Nanoelectrodes: Applications in electrocatalysis, single-cell analysis and high-resolution electrochemical imaging

TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 79, Issue , 2016, Pages 46-59

  Clausmeyer, Jan ^a   Schuhmann, Wolfgang ^a  

^a RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Electroanalysis; Nanofabrication; Nanoparticles; Nanopipette; Nanosensor; Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy; Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy; Single Entity Electrochemistry

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; ELECTROCATALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODES; ELECTRODES; IMAGE RESOLUTION; NANOPARTICLES; NANOSENSORS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; SCANNING; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY;

ELECTROANALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS; ELECTROCHEMICAL PROBE; HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION; INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT; NANOPIPETTES; SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY; SCANNING ION CONDUCTANCE MICROSCOPIES;

ELECTROCHEMISTRY;

CARBON; METAL; NANOPARTICLE; NEUROTRANSMITTER;

AMPEROMETRY; CATALYSIS; CELL MEMBRANE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTROCATALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTRODE; IMAGING SYSTEM; MEASUREMENT; NANOELECTRODE; NANOPROBE; NANOSENSOR; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SINGLE CELL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84976215535     PISSN: 01659936     EISSN: 18793142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.018     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Murray R.W. Nanoelectrochemistry: metal nanoparticles, nanoelectrodes, and nanopores. Chem. Rev 2008, 108:2688-2720.
2. Oja S.M., Fan Y., Armstrong C.M., Defnet P., Zhang B. Nanoscale electrochemistry revisited. Anal. Chem 2016, 88:414-430.
3. Oja S.M., Wood M., Zhang B. Nanoscale electrochemistry. Anal. Chem 2013, 85:473-486.
4. Arrigan D.W.M. Nanoelectrodes, nanoelectrode arrays and their applications. Analyst 2004, 129:1157-1165.
5. Cox J.T., Zhang B. Nanoelectrodes: recent advances and new directions. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem 2012, 5:253-272.
6. Kranz C. Recent advancements in nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes used in combined scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. Analyst 2014, 139:336-352.
7. O'Connell M.A., Wain A.J. Combined electrochemical-topographical imaging: a critical review. Anal. Methods 2015, 7:6983-6999.
8. Beaulieu I., Kuss S., Mauzeroll J., Geissler M. Biological scanning electrochemical microscopy and its application to live cell studies. Anal. Chem 2011, 83:1485-1492.
9. Matsue T. Bioimaging with Micro/Nanoelectrode systems. Anal. Sci 2013, 29:171-179.
10. Ventosa E., Schuhmann W. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of Li-ion batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 2015, 17:28441-28450.
11. Li T., Hu W. Electrochemistry in nanoscopic volumes. Nanoscale 2011, 3:166-176.
12. Chen S., Liu Y. Electrochemistry at nanometer-sized electrodes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 2013, 16:635.
13. Amatore C., Arbault S., Guille M., Lemaitre F. Electrochemical monitoring of single cell secretion: vesicular exocytosis and oxidative stress. Chem. Rev 2008, 108:2585-2621.
14. Schulte A., Nebel M., Schuhmann W. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in neuroscience. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem 2010, 3:299-318.
15. Zheng X.T., Li C.M. Single cell analysis at the nanoscale. Chem. Soc. Rev 2012, 41:2061-2071.
16. Wolbarsht M.L., Macnichol E.F., Wagner H.G. Glass insulated platinum microelectrode. Science 1960, 132:1309-1310.
17. Penner R.M., Heben M.J., Longin T.L., Lewis N.S. Fabrication and use of nanometer-sized electrodes in electrochemistry. Science 1990, 250:1118-1121.
18. Nagahara L.A., Thundat T., Lindsay S.M. Preparation and characterization of STM tips for electrochemical studies. Rev. Sci. Instrum 1989, 60:3128.
19. Mirkin M.V., Fan F.-R.F., Bard A.J. Scanning electrochemical microscopy Part 13. Evaluation of the tip shapes of nanometer size microelectrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem 1992, 328:47-62.
20. Schulte A., Chow R.H. A simple method for insulating carbon-fiber microelectrodes using anodic electrophoretic deposition of paint. Anal. Chem 1996, 68:3054-3058.
21. Bach C.E., Nichols R.J., Beckmann W., Meyer H., Schulte A., Besenhard J.O., et al. Effective insulation of scanning tunneling microscopy tips for electrochemical studies using an electropainting method. J. Electrochem. Soc 1993, 140:1281-1284.
22. Sun P., Zhang Z., Guo J., Shao Y. Fabrication of nanometer-sized electrodes and tips for scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal. Chem 2001, 73:5346-5351.
23. Watkins J.J., Chen J., White H.S., Abruña H.D., Maisonhaute E., Amatore C. Zeptomole voltammetric detection and electron-transfer rate measurements using platinum electrodes of nanometer dimensions. Anal. Chem 2003, 75:3962-3971.
24. Chen S., Kucernak A. Fabrication of carbon microelectrodes with an effective radius of 1 nm. Electrochem. Commun 2002, 4:80-85.
25. Li X., Majdi S., Dunevall J., Fathali H., Ewing A.G. Quantitative measurement of transmitters in individual vesicles in the cytoplasm of single cells with nanotip electrodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2015, 54:11978-11982.
26. Li Y.-T., Zhang S.-H., Wang L., Xiao R.-R., Liu W., Zhang X.-W., et al. Nanoelectrode for amperometric monitoring of individual vesicular exocytosis inside single synapses. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2014, 53:12456-12460.
27. Katemann Ballesteros B., Schuhmann W. Fabrication and characterization of needle-type pt-disk nanoelectrodes. Electroanalysis 2002, 14:22-28.
28. Li Y.X., Bergman D., Zhang B. Preparation and electrochemical response of 1-3 nm Pt Disk electrodes. Anal. Chem 2009, 81:5496-5502.
29. Takahashi Y., Shevchuk A.I., Novak P., Zhang Y., Ebejer N., Macpherson J.V., et al. Multifunctional nanoprobes for nanoscale chemical imaging and localized chemical delivery at surfaces and interfaces. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2011, 50:9638-9642.
30. Actis P., Tokar S., Clausmeyer J., Babakinejad B., Mikhaleva S., Cornut R., et al. Electrochemical nanoprobes for single-cell analysis. ACS Nano 2014, 8:875-884.
31. Nioradze N., Chen R., Kim J., Shen M., Santhosh P., Amemiya S. Origins of nanoscale damage to glass-sealed platinum electrodes with submicrometer and nanometer size. Anal. Chem 2013, 85:6198-6202.
32. Pendley B.D., Abruna H.D. Construction of submicrometer voltammetric electrodes. Anal. Chem 1990, 62:782-784.
33. Fish G., Bouevitch O., Kokotov S., Lieberman K., Palanker D., Turovets I., et al. Ultrafast response micropipette-based submicrometer thermocouple. Rev. Sci. Instrum 1995, 66:3300.
34. Shao Y., Mirkin M.V., Fish G., Kokotov S., Palanker D., Lewis A. Nanometer-sized electrochemical sensors. Anal. Chem 1997, 69:1627-1634.
35. Velmurugan J., Sun P., Mirkin M.V. Scanning electrochemical microscopy with gold nanotips: the effect of electrode material on electron transfer rates. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:459-464.
36. Noël J.-M., Velmurugan J., Gökmeşe E., Mirkin M.V. Fabrication, characterization, and chemical etching of Ag nanoelectrodes. J. Solid State Electrochem 2013, 17:385-389.
37. Zhang B., Galusha J., Shiozawa P.G., Wang G.L., Bergren A.J., Jones R.M., et al. Bench-top method for fabricating glass-sealed nanodisk electrodes, glass nanopore electrodes, and glass nanopore membranes of controlled size. Anal. Chem 2007, 79:4778-4787.
38. Ballesteros Katemann B., Schulte A., Schuhmann W. Constant-distance mode Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) - Part I: adaptation of a non-optical shear-force-based positioning mode for SECM tips. Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9:2025-2033.
39. Ballesteros Katemann B., Schulte A., Schuhmann W. Constant-distance mode scanning electrochemical microscopy. Part II: high-resolution SECM imaging employing Pt nanoelectrodes as miniaturized scanning probes. Electroanalysis 2004, 16:60-65.
40. Etienne M., Anderson E.C., Evans S.R., Schuhmann W., Fritsch I. Feedback-independent Pt nanoelectrodes for shear force-based constant-distance mode scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal. Chem 2006, 78:7317-7324.
41. Etienne M., Moulin J.-P., Gourhand S. Accurate control of the electrode shape for high resolution shearforce regulated SECM. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 110:16-21.
42. Yang C., Sun P. Fabrication and characterization of a dual submicrometer-sized electrode. Anal. Chem 2009, 81:7496-7500.
43. Takahashi Y., Shevchuk A.I., Novak P., Babakinejad B., Macpherson J., Unwin P.R., et al. Topographical and electrochemical nanoscale imaging of living cells using voltage-switching mode scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:11540-11545.
44. Kim Y.T., Scarnulis D.M., Ewing A.G. Carbon-ring electrodes with 1-μm tip diameter. Anal. Chem 1986, 58:1782-1786.
45. Wong D.K.Y., Xu L.Y.F. Voltammetric studies of carbon disk electrodes with submicrometer-sized structural diameters. Anal. Chem 1995, 67:4086-4090.
46. McKelvey K., Paulose Nadappuram B., Actis P., Takahashi Y., Korchev Y.E., Matsue T., et al. Fabrication, characterization, and functionalization of dual carbon electrodes as probes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Anal. Chem 2013, 85:7519-7526.
47. Paulose Nadappuram B., McKelvey K., Byers J.C., Güell A.G., Colburn A.W., Lazenby R.A., et al. Quad-barrel multifunctional electrochemical and ion conductance probe for voltammetric analysis and imaging. Anal. Chem 2015, 87:3566-3573.
48. McNally M., Wong D.K.Y. An in vivo probe based on mechanically strong but structurally small carbon electrodes with an appreciable surface area. Anal. Chem 2001, 73:4793-4800.
49. Schrlau M.G., Falls E.M., Ziober B.L., Bau H.H. Carbon nanopipettes for cell probes and intracellular injection. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:15101.
50. Singhal R., Bhattacharyya S., Orynbayeva Z., Vitol E., Friedman G., Gogotsi Y. Small diameter carbon nanopipettes. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:15304.
51. Vitol E.A., Schrlau M.G., Bhattacharyya S., Ducheyne P., Bau H.H., Friedman G., et al. Effects of deposition conditions on the structure and chemical properties of carbon nanopipettes. Chem. Vap. Deposition 2009, 15:204-208.
52. Schrlau M.G., Brailoiu E., Patel S., Gogotsi Y., Dun N.J., Bau H.H. Carbon nanopipettes characterize calcium release pathways in breast cancer cells. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:325102.
53. Schrlau M.G., Dun N.J., Bau H.H. Cell electrophysiology with carbon nanopipettes. ACS Nano 2009, 3:563-568.
54. Yu Y., Noël J.-M., Mirkin M.V., Gao Y., Mashtalir O., Friedman G., et al. Carbon Pipette-Based Electrochemical Nanosampler. Anal. Chem 2014, 86:3365-3372.
55. Singhal R., Orynbayeva Z., Kalyana Sundaram R.V., Niu J.J., Bhattacharyya S., Vitol E.A., et al. Multifunctional carbon-nanotube cellular endoscopes. Nat. Nanotechnol 2011, 6:57-64.
56. Yum K., Cho H.N., Hu J., Yu M.-F. Individual nanotube-based needle nanoprobes for electrochemical studies in picoliter microenvironments. ACS Nano 2007, 1:440-448.
57. Angle M.R., Schaefer A.T. Neuronal recordings with Solid-Conductor Intracellular Nanoelectrodes (SCINEs). PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e43194.
58. Comstock D.J., Elam J.W., Pellin M.J., Hersam M.C. Integrated ultramicroelectrode-nanopipet probe for concurrent scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy. Anal. Chem 2010, 82:1270-1276.
59. Takahashi Y., Shevchuk A.I., Novak P., Murakami Y., Shiku H., Korchev Y.E., et al. Simultaneous noncontact topography and electrochemical imaging by SECM/SICM featuring ion current feedback regulation. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2010, 132:10118-10126.
60. Takahashi Y., Hirano Y., Yasukawa T., Shiku H., Yamada H., Matsue T. Topographic, Electrochemical, and optical images captured using standing approach mode scanning electrochemical/optical microscopy. Langmuir 2006, 22:10299-10306.
61. Takahashi Y., Shiku H., Murata T., Yasukawa T., Matsue T. Transfected single-cell imaging by scanning electrochemical optical microscopy with shear force feedback regulation. Anal. Chem 2009, 81:9674-9681.
62. Zheng X.T., Hu W., Wang H., Yang H., Zhou W., Li C.M. Bifunctional electro-optical nanoprobe to real-time detect local biochemical processes in single cells. Biosens. Bioelectron 2011, 26:4484-4490.
63. Macpherson J.V., Unwin P.R. Combined scanning electrochemical-atomic force microscopy. Anal. Chem 2000, 72:276-285.
64. Burt D.P., Wilson N.R., Weaver J.M.R., Dobson P.S., Macpherson J.V. Nanowire probes for high resolution combined scanning electrochemical microscopy - atomic force microscopy. Nano Lett 2005, 5:639-643.
65. Wilson N.R., Macpherson J.V. Carbon nanotube tips for atomic force microscopy. Nat. Nanotechnol 2009, 4:483-491.
66. Eifert A., Mizaikoff B., Kranz C. Advanced fabrication process for combined atomic force-scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) probes. Micron 2015, 68:27-35.
67. Kranz C., Friedbacher G., Mizaikoff B., Lugstein A., Smoliner J., Bertagnolli E. Integrating an Ultramicroelectrode in an AFM Cantilever: combined Technology for Enhanced Information. Anal. Chem 2001, 73:2491-2500.
68. Agyekum I., Nimley C., Yang C., Sun P. Combination of scanning electron microscopy in the characterization of a nanometer-sized electrode and current fluctuation observed at a nanometer-sized electrode. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114:14970-14974.
69. Sun Y., Liu Y., Liang Z., Xiong L., Wang A., Chen S. On the applicability of conventional voltammetric theory to nanoscale electrochemical interfaces. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:9878-9883.
70. Watkins J.J., White H.S. The role of the electrical double layer and ion pairing on the electrochemical oxidation of hexachloroiridate(III) at Pt electrodes of nanometer dimensions. Langmuir 2004, 20:5474-5483.
71. He R., Chen S., Yang F., Wu B. Dynamic diffuse double-layer model for the electrochemistry of nanometer-sized electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:3262-3270.
72. Baranski A.S. On possible systematic errors in determinations of charge transfer kinetics at very small electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem 1991, 307:287-292.
73. Liu Y., He R., Zhang Q., Chen S. Theory of electrochemistry for nanometer-sized disk electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114:10812-10822.
74. Amatore C., Grün F., Maisonhaute E. Electrochemistry within a limited number of molecules: delineating the fringe between stochastic and statistical behavior. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2003, 42:4944-4947.
75. García-Morales V., Krischer K. Fluctuation enhanced electrochemical reaction rates at the nanoscale. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:4528-4532.
76. Conyers J.L., White H.S. Electrochemical characterization of electrodes with submicrometer dimensions. Anal. Chem 2000, 72:4441-4446.
77. Sun P., Mirkin M.V. Kinetics of electron-transfer reactions at nanoelectrodes. Anal. Chem 2006, 78:6526-6534.
78. Lefrou C., Cornut R. Analytical expressions for quantitative Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Chemphyschem 2010, 11:547-556.
79. Sun P., Mirkin M.V. Scanning electrochemical microscopy with slightly recessed nanotips. Anal. Chem 2007, 79:5809-5816.
80. Nogala W., Velmurugan J., Mirkin M.V. Atomic force microscopy of electrochemical nanoelectrodes. Anal. Chem 2012, 84:5192-5197.
81. Sun T., Blanchard P.-Y., Mirkin M.V. Cleaning nanoelectrodes with air plasma. Anal. Chem 2015, 87:4092-4095.
82. Cheng W., Compton R.G. Electrochemical detection of nanoparticles by 'nano-impact' methods. Trends Anal. Chem 2014, 58:79-89.
83. Kwon S.J., Fan F.-R.F., Bard A.J. Observing Iridium Oxide (IrOx) single nanoparticle collisions at ultramicroelectrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2010, 132:13165-13167.
84. Xiao X., Bard A.J. Observing single nanoparticle collisions at an ultramicroelectrode by electrocatalytic amplification. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2007, 129:9610-9612.
85. Quinn B.M., van't Ho P.G., Lemay S.G. Time-resolved electrochemical detection of discrete adsorption events. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2004, 126:8360-8361.
86. Zhou Y.-G., Rees N.V., Compton R.G. The electrochemical detection and characterization of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2011, 50:4219-4221.
87. Tschulik K., Compton R.G. Nanoparticle impacts reveal magnetic field induced agglomeration and reduced dissolution rates. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 2014, 16:13909-13913.
88. Kahk J.M., Rees N.V., Pillay J., Tshikhudo R., Vilakazi S., Compton R.G. Electron transfer kinetics at single nanoparticles. Nano Today 2012, 7:174-179.
89. Chen S., Kucernak A. Electrodeposition of platinum on nanometer-sized carbon electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107:8392-8402.
90. Chen S., Kucernak A. Electrocatalysis under conditions of high mass transport rate: oxygen reduction on single submicrometer-sized Pt particles supported on carbon. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108:3262-3276.
91. Sun P., Li F., Yang C., Sun T., Kady I., Hunt B., et al. Formation of a single gold nanoparticle on a nanometer-sized electrode and its electrochemical behaviors. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117:6120-6125.
92. Jena B.K., Percival S.J., Zhang B. Au Disk nanoelectrode by electrochemical deposition in a nanopore. Anal. Chem 2010, 82:6737-6743.
93. Velmurugan J., Mirkin M.V. Fabrication of nanoelectrodes and metal clusters by electrodeposition. Chemphyschem 2010, 11:3011-3017.
94. Zhang B., Zhang Y., White H.S. The nanopore electrode. Anal. Chem 2004, 76:6229-6238.
95. Li Y., Cox J.T., Zhang B. Electrochemical responses and electrocatalysis at single au nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2010, 132:3047-3054.
96. Yu Y., Gao Y., Hu K., Blanchard P.-Y., Noël J.-M., Nareshkumar T., et al. Electrochemistry and electrocatalysis at single gold nanoparticles attached to carbon nanoelectrodes. ChemElectroChem 2015, 2:58-63.
97. Lakbub J., Pouliwe A., Kamasah A., Yang C., Sun P. Electrochemical behaviors of single gold nanoparticles. Electroanalysis 2011, 23:2270-2274.
98. Chen Q., Luo L., Faraji H., Feldberg S.W., White H.S. Electrochemical measurements of single h2 nanobubble nucleation and stability at Pt nanoelectrodes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett 2014, 5:3539-3544.
99. Clausmeyer J., Masa J., Ventosa E., Öhl D., Schuhmann W. Nanoelectrodes reveal the electrochemistry of single nickelhydroxide nanoparticles. Chem. Commun 2016, 10.1039/C5CC08796A.
100. Leszczyszyn D.J., Jankowski J.A., Viveros O.H., Diliberto E.J., Near J.A., Wightman R.M. Nicotinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion from individual chromaffin cells. Chemical evidence for exocytosis. J. Biol. Chem 1990, 265:14736-14737.
101. Mosharov E.V., Sulzer D. Analysis of exocytotic events recorded by amperometry. Nat. Methods 2005, 2:651-658.
102. Majdi S., Ren L., Fathali H., Li X., Ewing A.G. Selected recent in vivo studies on chemical measurements in invertebrates. Analyst 2015, Epub ahead of print.
103. Troyer K.P., Heien M.L., Venton B., Wightman R. Neurochemistry and electroanalytical probes. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol 2002, 6:696-703.
104. Whalen W.J., Riley J., Nair P. A microelectrode for measuring intracellular PO2. J. Appl. Physiol 1967, 23:798-801.
105. Malinski T., Taha Z. Nitric oxide release from a single cell measured in situ by a porphyrinic-based microsensor. Nature 1992, 358:676-678.
106. Lau Y.Y., Abe T., Ewing A.G. Voltammetric measurement of oxygen in single neurons using platinized carbon ring electrodes. Anal. Chem 1992, 64:1702-1705.
107. Chien J.B., Wallingford R.A., Ewing A.G. Estimation of free dopamine in the cytoplasm of the giant dopamine cell of planorbis corneus by voltammetry and capillary electrophoresis. J. Neurochem 1990, 54:633-638.
108. Lau Y.Y., Wong D., Ewing A.G. Intracellular voltammetry at ultrasmall platinum electrodes. Microchem. J. 1993, 47:308-316.
109. Abe T., Lau Y.Y., Ewing A.G. Intracellular analysis with an immobilized-enzyme glucose electrode having a 2-μm diameter and subsecond response times. J. Am. Chem. Soc 1991, 113:7421-7423.
110. Nagamine K., Takahashi Y., Ino K., Shiku H., Matsue T. Influence of tip size on single yeast cell imaging using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electroanalysis 2011, 23:1168-1174.
111. Nebel M., Grützke S., Diab N., Schulte A., Schuhmann W. Visualization of oxygen consumption of single living cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy: the influence of the faradaic tip reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2013, 52:6335-6338.
112. Schulte A., Schuhmann W. Single-cell microelectrochemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2007, 46:8760-8777.
113. Liu Y., Li M., Zhang F., Zhu A., Shi G. Development of Au disk nanoelectrode down to 3 nm in radius for detection of dopamine release from a single cell. Anal. Chem 2015, 87:5531-5538.
114. Wu W.-Z., Huang W.-H., Wang W., Wang Z.-L., Cheng J.-K., Xu T., et al. Monitoring dopamine release from single living vesicles with nanoelectrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2005, 127:8914-8915.
115. Rees H.R., Anderson S.E., Privman E., Bau H.H., Venton B.J. Carbon nanopipette electrodes for dopamine detection in drosophila. Anal. Chem 2015, 87:3849-3855.
116. Ino K., Ono K., Arai T., Takahashi Y., Shiku H., Matsue T. Carbon-Ag/AgCl probes for detection of cell activity in droplets. Anal. Chem 2013, 85:3832-3835.
117. Sun P., Laforge F.O., Abeyweera T.P., Rotenberg S.A., Carpino J., Mirkin M.V. Nanoelectrochemistry of mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:443-448.
118. Wang Y., Noel J.-M., Velmurugan J., Nogala W., Mirkin M.V., Lu C., et al. Nanoelectrodes for determination of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species inside murine macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:11534-11539.
119. Hu K., Gao Y., Wang Y., Yu Y., Zhao X., Rotenberg S.A., et al. Platinized carbon nanoelectrodes as potentiometric and amperometric SECM probes. J. Solid State Electrochem 2013, 17:2971-2977.
120. Clausmeyer J., Actis P., López Córdoba A., Korchev Y., Schuhmann W. Nanosensors for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. Electrochem. Commun 2014, 40:28-30.
121. Sklyar O., Treutler T.H., Vlachopoulos N., Wittstock G. The geometry of nanometer-sized electrodes and its influence on electrolytic currents and metal deposition processes in scanning tunneling and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Surf. Sci 2005, 597:181-195.
122. Bergner S., Wegener J., Matysik F.-M. Simultaneous imaging and chemical attack of a single living cell within a confluent cell monolayer by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal. Chem 2011, 83:169-174.
123. Sun T., Yu Y., Zacher B.J., Mirkin M.V. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of individual catalytic nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2014, 53:14120-14123.
124. Paulose Nadappuram B., McKelvey K., Al Botros R., Colburn A.W., Unwin P.R. Fabrication and characterization of dual function nanoscale pH-Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) probes for high resolution pH mapping. Anal. Chem 2013, 85:8070-8074.
125. O'Connell M.A., Lewis J.R., Wain A.J. Electrochemical imaging of hydrogen peroxide generation at individual gold nanoparticles. Chem. Commun 2015, 51:10314-10317.
126. Pitta Bauermann L., Schuhmann W., Schulte A. An advanced biological scanning electrochemical microscope (Bio-SECM) for studying individual living cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 2004, 6:4003.
127. Korchev Y.E., Bashford C.L., Milovanovic M., Vodyanoy I., Lab M.J. Scanning ion conductance microscopy of living cells. Biophys. J. 1997, 73:653-658.
128. Şen M., Takahashi Y., Matsumae Y., Horiguchi Y., Kumatani A., Ino K., et al. Improving the electrochemical imaging sensitivity of scanning electrochemical microscopy-scanning ion conductance microscopy by using electrochemical Pt deposition. Anal. Chem 2015, 87:3484-3489.
129. Michalak M., Kurel M., Jedraszko J., Toczydlowska D., Wittstock G., Opallo M., et al. Voltammetric pH Nanosensor. Anal. Chem 2015, 87:11641-11645.
130. O'Connell M.A., Wain A.J. Mapping electroactivity at individual catalytic nanostructures using high-resolution scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microcopy. Anal. Chem 2014, 86:12100-12107.
131. Eckhard K., Chen X., Turcu F., Schuhmann W. Redox competition mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (RC-SECM) for visualisation of local catalytic activity. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 2006, 8:5359.