Exploring the diversity of flies (Diptera)

Biodiversity

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 3-27

  Skevington, Jeffrey H ^a   Dang, P T ^a  

^a AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975155329     PISSN: 14888386     EISSN: 21600651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2002.9712613     Document Type: Article

References (216)

1. Adams M.D. [and numerous other authors]. 2000. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287: 2185-2195.
2. Aldrich, J.R., W.R. Lusby, B.E. Marron, K.C. Nicolaou, M.P. Hoffmann, and L.T. Wilson. 1989. Pheromone blends of green stink bugs and possible parasitoid selection. Naturwissenschaften 76: 173-175.
3. Anderson, G.S. 1997. The use of insects to determine time of decapitation: a case study from British Columbia. Journal of Forensic Science: 42: 947-950.
4. Askew, R.R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann, London.
5. Avila, F.W. and M.L. Goff. 1998. Arthropod succession patterns onto burnt carrion in two contrasting habitats in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Forensic Science 43: 581-586.
6. Baker, C.H. 1999. A biological basis for management of glowworm (Diptera: Keroplatidae: Arachnocampa flava Harrison) populations of ecotourism significance. Bachelor of Science Honours Thesis. University of Queensland.
7. Baker H.G. and I. Baker. 1990. The predictive value of nectar chemistry to the recognition of pollinator types. Israel Journal of Botany 39: 157-166.
8. Baker, R.H. and R. DeSalle. 1997. Multiple sources of character information and the phylogeny of Hawaiian drosophilids. Systematic Biology 46: 654-673.
9. Baker, R.H., G.S. Wilkinson, and R. DeSalle. 2001. Phylogenetic utility of different types of molecular data used to infer evolutionary relationships among stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). Systematic Biology 50: 87-105.
10. Benecke, M. 1998. Six forensic entomology cases: description and commentary. Journal of Forensic Science 43: 797-805.
11. Berg, C.O. and L. Knutson. 1978. Biology and systematics of the Sciomyzidae. Annual Review of Entomology 23: 239-258.
12. Bergeret, M. 1855. Infanticide, momification du cadavre. Découverte du cadavre d'un enfant nouveau-né dans une cheminée ou il s'etait momifié. Determination de l'époque de la naissance par la présence de nymphes et de larves d'insectes dans le cadavre et par l'étude de leurs metamorphoses. Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale 4: 442-452.
13. Bernasconi, M.V., C. Valsangiacomo, J.C. Piffaretti, and P.I. Ward. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 9: 67-74.
14. Bernasconi, M.V., J. Pawlowski, C. Valsangiacomo, J.C. Piffaretti, and P.I. Ward. 2001. Phylogeny of the genus Scathophaga (Diptera: Scathophagidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 517-524.
15. Besansky, N.J. and G.T. Fahey. 1997. Utility of the white gene in estimating phylogenetic relationships among mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 14: 442-454.
16. Beyer, J.C., W.F. Enos, and M. Stajic. 1980. Drug identification through analysis of maggots. Journal of Forensic Science 25: 411-412.
17. Broadley, R.A. 1998. Behavioural ecology and prey attraction of the New Zealand glowworm Arachnocampa luminosa (Skuse) (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in bush and cave habitats. Master of Science Thesis, Massey University.
18. Brower, A.Z. and R. DeSalle. 1994. Practical and theoretical considerations for choice of a DNA sequence region in insect molecular systematics, with a short review of published studies using nuclear gene regions. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87: 702-716.
19. Brower, L.P., J.Vz. Brower and P.W. Westcott. 1960. Experimental studies of mimicry. 5. The reactions of toads (Bufo terrestris) to bumblebees (Bombus americanorum) and their robberfly mimics (Mallophora bomboides), with a discussion of aggressive mimicry. American Naturalist 94: 343-356.
20. Brown, B.V. 2001. Flies, gnats and mosquitoes in S.A. Levin (ed), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Vol. 2. Academic Press, San Diego: 815-826.
21. Brown, B.V. and D.H.J. Feener. 1991. Behavior and host location cues of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biotropica 23: 182-187.
22. Bruce-Chwatt, L.J. 1988. History of malaria from prehistory to eradication in W.H. Wernsdorfer & I. McGregor (eds), Malaria. Principles and Practice of Malariology. Vol. 1. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne and New York: 1-59.
23. Burger, J.F., J.R. Anderson, and M.F. Knudsen. 1980. The habits and life history of Oedoparena glauca (Diptera: Dryomyzidae), a predator of barnacles. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 82(3): 360-377.
24. Caterino, M.S., S. Cho, and F.A.H. Sperling. 2000. The current state of insect molecular systematics: a thriving tower of Babel. Annual Review of Entomology 45: 1-54.
25. Catts, E.P. 1992. Problems in estimating the postmortem interval in death investigations. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 9: 245-255.
26. Catts, E.P. and M.L. Goff. 1992. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Annual Review of Entomology 37: 253-272.
27. Colless, D.H. 1994. A new family of muscoid Diptera from Australasia, with sixteen new species in four new genera (Diptera: Axiniidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 471-534.
28. Colless, D.H. and D.K. McAlpine. 1991. 39. Diptera (Flies) in I.D. Naumann (ed), The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Second edition. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Victoria: 717-786.
29. Cumming, J.M. 1994. Sexual selection and the evolution of dance fly mating systems (Diptera: Empididae; Empidinae). The Canadian Entomologist 126: 907-920.
30. Cumming, J.M. and B.E. Cooper. 1993. Techniques for obtaining adult-associated immature stages of predacious tachydromiine flies (Diptera: Empidoidea), with implications for rearing and biocontrol. Entomological News 104(2): 93-101.
31. Curtis, C.F. and J.D. Lines. 2000. Should DDT be banned by international treaty? Parasitology Today 16: 119-21.
32. Dale, P.E., P.T. Dale, K. Hulsman, and B.H. Kay. 1993. Runnelling to control saltmarsh mosquitoes: long-term efficacy and environmental impacts. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 9: 174-81
33. Davis, J.B. and M.L. Goff. 2000. Decomposition patterns in terrestrial and intertidal habitats on Oahu Island and Coconut Island, Hawaii. Journal of Forensic Science 45: 836-842.
34. DeSalle, R. 1992. The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the family Drsosophildae deduced from mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1: 31-40.
35. de Zulueta, J. 1994. Malaria and ecosystems: from prehistory to posteradication. Parasitologia 36: 7-15
36. Disney, R.H.L. 1997. 3.4. Family Phoridae in L. Papp & B. Darvas (eds), Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 3. Higher Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest: 51-79.
37. Dobson, R. 2000. New fly trap may reduce prevalence of blindness from trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78: 1282.
38. Downes, J.A. 1958. The feeding habits of biting flies and their significance in classification. Annual Review of Entomology 3: 249-266.
39. Downes, J. A. 1978. Feeding and mating in the insectivorous Ceratopogoninae (Diptera). Memoirs of the the Entomological Society of Canada 104: 1-62.
40. Early, M. and M.L. Goff. 1986. Arthropod succession patterns in exposed carrion on the island of O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 23: 520-531.
41. Ebsworth, P., J.H. Bryan, and D.H. Foley. 2001. Ecological distribution of mosquito larvae of the Anopheles punctulatus group on Niolam (Lihir) Island, Papua New Guinea. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 17: 181-185.
42. Eggleton, P. and R. Belshaw. 1992. Insect parasitoids: an evolutionary overview. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) 337(1279): 1-20.
43. Eggleton, P. and R. Belshaw. 1993. Comparisons of dipteran, hymenopteran and coleopteran parasitoids: Provisional phylogenetic explanations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 48: 213-226.
44. English-Loeb, G.M., R. Karban, and A.K. Brody. 1990. Arctiid larvae survive attack by a tachinid parasitoid and produce viable offspring. Ecological Entomology 15: 361-362.
45. Epstein, P.R. 2001. Climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Microbes and Infection 3: 747-54.
46. Feener, D.H.J. and B.V. Brown. 1993. Oviposition behavior of an ant-parasitizing fly, Neodohrniphora curvinervis (Diptera: Phoridae), and defense behavior by its leaf-cutting ant host Atta cephalopes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 6: 675-688.
47. Feener, D.H.J. and B.V. Brown. 1997. Diptera as parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 42: 73-97.
48. Feener, D.H.J., L.F. Jacobs, and J.O. Schmidt. 1996. Specialized parasitoid attracted to a pheromone of ants. Animal Behavior 51: 61-66.
49. Feener, D.H.J. and K.A.G. Moss. 1990. Defense against parasites by hitchhikers in leaf-cutting ants: A quantitative assessment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26: 17-29.
50. Ferrar, P. 1987. A Guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Vol. 1 & 2. Entomonograph 8. L. Lyneborg (Ed). E.J. Brill/ Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, Copenhagen.
51. Foley, D.H., R. Paru, H. Dagoro, and J.H. Bryan. 1993. Allozyme analysis reveals six species within the Anopheles punctulatus complex of mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7: 37-48.
52. Foley, D.H., S.R. Meek, and J.H. Bryan. 1994. The Anopheles punctulatus group of mosquitoes in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu surveyed by allozyme electrophoresis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 8: 340-350.
53. Foley, D.H., J.H. Bryan, D.K. Yeates, and A. Saul. 1998. Evolution and systematics of Anopheles: insights from a molecular phylogeny of Australasian mosquitoes. Molecular Systematics and Evolution 9: 262-275.
54. Foote, B.A. 1995. Biology of shore flies. Annual Review of Entomology 40: 417-442.
55. Foote, R.H., F.L. Blanc, and A.L. Norrbom. 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
56. Foster, W.A. and R.M. Taylor. 1991. The butterfly of mosquitoes. Natural History 7/91: 40-43.
57. Free, J.B. 1993. Insect Pollination of Crops (2nd edition). Academic Press, London, UK.
58. Friedlander, T.P., J.C. Regier, and C. Mitter. 1992. Nuclear gene sequences for higher level phylogenetic analysis: 14 promising candidates. Systematic Biology 41: 483-489.
59. Gagné, R.J. 1981. Chapter 16. Cecidomyiidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 257-292.
60. Gagné, R.J. 1989. The plant-feeding gall midges of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
61. Gibson, G. and S.J. Torr. 1999. Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13: 2-23.
62. Goff, M.L. 1991. Comparison of insect species associated with decomposing remains recovered inside dwellings and outdoors on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Journal of Forensic Science 36: 748-753.
63. Goff, M.L. 1992. Problems in estimation of postmortem interval resulting from wrapping of the corpse: a case study from Hawaii. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 9: 237-243.
64. Goldblatt, P. and J.C. Manning. 2000. The long-proboscid fly pollination system in southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 87: 146-170.
65. Graczyk, T.K., R. Knight, R.H. Gilman, and M.R. Cranfield. 2001. The role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases. Microbes and Infection 3: 231-235.
66. Gratz, N.G. 1999. Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annual Review of Entomology 44: 51-75.
67. Grimaldi, D. 1999. The co-radiations of pollinating insects and angiosperms in the Cretaceous. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 373-406.
68. Grimaldi, D. and T. Nguyen. 1999. Monograph on the spittlebug flies, genus Cladochaeta (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Cladochaetini). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 241: 1-326.
69. Haddow, A.J. 1965. Yellow fever in Central Uganda, 1964: Part 1. Historical introduction. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropcial Medicine and Hygiene 59: 436-440.
70. Hall, J.C. 1981. Chapter 45. Bombyliidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 589-602.
71. Han, H.Y. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic study of the tribe Trypetini (Diptera: Tephritidae), using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 28: 501-513.
72. Harbach, R.E. 1994. Review of the internal classification of the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae): the foundation for comparative systematics and phylogenetic research. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84: 331-342.
73. Harrison, G. 1978. Mosquitoes, Malaria and Man: A History of the Hostilities Since 1880. 1st Ed. John Murray: London.
74. Harrison, R.A. 1966. Australian glow-worms of the genus Arachnocampa Edwards. Pacific Insects 8: 877-883.
75. Hemingway, J. and H. Ranson. 2000. Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annual Review of Entomology 45: 371-391.
76. Hickman, V.V. 1965. On Planarivora insignis gen et sp. n. (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), whose larval stages are parasitic in land planarians. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 99: 1-8.
77. Hocking, B. 1953. The intrinsic range and speed of flight of insects. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 104: 223-345.
78. Hölldobler, B. and E.O. Wilson. 1994. Journey to the Ants. A story of Scientific Exploration. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
79. Hogue, C.L. 1981. Blephariceridae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1, Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 191-197.
80. Howden, H.F. 1964. The Mercure Trial: a sideline of entomology. The Canadian Entomologist 96: 121.
81. Huckett, H.C. 1987. Chapter 104. Anthomyiidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1099-1114.
82. Huckett, H.C. and J.R. Vockeroth. 1987. Chapter 105. Muscidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1115-1131.
83. Hunter, F.F., S.G. Burgin, and A. Woodhouse. 2000. Shattering the folklore: blackflies do not pollinate sweet lowbush blueberry. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 2051-2054.
84. Introna, F., C. Lo Dico, Y.H. Caplan, and J.E. Smialek. 1990. Opiate analysis in cadaveric blowfly larvae as an indicator of narcotic intoxication. Journal of Forensic Science 35: 118-122.
85. Introna, F., C.P. Campobasso, and A. Di Fazio. 1998. Three case studies in forensic entomology from Southern Italy. Journal of Forensic Science 43: 210-214.
86. Irwin, M.E. and B.M. Wiegmann. 2001. A review of the southern African genus Tongamya (Diptera: Asiloidea: Mydidae: Megascelinae), with a molecular assessment of the phylogenetic placement of Tongamya and the Megascelinae. African Invertebrates 42: 225-253.
87. Ito, J., A. Ghosh, L.A. Moreira, E.A. Wimmer, and M. Jacobs-Lorena. 2002. Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite. Nature 417: 452-455.
88. Jolivet, P. 1992, Insects and plants. Parallel evolution and adaptations. Second Edition. Flora and Fauna Handbook 2. Sandhill Crane Press.
89. Jordan, A.M. 1995. Control of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) with the aid of attractants. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 11: 249-55
90. Kearns, C. A. 2001. North American dipteran pollinators: assessing their value and conservation status. Conservation Ecology 5(1): 5. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vo15/iss1/art5
91. Kevan, P.G. 1972. Insect pollination of High Arctic flowers. Journal of Ecology 60: 831-847.
92. Kevan, P.G. 2001. Pollination: A plinth, pedestal, and pillar for terrestrial productivity. The why, how, and where of pollination protection, conservation and promotion in C.S. Stubbs and F.A. Drummond (eds) Bees and Crop Pollination-Crisis, Crossroads, Conservation. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America: 7-68.
93. Kevan, P.G. and H.G. Baker. 1983. Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annual Review of Entomology 28: 407-453.
94. Kevan, P.G., E.A. Tikhmenev, and M. Usui. 1993. Insects and plants in the pollination ecology of the boreal zone. Ecological Research 8: 247-267.
95. Knipling, E.F. 1960. Use of insects for their own destruction. Journal of Economic Entomology 53(3): 415-420.
96. Kornberg, T.B. and M.A. Krasnow. 2000. The Drosophila genome sequence: implications for biology and medicine. Science 287: 2218-2220.
97. Krivosheina, N.P. 1979. The systematics and biology of Palaearctic species of Diptera of the family Odiniidae-entomophages of xylophilous insects in F.N. Pravdin (ed), Insects destroying wood and their entomophages. Nauka Publishing House, Moscow: 130-157.
98. Krzywinski, J., R.C. Wilkerson, and N.J. Besansky. 2001. Toward understanding Anophelinae (Diptera, Culicidae) phylogeny: insights from nuclear single copy genes and the weight of evidence. Systematic Biology 50: 540-559.
99. Kwiatowski, J. and F. Ayala. 1999. Phylogeny of Drosophila and related genera: conflict between molecular and anatomical analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13: 319-328.
100. Labandeira, C.C. 1998. How old is the flower and the fly? Science 280: 57-59.
101. Lachance, M.A., W.T. Starmer, C.A. Rosa, J.M. Bowles., J.S.F. Barker, and D.H. Janzen. 2001. Biogeography of the yeasts of ephemeral flowers and their insects. FEMS Yeast Research 1: 1-8.
102. Larson, B.M.H., P.G. Kevan, and D.W. Inouye. 2001. Flies and flowers: Taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators. The Canadian Entomologist 133: 439-465.
103. Levesque, C.M. and J.F. Burger. 1982. Insects (Diptera, Hymenoptera) associated with Minuartia groenlandica (Caryophyllaceae) on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, U.S.A., and their possible role as pollinators. Arctic and Alpine Research 14: 117-124.
104. Lord, W.D., T.R. Adkins, and E.P. Catts. 1992. The use of Synthesiomyia nudesita (Van Der Wulp) (Diptera: Muscidae) and Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to estimate the time of death of a body buried under a house. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 9: 227-235.
105. Lord, W.D., M.L. Goff, T.R. Adkins, and N.H. Haskell. 1994. The black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) as a potential measure of human postmortem interval: observations and case histories. Journal of Forensic Science 39: 215-222.
106. Lounibos, L.P. 1991. A mother superior. Natural History 7/91: 46-48.
107. Lounibos, L.P. 2002. Invasions by insect vectors of human disease. Annual Review of Entomology 47: 233-66
108. Maa, T.C. and B.V. Peterson. 1987. Chapter 111. Hippoboscidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1271-1281.
109. Madsen, M., B. Overgaard Nielsen, P. Holter, O.C. Pedersen, J. Brøchner Jespersen, K.-M. Vagn Jensen, P. Nansen, and J. Grønvold. 1990. Treating cattle with Ivermectin: Effects on the fauna and decomposition of dung pats. Journal of Applied Ecology 27: 1-15.
110. Makarevich, I.F., E.V. Berezikov, V.P. Guryev, and A.G. Blinov. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of the Chironomus genus deduced from nucleotide sequences of two nuclear genes, ssp160, and the globin 2b gene. Molekulyarnaya Biologiya Moscow 24: 701-707.
111. Mann, R.W., W.M. Bass, and L. Meadows. 1990. Time since death and decomposition of the human body: Variables and observations in case and experimental field studies. Journal of Forensic Sciences 35: 103-111.
112. Mason, C.F. 1977. Decomposition. The Institute of Biology's Studies in Biology no. 74. 58 pp.
113. May, Y.Y. 1979. The biology of Cephalops curtifrons (Diptera: Pipunculidae), an endoparasite of Stenocranus minutus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 66(1): 15-29.
114. McApline, J.F. 1981. Chapter 2. Morphology and terminology-adults in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 9-63.
115. McAlpine, J.F. 1987a. Chapter 69. Piophilidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 845-852.
116. McAlpine, J.F. 1987b. Chapter 100. Cryptochetidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1069-1072.
117. McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood (eds). 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa.
118. McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood (eds). 1987. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa.
119. McCall, P.J., T.C.J. Turnlings, W.J. Lewis, and J.H. Tumlinson. 1993. Role of plant volatiles in host location by the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes Cresson (Braconidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Insect Behavior 6: 625-639.
120. McKnight, B.E. (transl. 1981). The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China. Ann Arbor, Univ. Michigan.
121. McPheron, B.A. and H.Y. Han. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of North American Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and related genera using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7: 1-16.
122. Megnin, J.P. 1894. La faune des cadavres: application de l'entomologie à la médecine légale. Paris, Masson et Gauthiers-Villars.
123. Mellor, P.S., J. Boorman, and M. Baylis. 2000. Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors. Annual Review of Entomology 45: 307-340.
124. Merritt, R.W. 1994. Black fly pupae help to solve a murder case. Third International Congress of Dipterology. Abstract Volume. Guelph, Canada.
125. Miller B.R., M.B. Crabtree, and H.M. Savage. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of the Culicomorpha inferred from 18S and 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences (Diptera: Nematocera). Insect Molecular Biology 6: 105-114.
126. Miller, M.L., W.D. Lord, M.L. Goff, B. Donnelly, T. McDonough, and J.C. Alexis. 1994. Isolation of amitriptyline and nortriptyline from fly puparia (Phoridae) and beetle exuviae (Dermestidae) associated with mummified human remains. Journal of Forensic Science 39: 1305-1313.
127. Miyagi, I. 1981. Malaya leei (Wharton) on ants in Papua New Guinea (Diptera: Culicidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology 32: 332-333.
128. Moore, C.G. 1999. Aedes albopictus in the United States: current status and prospects for further spread. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 15: 221-7
129. Moore, J.C., D.E. Walter, and H.W. Hunt. 1988. Arthropod regulation of microand mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs. Annual Review of Entomology 33: 419-39.
130. Moulton, J.K. 2000. Molecular sequence data resolves basal divergences within Simuliidae (Diptera). Systematic Entomology 25: 95-113.
131. Muraji, M. and S. Nakahara. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among fruit flies, Bactrocera (Diptera, Tephritidae), based on the mitochondrial rDNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 10: 549-559.
132. Najera, J.A. 1989. Malaria and the work of WHO. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 67: 229-243.
133. Nirmala, X., V. Hypsa, and M. Zurovec. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera): the evolution of 18S and 16S ribosomal rDNAs in higher dipterans and their use in phylogenetic inference. Insect Molecular Biology 10(5):475-85.
134. Norris, A. 1894. Observations on the New Zealand Glow-worm, Bolitophilia luminosa. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 30: 202-203.
135. O''Grady, P.M., J.B. Clark, and M.G. Kidwell. 1998. Phylogeny of the Drosophila slatans species group based on combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15: 656-664.
136. Oldroyd, H. 1964. The natural history of flies. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. Oliver, D.R. 1964. A limnological investigation of a large arctic lake, Nettilling Lake, Baffin Island. Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America 17: 69-83.
137. Papp, L. 1998. 3.39. Family Cremifaniidae in L. Papp & B. Darvas (eds), Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 3. Higher Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest: 409-414.
138. Pawlowski, J., R. Szandziewski, D. Kmieciak, J. Fahrni, and G. Bittar. 1996. Phylogeny of the infraorder Culicomorpha (Diptera: Nematocera) based on 28S RNA gene sequences. Systematic Entomology 21: 167-178.
139. Pelandakis, M. and M. Solignac. 1993. Molecular phylogeny of Drosophila based on ribosomal RNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37: 525-543.
140. Pellmyr, O. 1992. The phylogeny of a mutualism: evolution and coadaptation between Trollius and its seed-parasitic pollinators. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47: 337-365.
141. Perel, T.S., L.O. Karpachevsky, and E.V. Yegorova. 1971. The role of Tipulidae (Diptera) larvae in decomposition of forest litter-fall. Pedobiologia 11: 66-70.
142. Perkins, F.A. 1935 "Glow-worms" and other insects collected at Numinbah, Nerang Valley, Easter camp, Queensland Naturalists' Club. Queensland Naturalist 9: 84-85
143. Peterson, B.V. and R.L. Wenzel. 1987. Chapter 112. Nycteribiidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1283-1291.
144. Platt, A.P. and S.J. Harrison. 1995. Robber fly and trout predation on adult dragonflies (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae) and first records of Aeshna umbrosa from Wyoming. Entomological News 106(5): 229-235.
145. Pont, A.C. 1993. Observations on anthophilous Muscidae and other Diptera in Abisko National Park, Sweden. Journal of Natural History 27: 631-643.
146. Powers, N.R. and S.E. Cope. 2000. William Crawford Gorgas: the great sanitarian. Wing Beats 11: 4-28.
147. Prescott, H.W. 1960. Suppression of grasshoppers by nemestrinid parasites (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53: 513-521.
148. Prichard, J.G., P.D. Kossoris, R.A. Leibovitch, D. Robertson, and F.W. Lovell. 1986. Implications of trombiculid mite bites: report of case and submission evidence in a murder trial. Journal of Forensic Science 31: 301-306.
149. Primack R.B. 1978. Variability in New Zealand montane and alpine pollinator assemblages. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 1: 66-73.
150. Primack, R.B. 1983. Insect pollination in the New Zealand mountain flora. New Zealand Journal of Botany 21: 317-333.
151. Proctor M., P. Yeo, and D. Lack. 1996. The Natural History of Pollination. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
152. Pruess, K.P., B.J. Adams, T.J. Parsons, X. Zhu, and T.O. Powers. 2000. Utility of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene for resolving relationships among black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16: 286-295.
153. Putman, R.J. 1978. Flow of energy and organic matter from a carcass during decomposition. Oikos 31: 58-68.
154. Raw, A. 1968. The behaviour of Leopoldius coronatus (Rond.) (Dipt., Conopidae) towards its Hymenopterous hosts. The Entomologist's monthly Magazine 104: 54.
155. Reiter, P. 2001. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 Suppl 1: 141-161.
156. Rettenmeyer, C.W. 1961. Observations on the biology and taxonomy of flies found over swarm raids of army ants (Diptera: Tachinidae, Conopidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 42(8): 993-1066.
157. Richards, A.M. 1960. Observations of the New Zealand Glow-worm Arachnocampa luminosa [Skuse] 1890. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88: 559-574.
158. Richards, E.N. and M.L. Goff. 1997. Arthropod succession on exposed carrion in three contrasting tropical habitats on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Journal of Medical Entomology 34: 328-339.
159. Robert, D., J. Amoroso, and R.R. Hoy. 1992. The evolutionary convergence of hearing in a parasitoid fly and its cricket host. Science 258: 1135-1137.
160. Rognes, K. 1998. 3.51. Family Calliphoridae in L. Papp & B. Darvas (eds), Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 3. Higher Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest: 617-648.
161. Rohdendorf, B.B. and N.S. Kalugina. 1974. The finding of peculiar Diptera of the famely [sic] Nymphomyiidae in Primorje Territory. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 53: 686-694.
162. Roubik, D.W. (Editor). 1995. Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Bulletin 118.
163. Rupp, H.R. 1996. Adverse assessments of Gambusia affinis: an alternate view for mosquito control practitioners. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12: 155-9
164. Russo, C.A.M., N. Takezaki and M. Nei. 1995. Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of drosophilid species. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12(3): 391-404
165. Sabrosky, C.W. 1987a. Chapter 80. Carnidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 909-912.
166. Sabrosky, C.W. 1987b. Chapter 99. Chloropidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1049-1067.
167. Salt, G. 1968. The resistence of insect parasitoids to the defense reactions of their hosts. Biological Review 43: 200-232.
168. Sanderson, M.J. and J. A. Doyle. 2001. Sources of error and confidence intervals in estimating the age of angiosperms from rbcL and 18S rDNA data. American Journal of Botany 88(8):1499-1516.
169. Scheffer, S. and B.E. Wiegmann. 2000. Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae: Phytomyza): species limits speciation and dietary specialization. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17: 244-255.
170. Schlinger, E.I. 1981. Chapter 43. Acroceridae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 575-584.
171. Schneider, F. 1969. Bionomics and physiology of aphidophagous Syrphidae. Annual Review of Entomology 14: 103-124.
172. Scott, J.A. 1968. Hilltopping as a mating mechanism to aid the survival of low density species. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 7: 191-204.
173. Shean, B.S., L. Messinger, and M. Papworth. 1993. Observations of differential decomposition on sun exposed v. shaded pig carrion in coastal Washington State. Journal of Forensic Science 38: 938-949.
174. Shewell, G.E. 1987a. Chapter 106. Calliphoridae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1133-1145.
175. Shewell, G.E. 1987b. Chapter 108. Sarcophagidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1159-1186.
176. Shields, O. 1967. Hilltopping. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 6(2): 69-178.
177. Simon, C., F. Frati, A. Beckenbach, B. Crespi, H. Liu, and P. Flook. 1994. Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87: 651-701.
178. Skevington, J. and S.A. Marshall. 1997. First record of a big-headed fly, Eudorylas alternatus (Cresson) (Diptera: Pipunculidae), reared from the subfamily Cicadellinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), with an overview of pipunculid-host associations in the Nearctic Region. The Canadian Entomologist 129(3): 387-398.
179. Skevington, J.H. and D.K. Yeates. 2000. Phylogeny of the Syrphoidea (Diptera) inferred from mtDNA sequences and morphology with particular reference to classification of the Pipunculidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16: 212-224.
180. Skidmore, P. 1985. The Biology of the Muscidae of the World. Dr. W Junk, The Netherlands.
181. Smith, K.G.V. 1978. Studying the behaviour of Diptera in A. Stubbs and P. Chandler (eds), A Dipterist's Handbook, The Amateur Entomologist 15: 241-249
182. Smith, K.G.V. 1986. A manual of forensic entomology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
183. Soper, R.S., G.E. Shewell and D. Tyrrell. 1976. Colcondamyia auditrix nov. sp. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a parasite which is attracted by the mating song of its host, Okanagana rimosa (Hymenoptera: Cicadidae). The Canadian Entomologist 108: 61-68.
184. Speight, M.R., M.D. Hunter, and A.D. Watt. 1999. Ecology of insects: Concepts and applications. Blackwell Science.
185. Spencer, K.A. 1973. Agromyzidae (Diptera) of economic importance. Series Entomologica 9. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.
186. Steffan, W.A. 1973. Polymorphism in Plastosciara perniciosa. Science 182: 1265-1266.
187. Steffan, W.A. 1975. Morphological and behavioral polymorphism in Plastosciara perniciosa (Diptera: Sciaridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 77(1): 1-14.
188. Steyskal, G.C. 1987. Chapter 65. Pyrgotidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 813-816.
189. Sun, Ge., D.L. Dilcher, S. Zheng, and Z. Zhou. 1998. In search of the first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China. Science 282(5394): 1692-1695.
190. Swift, M.J., O.W. Heal, and J.M. Anderson. 1979. The decomposer organisms. Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
191. Tantawi, T.I., E.M. El-Kady, B. Greenberg, and H.A. El-Ghaffar. 1996. Arthropod succession on exposed rabbit carrion in Alexandria, Egypt. Journal of Medical Entomology 33: 566-580.
192. Teskey, H.J. 1976. Diptera larvae associated with trees in North America. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 100: 1-53.
193. Teskey, H.J. 1981a. Chapter 44. Nemestrinidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 585-588.
194. Teskey, H. J. 1981b. Chapter 39. Vermileonidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1, Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 529-532.
195. Thornhill, R. and J. Alcock. 1983. The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
196. Tullis, K. and M.L. Goff. 1987. Arthropod succession in exposed carrion in a tropical rainforest on O'ahu Island, Hawaii. Journal of Medical Entomology 24: 332-339.
197. Utzinger, J., Y. Tozan, and B.H. Singer. 2001. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of environmental management for malaria control. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6: 677-87
198. Vala, J.C., P.T. Bailey, and C. Gasc. 1990. Immature stages of the fly Pelidnoptera nigripennis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Phaeomyiidae), a parasitoid of millipedes. Systematic Entomology 15: 391-399.
199. Vinson, S.B. 1984. How parasitoids locate their hosts: A case of insect espionage in T. Lewis (ed), Insect Communication. Vol. 1. Academic Press, London: 325-348.
200. Vogel, S. 1954. Blütenbiologische Typen als Elemente der Sippengliederung: dargestellt anhand de Flora Süd Afrikas. Botanische Studien 1: 1-338.
201. Vossbrinck, C.R. and S. Friedman. 1989. A 28S ribosomal RNA phylogeny of certain cyclorrhaphous Diptera based upon a hypervariable region. Systematic Entomology 14: 417-431.
202. Vu, S.N., T.Y. Nguyen, B.H. Kay, G.G. Marten, and J.W. Reid. 1998. Eradication of Aedes aegypti from a village in Vietnam, using copepods and community participation. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59: 657-60.
203. Watson, T.M., A. Saul, and B.H. Kay. 2000. Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae) survival and dispersal estimated by mark-release-recapture in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Medical Entomology 37: 380-384.
204. Wenzel, R.L. and B.V. Peterson. 1987. Chapter 113. Streblidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1293-1301.
205. Wheeler, W.M. 1930. Demons of the Dust. W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
206. Wiegmann, B.M., S.C. Tsaur, D.W. Webb, D.K. Yeates, and B.K. Cassel. 2000. Monophyly and relationships of the Tabanomorpha (Diptera :Brachycera) based on 28S ribosomal gene sequences. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 1031-1038.
207. Williams, F.X. 1919. Some observations of Pipunculus flies which parasitize the cane leafhopper, at Pahala, Hawaii, Feb. 11-April 25, 1918. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 4(1): 68-71.
208. Winterton, S.L., L. Yang, B.M. Wiegmann, and D.K. Yeates. 2001. Phylogenetic revision of Agapophytinae subf.n. (Diptera: Therevidae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Systematic Entomology 26: 173-211.
209. Wirth, W.W., W.N. Mathis, and J.R. Vockeroth. 1987. Ephydridae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2, Agriculture Canada Monograph 28: 1027-1047.
210. Wood, D.M. 1987a. Chapter 107. Oestridae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1147-1158.
211. Wood, D.M. 1987b. Chapter 109. Rhinophoridae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1187-1191.
212. Wood, D.M. 1987c. Chapter 110. Tachinidae in J.F. McAlpine et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Ottawa: 1193-1269.
213. Wood, G.C. 1981. Asilidae in J.F. McAlpine, et al (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1, Agriculture Canada Monograph 27, Ottawa: 549-573.
214. World Bank. 1993. World Development Report 1993-Investing in Health. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
215. Yang, L., B.M. Wiegmann, D.K. Yeates, and M.E. Irwin. 2000. Higher-level phylogeny of the Therevidae (Diptera: Insecta) based on 28S ribosomal and elongation factor-1alpha gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15: 440-451.
216. Yeates, D.K. and B.M. Wiegmann. 1999. Congruence and controversy: Toward a higher-level phylogeny of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology 44: 397-428.