechallenge in progressive glioblastoma: the DIRECTOR trial. Clin Cancer Res 2015, 21:2057-2064.
144. Wen P.Y., Macdonald D.R., Reardon D.A., et al. Updated response assessment criteria for high-grade gliomas: response assessment in neuro-oncology working group. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:1963-1972.
145. Wen P., Reardon D., Phuphanich S., et al. A randomized double blind placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of dendritic cell (DC) vaccine ICT-107 following standard treatment in newly diagnosed patients with GBM. Neuro Oncol 2014, 16:v8-v22.
146. Wen P.Y., Chang S.M., Lamborn K.R., et al. Phase I/II study of erlotinib and temsirolimus for patients with recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium trial 04-02. Neuro Oncol 2014, 16:567-578.
147. Wick W., Platten M. CMV infection and glioma, a highly controversial concept struggling in the clinical arena. Neuro Oncol 2014, 16:332-333.
148. Wick W., Menn O., Meisner C., et al. Pharmacotherapy of epileptic seizures in glioma patients: who, when, why and how long?. Onkologie 2005, 28:391-396.
149. Wick W., Puduvalli V.K., Chamberlain M.C., et al. Phase III study of enzastaurin compared with lomustine in the treatment of recurrent intracranial glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:1168-1174.
150. Wick W., Platten M., Meisner C., et al. Temozolomide chemotherapy alone versus radiotherapy alone for malignant astrocytoma in the elderly: the NOA-08 randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13:707-715.
151. Wick W., Gorlia T., van den Bent M., et al. Radiation therapy and concurrent plus adjuvant temsirolimus (CCI-779) versus chemoirradiation with temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma without methylation of the MGMT gene promoter. J Clin Oncol 2014, 32:5s.
152. Wilson C.B. Current concepts in cancer: brain tumors. N Engl J Med 1979, 300:1469-1471.
153. Wolchok J.D., Kluger H., Callahan M.K., et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:122-133.
154. Yan H., Parsons D.W., Jing G., et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:765-773.
155. Yan K., Yang K., Rich J.N. The evolving landscape of glioblastoma stem cells. Curr Opin Neurol 2013, 26:701-707.
156. Yuile P., Dent O., Cook R., et al. Survival of glioblastoma patients related to presenting symptoms, brain site and treatment variables. J Clin Neurosci 2006, 13:747-751.