Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli

Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 2-23

  Gibson, G ^a,b   Torr, S J ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biting flies; Ceratopogonidae; Culicidae; Diptera; Glossinidae; Host stimuli; Phlebotominae; Simuliidae; Stomox yinae; Tabanidae; Vector behaviour

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; FLY; HUMAN; ODOR; PHYSIOLOGY; VISION;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DIPTERA; HUMANS; SMELL; VISION;

ANIMALIA; CERATOPOGONIDAE; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; GLOSSINIDAE; INSECTA; PHLEBOTOMINAE; SIMULIIDAE; TABANIDAE;

EID: 0033083284     PISSN: 0269283X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00163.x     Document Type: Article

References (245)

1. Agee, H.R. & Patterson, R.S. (1983) Spectral sensitivity of stable, face and horn flies and behavioral responses of stable flies to visual traps (Diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology, 12, 1823-1828.
2. Allan, S.A., Day, J.F. & Edman, J.D. (1987) Visual ecology of biting flies. Annual Review of Entomology, 32, 297-316.
3. Amsler, S. & Filledier, J. (1994) Attractivité pour les Tabanidae de l'association méta × crésol/octénol: Résultats obtenus au Burkina Faso. Révue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire Des Pays Tropicaux, 47, 93-96.
4. Amsler, S., Filledier, J. & Millogo, R. (1994) Attractivité pour les Tabanidae de différents pièges à glossines avec ou sans attractifs olfactifs: Résultats préliminaires obtenus au Burkina Faso. Révue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire Des Pays Tropicaux, 47, 63-68.
5. Andreasen, M.H. (1997) Sweaty socks are an aid to membrane feeding of mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91, 250.
6. Baylis, M. & Nambiro, C.O. (1993) The responses of Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited traps and targets at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83, 145-151.
7. Becker, N., Zgomba, M., Petric, D. & Ludwig, M. (1995) Comparison of carbon dioxide, octenol and a host-odour as mosquito attractants in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 9, 377-380.
8. Bidgood, H.M. (1980) Host Location in Stomoxys calcitrans (L). PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham.
9. Bidlingmayer, W.L. (1994) How mosquitoes see traps: role of visual responses. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 10, 272-279.
10. Blackwell, A., Dyer, C., Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Wadhams, L.J. & Mordue, W. (1994) Field and laboratory evidence for a volatile pheromone produced by parous females of the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus. Physiological Entomology, 19, 251-257.
11. Blackwell, A., Dyer, C., Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Wadhams, L.J. & Mordue, W. (1996) The role of 1-octen-3-o1 as a host-odour attractant for the biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer, and interactions of 1-octen-3-o1 with a volatile pheromone produced by parous female midges. Physiological Entomology, 21, 15-19.
12. Boorman, J. (1993) Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids (ed. by R. P. Lane and R. W. Crosskey), Chapman & Hall, London, 288-309.
13. Bracken, G.K., Hanec, W. & Thorsteinson, A.J. (1962) The orientation of horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). II. The role of some visual factors in the attractiveness of decoy silhouettes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 40, 685-695.
14. Bradbury, W.C. & Bennett, G.F. (1974) Behaviour of the Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Vision and olfaction in near orientation and landing. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 52, 1355-1364.
15. Brady, J. (1972a) Spontaneous, circadian components of tsetse fly activity. Journal of Insect Physiology, 18, 471-484.
16. Brady, J. (1972b) The visual responsiveness of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. (Glossinidae) to moving objects: the effects of hunger, sex, host odour and stimulus characteristics. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 62, 257-279.
17. Brady, J. (1975) Circadian changes in central excitability - the origin of behavioural rhythms in tsetse flies and other animals? Journal of Entomology (A), 50, 79-95.
18. Brady, J. (1991) Flying mate detection and chasing by tsetse flies (Glossina). Physiological Entomology, 16, 153-161.
19. Brady, J., Gibson, G. & Packer, M.J. (1989) Odour movement, wind direction and the problem of host-finding by tsetse flies. Physiological Entomology, 14, 369-380.
20. Brady, J. & Griffiths, N. (1993) Upwind flight responses of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) to acetone, octenol a phenols in nature: a video study. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83, 329-333.
21. Brady, J., Packer, M.J. & Gibson, G. (1990) Odour plume shape and host finding by tsetse. Insect Science and its Application, 11, 377-384.
22. Brady, J. & Shereni, W. (1988) Landing responses of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Glossinidae & Muscidae) to black-and-white patterns: a laboratory study. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 78, 301-311.
23. Brady. J. & Crump. A.J. (1978) The control of circadian activity rhythms in tsetse flies: environment or physiological clock. Physiological Entomology, 3, 177-190.
24. Brammer, J.D. & Clarin, B. (1976) Changes in the volume of the rhabdom in the compound eye of Aedes aegypti L. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 195, 33-40.
25. Brightwell, R. & Dransfield, R. (1997) Odour attractants for tsetse: Glossina austeni, G. brevipalpis and G. Swynnertoni. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 11, 297-299.
26. Browne, S.M. & Bennett, G.F. (1980) Colour and shape as mediators of host-seeking responses of simuliids and tabanids (Diptera) in the Tantramar marshes, New Brunswick, Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17, 58-62.
27. Bursell, E. (1984a) Effects of host odour on the behaviour of tsetse. Insect Science and its Application, 5, 343-349.
28. Bursell, E. (1984b) Observations on the orientation of tsetse flies (G. pallidipes) to windborne odours. Physiological Entomology, 9, 133-137.
29. Bursell, E. (1987) The effect of wind-borne odours on the direction of flight in tsetse flies Glossina spp. Physiological Entomology, 12, 149-156.
30. Bursell, E., Billing, K.C., Hargrove, J.W., McCabe, C.T. & Slack, E. (1974) Metabolism of the bloodmeal in tsetse flies (a review). Acta Tropica, 31, 297-320.
31. Bursell, E., Gough, A.J.E., Beevor, A., Cork, A., Hall, D.R. & Vale, G.A. (1988) Identification of components of cattle urine attractive to tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 78, 281-291.
32. Bursell, E. & Taylor, P. (1980) An energy budget for Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 70, 187-196.
33. Chainey, J.E. (1993) Horse-flies, deer-flies and clegs (Tabanidae). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids (ed. by R. P. Lane and R. W. Crosskey), Chapman & Hall, London, 310-332.
34. Cheke, R.A. & Garms, R. (1987) Trials of attractants to enhance biconical trap catches of Simulium yahense and S. sanctipauli s.1. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 38, 62-63.
35. Chiba, Y., Shinkawa, Y., Yoshii, M., Matsumoto, A., Tomioka, K. & Takahashi, S.Y. (1992) A comparative study on insemination dependency of circadian activity pattern in mosquitoes. Physiological Entomology, 17, 213-218.
36. Colvin, J., Brady, J. & Gibson, G. (1989) Visually-guided, upwind turning behaviour of free-flying tsetse in odour laden wind: a wind tunnel study. Physiological Entomology, 14, 31-39.
37. Colvin, J. & Gibson, G. (1992) Host-seeking behavior and management of tsetse. Annual Review of Entomology, 37, 21-40.
38. Cork, A. (1996) Olfactory basis of host location by mosquitoes and other haematophagous Diptera. In: Olfaction in Mosquito-Host Interactions (ed. by G. R. Bock and G. Cardew), Ciba Foundation Symposium 200, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 71-80.
39. Cork, A., Beevor, P.S., Gough, J.E. & Hall, D.R. (1990) Gas chromatography linked to electroantennography: a versatile technique for identifying insect semiochemicals. In: Chromatography and Isolation of Insect Hormones and Pheromones. (ed. by A. R. McCaffery and I. D. Wilson), Chromatographic Society Symposium Series, Plenum, New York, pp. 271-280.
40. Cork, A. & Park, K.C. (1996) Identification of electrophysiologically-active compounds for the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, in human sweat extracts. Physiological Entomology, 10, 269-276.
41. Costantini, C. (1997) Behavioural Studies on West African Malaria Vectors in the Field. PhD Thesis, University of London.
42. Costantini, C., Gibson, G., Brady, J., Merzagora, L. & Coluzzi, M. (1993) A new odour-baited trap to collect host-seeking mosquitoes. Parassitologia, 35, 5-9.
43. Costantini, C., Gibson, G., Sagnon, N.F., Della Torre, A., Brady, J. & Coluzzi, M. (1996) Mosquito responses to carbon dioxide in a West African Sudan savanna village. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10, 220-227.
44. Costantini, C., Sagnon, N.F., Della Torre, A., Diallo, M., Brady, J., Gibson, G. & Coluzzi, M. (1998) Odour-mediated host preferences of West African mosquitoes, with particular reference to malaria vectors. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 58, 56-63.
45. Crosskey, R.W. (1990). The Natural History of Blackflies. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
46. Crosskey, R.W. (1993a) Stable-flies and horn-flies (bloodsucking Muscidae). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids (ed. by R. P. Lane and R. W. Crosskey), Chapman & Hall, London, 389-402.
47. Crosskey, R.W. (1993b) Blackflies (Simuliidae). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids (ed. by R. P. Lane and R. W. Crosskey), Chapman & Hall, London, 241-287.
48. Crump, A.J. & Brady, J. (1979). Circadian activity patterns in three species of tsetse fly: Glossina palpalis, austeni and morsitans. Physiological Entomology, 4, 311-318.
49. Das, S.C., Bhuyan, M. & Das, N.G. (1984) Attraction of Simuliidae to different colors on humans - field trial. Mosquito News, 44, 79-80.
50. David, C.T., Kennedy, J.S., Ludlow, A.R., Perry, J.N. & Wall, C. (1982) A reappraisal of insect flight towards a distant point source of wind-borne odour. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8, 1207-1215.
51. Davies, D.M. (1951) Some observations on the number of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) landing on coloured cloths. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 29, 65-70.
52. Davies, D.M. (1961) Colour affects the landing of blood-sucking black flies. (Diptera: Simuliidae) on their hosts. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 91, 267-268.
53. Davies, D.M. (1972) The landing of blood-sucking female black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera) on coloured materials. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 102, 124-155.
54. Davies, D.M. (1978) Ecology and behaviour of adult black flies (Simuliidae, Diptera) on coloured materials. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 91, 267-268.
55. de Jong, R. & Knols, B.G.J. (1996) Selection of biting sites by mosquitoes. In: Olfaction in Mosquito-Host Interactions (ed. by G. R. Bock and G. Cardew), Ciba Foundation Symposium 200, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 89-103.
56. Dekker, T. & Takken, W. (1998) Differential responses of mosquito sibling species Anopheles arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus to carbon dioxide, a man or a calf. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 12, 136-140.
57. Dhileepan, K. (1996) Mosquito seasonality and arboviral disease incidence in Murray Valley, southeast Australia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10, 375-384.
58. Doku, C. & Brady, J. (1989) Landing site preferences of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the laboratory: avoidance of horizontal features. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 79, 521-528.
59. Dougherty, M.J., Guerin, P.M., Hamilton, J.G.C. & Ward, R.D. (1999) Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) when exposed to Canid host odour kairmones. Physiological Entomology, in press.
60. Edman, J.D., Webber, L.A. & Schmid, A.A. (1974) Effect of host defenses on the feeding pattern of Culex nigripalpus when offered a choice of blood sources. Journal of Parasitology, 60, 874-883.
61. Eiras, A.E. & Jepson, P.C. (1991) Host location by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): a wind tunnel study of chemical cues. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81, 151-160.
62. Eiras, A.E. & Jepson, P.C. (1994) Responses of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to host odours and convection currents using an olfactometer bioassay. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84, 207-211.
63. Elkinton, J.S., Schal, C., Ono, T. & Carde, R.T. (1987) Pheromone puff trajectory and upwind flight of male gypsy moths in a forest. Physiological Entomology, 12, 399-406.
64. 2 as attractants for some ornithophilic simuliids. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 12, 723-730.
65. Foil, L.D. & Hribar, L.J. (1995). Evaluation of tsetse attractants as baits for horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Louisiana. Florida Entomologist, 78, 129-133.
66. French, F.E. & Kline, D.L. (1989) 1-Octen-3-o1, an effective attractant for Tabanidae (Diptera). Journal of Medical Entomology, 26, 459-460.
67. Gatehouse, A.G. & Lewis, C.T. (1973) Host location behaviour of Stomoxys calcitrans. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 16, 275-290.
68. Geier, M., Sass, H. & Boeckh (1996) A search for components in human body odour that attract females of Aedes aegypti. In: Olfaction in Mosquito-Host Interactions (ed. by G. R. Bock and G. Cardew), Ciba Foundation Symposium 200, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 132-148.
69. Gibson, G. (1992) Do tsetse 'see' zebras? A field study of the visual response of tsetse to striped targets. Physiological Entomology, 17, 141-147.
70. Gibson, G. (1995) A behavioural test of the sensitivity of a nocturnal mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, to dim white, red and infra-red light. Physiological Entomology, 20, 224-228.
71. Gibson, G. & Brady, J. (1985) 'Anemotactic' flight paths of tsetse flies in relation to host odour: a preliminary video study in nature of the response to loss of odour. Physiological Entomology, 10, 395-406.
72. Gibson, G. & Brady, J. (1988) Flight behaviour of tsetse flies in host odour plumes: the initial response to leaving or entering odour. Physiological Entomology, 13, 29-42.
73. Gibson, G., Packer, M.J., Steullet, P. & Brady, J. (1991) Orientation of tsetse to wind, within and outside host odour plumes in the field. Physiological Entomology, 16, 47-56.
74. Gibson, G. & Young, S. (1991) The optics of tsetse fly eyes in relation to their behaviour and ecology. Physiological Entomology, 16, 273-282.
75. Gillet, J.D. (1979) Out for blood; flight orientation up-wind in the absence of visual cues. Mosquito News, 39, 221-229.
76. Gillies, M.T. (1972) Some aspects of mosquito behaviour in relation to the transmission of parasites. Behavioural Aspects of Parasite Transmission (ed. by E. U. Canning and C. A. Wright), pp. 69-81. Academic Press Inc., London.
77. Gillies, M.T. (1980) The role of carbon dioxide in host-finding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): a review. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 70, 525-532.
78. Gillies, M.T. (1988) Anopheline mosquitos: vector behaviour and bionomics. In: Malaria - Principles and Practices of Malariology (ed. by W. H. Wernsdorfer and I. McGregor), Churchill, Livingstone, Edinburgh, 453-485.
79. Gillies, M.T. & Wilkes, T.J. (1981) Field experiments with a wind tunnel on the flight speed of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71, 65-70.
80. Green, C.H. (1986) Effects of colours and synthetic odours on the attraction of Glossina pallidipes and G. morsitans morsitans to traps and screens. Physiological Entomology, 11, 411-421.
81. Green, C.H. (1988) The effect of colour in trap- and screen-orientated responses in Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 78, 591-604.
82. Green, C.H. (1989) The use of two-coloured screens for catching Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 79, 81-93.
83. Green, C.H. (1990) The effect of colour on the numbers, age and nutritional status of Glossina tachinoides (Diptera: Glossinidae) attracted to targets. Physiological Entomology, 15, 317-329.
84. Green, C.H. (1994) Baits methods for tsetse fly control. Advances in Parasitology, 34, 229-291.
85. Green, C.H. & Cosens, D. (1983) Spectral responses of the tsetse fly Glossina Morsitans Morsitans. Journal of Insect Physiology, 29, 795-800.
86. Green, C.H. & Flint, S. (1986) An analysis of colour effects in the performance of the F2 trap against Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 76, 409-418.
87. Griffiths, N. & Brady, J. (1994) Analysis of the components of 'electric nets' that affect their sampling efficiency for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84, 325-330.
88. Griffiths, N. & Brady, J. (1995) Wind structure in relation to odour plumes in tsetse fly habitats. Physiological Entomology, 20, 286-292.
89. Griffiths, N., Paynter, Q. & Brady, J. (1995) Rates of progress up odour plumes by tsetse flies: a mark-release video study of the timing of odour source location by Glossina pallidipes. Physiological Entomology, 20, 100-108.
90. Groenendijk, C.A. (1996) The Behaviour of Tsetse Flies in an Odour Plume. PhD Thesis, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.
91. Hadaway, A.B. (1977) Resting Behaviour of Tsetse Flies, and its Relevance to Their Control with Residual Insecticides. Miscellaneous Report no. 36., Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London.
92. Hall, D.R., Beevor, P.S., Cork, A., Nesbitt, B.F. & Vale, G.A. (1984) 1-Octen-3-o1: a potent olfactory stimulant and attractant for tsetse isolated from cattle odours. Insect Science and its Application, 5, 335-339.
93. Hall, M.J.R. & Langley, P.A. (1989) The responses of individual males in an isolated population of Glossina morsitans morsitians Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) to pheromone-baited decoy 'females'. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 79, 319-334.
94. Hamilton, J.G.C. & Ramsoondar, T.M.C. (1994) Attraction of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz and Neiva (Diptera: Psychodidae) to human skin odours. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 8, 375-380.
95. Hardie, R., Vogt, K. & Rudolph, A. (1989) The compound eye of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina palpalis palpalis). Journal of Insect Physiology, 35, 423-431.
96. Hargrove, J.W. (1975) The flight performance of tsetse flies. Journal of Insect Physiology, 21, 1385-1395.
97. Hargrove, J.W. (1976) The effect of human presence on the behaviour of tsetse Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) near a stationary ox. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 66, 173-178.
98. Hargrove, J.W. (1980) The effect of model size and ox odour on the alighting responses of Glossina morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 70, 229-234.
99. Hargrove, J.W. (1988) Tsetse: the limits to population growth. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2, 203-217.
100. Hargrove, J.W. & Brady, J. (1992). Activity rhythms of tsetse flies Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) at low and high temperatures in nature. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 82, 321-326.
101. Hargrove, J.W., Holloway, M.T.P., Vale, G.A., Gough, A.J.E. & Hall, D.R. (1995) Catches of tsetse flies (Glossina spp) (Diptera: Glossinidae) from traps and targets baited with large doses of natural and synthetic host odour. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85, 215-227.
102. Hargrove, J.W. & Vale, G.A. (1979) Aspects of the feasibility of employing odour-baited traps for controlling tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 69, 283-290.
103. Hassanali, A., McDowell, P.G., Owaga, M.L.A. & Saini, R.K. (1986) Identification of tsetse attractants from excretory products of a wild host animal, Syncerus caffer. Insect Science and its Application, 7, 5-9.
104. Healy, T.P. & Copland, M.J.W. (1995) Activation of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes by carbon dioxide and human breath. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 9, 331-336.
105. Holloway, M.T.P. & Phelps, R.J. (1991) The responses of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) to traps and artificial host odours in the field. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81, 51-55.
106. Hribar, L.J.D., Leprince, D.J. & Foil, L.D. (1992). Ammonia as attractant for Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macquart) (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 26, 459-461.
107. Jones, R.E., Barker-Hudson, P. & Kay, B.H. (1991) Comparison of dry ice baited light traps with human bait collections for surveillance of mosquitoes in Northern Queensland, Australia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7, 387-394.
108. Jones, M.J.R. & Gubbins, S.J. (1978) Changes in the circadian flight activity of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae in relation to insemination, feeding and oviposition. Physiological Entomology, 3, 213-220.
109. Jordan, A.M. (1993) Tsetse-flies (Glossinidae). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids (ed. by R. P. Lane and R. W. Crosskey), Chapman & Hall, London, 333-388.
110. Kappmeier, K. (1997) The Development of Odour-Baited Targets for the Control of Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) in South Africa. MSc Thesis, University of Pretoria.
111. Kelly, D.W. & Dye, C. (1997) Pheromones, kairomones and the aggregation dynamics of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Animal Behaviour, 53, 721-731.
112. Kelly, D.W., Mustafa, Z. & Dye, C. (1996) Density-dependent feeding success in a field population of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 65, 517-527.
113. Kemme, J.A., Van Essen, P.H., Ritchie, S.A. & Kay, B.H. (1993) Response of mosquitoes to carbon dioxide and 1-octen-3-o1 in southeast Queensland, Australia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 9, 431-435.
114. Kennedy, J.S. (1940) Visual responses of flying mosquitoes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 109, 221-242.
115. Kennedy, J.S. (1977) Olfactory responses to distant plants and other odor sources. In: Chemical Control of Insect Behavior: Theory and Application (ed. by H. H. Shorey and J. J. McKelvey Jr), John Wiley & Sons, London, 67-92.
116. Killick-Kendrick, R., Wilkes, T.J., Bailly, M., Bailly, I. & Righton, L.A. (1986) Preliminary field observations on the flight speed of a phlebotomine sandfly. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80, 138-142.
117. Kline, D.L., Dame, D.A. & Meisch, M.V. (1991a) Evaluation of 1-octen-3-o1 and carbon dioxide as attractants for mosquitoes associated with irrigated ricefields in Arkansas. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7, 165-169.
118. Kline, D.L., Hagan, D.V. & Wood, J.R. (1994) Culicoides responses to 1-octen-3-o1 and carbon dioxide in salt marshes near Sea Island, Georgia, U.S.A. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 8, 25-30.
119. Kline, D.L. & Lemire, G.F. (1995) Field evaluation of heat as an added attractant to traps baited with carbon dioxide and octenol for Aedes taeniorhynchus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 11, 454-456.
120. Kline, D.L., Takken, W., Wood, J.R. & Carlson, D.A. (1990a) Field studies on the potential of butanone, carbon dioxide, honey extract, 1-octen-3-o1, L-lactic acid and phenols as attractants for mosquitoes. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4, 383-391.
121. Kline, D.L., Wood, J.R. & Cornell, J.A. (1991b) Interactive effects of 1-octen-3-o1 and carbon dioxide on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance and control. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28, 254-258.
122. Kline, D.L., Wood, J.R. & Morris, C.D. (1990b) Evaluation of 1-octen-3-o1 as an attractant for Coquillettidia perturbans, Mansonia spp. and Culex spp. associated with phosphate mining operation. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 6, 605-611.
123. Knols, B.G.J. & de Jong, R. (1996) Limburger cheese as an attractant for the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. Parasitology Today, 12, 159-161.
124. Knols, B.G.J., de Jong, R. & Takken, W. (1994) Trapping system for testing olfactory responses of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in a wind tunnel. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 8, 386-388.
125. Knols, B.G.J., de Jong, R. & Takken, W. (1995) Differential attractiveness of isolated humans to mosquitoes in Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 604-606.
126. Knols, B.G.J., Mboera, E.G. & Takken, W. (1998) Electric nets for studying odour-mediated host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 12, 116-120.
127. Knols, B.G.J., van Loon, J.J.A., Cork, A. et al. (1997) Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of the female malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) to Limburger cheese volatiles. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87, 151-159.
128. Kyorku, C. & Brady, J. (1994). A free-running bimodal circadian rhythm in the tsetse fly Glossina longipalpis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 40, 63-67.
129. Land, M.F., Gibson, G. & Horwood, J. (1997) Mosquito eye design: conical rhabdoms are matched to wide aperture lenses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 264, 1183-1187.
130. Lane, R.P. (1993) Sandflies (Phlebotominae). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids (ed. by R. P. Lane and R. W. Crosskey), Chapman & Hall, London, 78-119.
131. Lehane, M.J. (1991) Biology of Blood-Sucking Insects. Harper Collins Academic, London, pp. 288.
132. LePrince, D.J., Hribar, L.J. & Foil, L.D. (1994) Responses of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) to Jersey bullocks and canopy traps baited with ammonia, octenol, and carbon dioxide. Journal of Medical Entomology, 31, 729-731.
133. LePrince, D.J. & Jolicoeur, P. (1986) Response to carbon dioxide of Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann females (Diptera: Tabanidae) in relation to relative abundance, parity, follicle development, and sperm and fructose presence. Canadian Entomologist, 118, 1273-1277.
134. Lindsay, S.W., Adiamah, J.H., Miller, J.E., Pleass, R.J. & Armstrong, J.R.M. (1993) Variation in attractiveness of human subjects to malaria mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 30, 368-373.
135. Lines, J.D., Curtis, C.F., Wilkes, T.J. & Njunwa, K.J. (1991) Monitoring human-biting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania with light-traps hung beside mosquito nets. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81, 77-84.
136. Lowther, J.K. & Wood, D.M. (1964) Specificity of a black fly, Simulium euryadminiculum Davies, towards its host, the common loon. Canadian Entomologist, 96, 911-913.
137. Makumi, J.N., Green, C.H. & Baylis, M. (1996) The role of cattle as hosts of G. longipennis at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10, 331-336.
138. Mboera, L.E.G., Knols, B.G.J., Della Torre, A. & Takken, W. (1997) The response of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) to tents baited with human odour or carbon dioxide in South-east Tanzania. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87, 173-178.
139. Mboera, L.E.G. & Takken, W. (1997) Carbon dioxide chemotropism in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and its potential in vector surveillance and management programmes. Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 85, 355-368.
140. McCall, P.J., Harding, G., Roberts, J. & Auty, B. (1996) Attraction and trapping of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with host odour in the laboratory. Journal of Medical Entomology, 33, 177-179.
141. McElligott, P.E. & McIver, S.B. (1987) Range of attractiveness of carbon dioxide to Hybomitra spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3, 655-656.
142. McIver, S.B. (1980) Sensory aspects of mate-finding behaviour in male mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 17, 54-57.
143. McIver, S.B. & McElligott, P.E. (1989) Effects of release rates on the range of attraction of carbon dioxide to some southwestern Ontario mosquito species. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 5, 6-10.
144. Meixner, F.X. (1993) Sensitive Measurements of Carbon Dioxide in Plumes of Host Odour and Micrometeorological Studies in Natural Tsetse Habitats. Technical Report, NRI, Chatham, UK.
145. Mellor, H.E., Hamilton, J.G.C. & Anderson, M. (1996) Spectral sensitivity in the eyes of male and female Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10, 371-374.
146. Mérot, P., Filledier, J. & Mulato, C. (1988) Pouvoir attractif, pour Glossina tachinoides, de produits chimiques isolés des odeurs animales. Révue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire Des Pays Tropicaux, 41, 79-85.
147. Mérot, P., Galey, J.B., Politzar, H., Filledier, J. & Mitteault, A. (1986) Pouvoir attractif de l'odeur des hôtes nourriciers pour Glossina tachinoides en zone soudano-guinéenne (Burkina Faso). Révue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire Des Pays Tropicaux, 39, 345-350.
148. Meyer, R.P., Reisen, W.K. & Milby, M.M. (1991) Influence of vegetation on carbon dioxide trap effectiveness for sampling mosquitoes in the Sierra Nevada foothills of Kern County, California. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7, 471-475.
149. Mihok, S., Kang'ethe, E.K. & Githaiga, K.K. (1995) Trials of traps and attractants for Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 32, 283-289.
150. Mihok, S., Maramba, O., Munyoki, E. & Saleh, K. (1996) Phenology of Stomoxyinae in a Kenyan forest. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10, 305-316.
151. Morton, I.E. & Ward, R.D. (1989a) A new pheromone bioassay for the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84, 429.
152. Morton, I.E. & Ward, R.D. (1989b) Laboratory response of female sandflies (Lutzomyia longipalpis) to a host and male pheromone source over distance. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3, 219-223.
153. Muir, L.E., Kay, B.H. & Thorne, M.J. (1992a) Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) vision: response to stimuli from the optical environment. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29, 445-450.
154. Muir, L.E., Thorne, M.J. & Kay, B.H. (1992b) Aedes aeygpti (Diptera: Culicidae) vision: spectral sensitivity and other perceptual parameters of the female eye. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29, 278-281.
155. Muirhead-Thomson, R.C. (1991) Trap Responses of Flying Insects. Academic Press, London.
156. Mullens, B.A. & Gerhardt, R.R. (1979). Feeding behavior of some Tennessee Tabanidae. Environmental Entomology, 8, 1047-1051.
157. Mullens, B.A., Peterson, N., Dada, C.E. & Velten, R.K. (1995) Octenol fails to lure stable flies to insecticide. California Agriculture, 49, 16-18.
158. Murlis, J. & Jones, C.D. (1981) Fine-scale structure of odour plumes in relation to insect orientation to distant pheromone and other attractant sources. Physiological Entomology, 6, 71-86.
159. Mwangelwa, M.I., Dransfield, R.D., Otieno, L.H. & Mbata, K.J. (1995). The responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead to odour attractants and traps. Journal of African Zoology, 109, 23-30.
160. Nigam, Y. & Ward, R.D. (1991) Male sandfly pheromone and artificial host as attractants for female Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). Physiological Entomology, 16, 305-312.
161. Oshaghi, M.A., McCall, P.J. & Ward, R.D. (1994) Response of adult sandflies, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), to sticky traps baited with host odour and tested in the laboratory. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 88, 439-444.
162. Packer, M.J. & Brady, J. (1990) Efficiency of electric nets as sampling devices for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 80, 43-47.
163. Parsons, B.T. (1972) Attraction of horseflies and tsetse flies (Dip. Muscidae) to painted metal drums. Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, 107, 224-225.
164. Patterson, R.S. (1989) Biology and ecology of Stomoxys nigra and S. calcitrans on Zanzibar, Tanzania. Entomological Society of America, Miscellaneous Publications. , 74, 1-11.
165. Paynter, Q. & Brady, J. (1992) Flight behaviour of tsetse flies in thick bush (Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 82, 513-516.
166. Paynter, Q. & Brady, J. (1993) Flight responses of tsetse flies (Glossina) to octenol and acetone vapour in a wind-tunnel. Physiological Entomology, 18, 102-108.
167. Phelps, R.J. & Holloway, M.T.P. (1990) Alighting sites of female Tabanidae (Diptera) at Rekomitjie, Zimbabwe. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4, 349-356.
168. Phelps, R.J. & Holloway, M.T.P. (1992) Catches of Tabanidae in response to visual and odour attractants in Zimbabwe. Journal of African Zoology, 106, 371-380.
169. Phelps, R.J. & Vale, G.A. (1976) Studies on the local distribution and on the methods of host location of some Rhodesian Tabanidae (Diptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 39, 67-81.
170. Politzar, H. & Mérot, P. (1984). Attraction of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans submorsitans to acetone, 1-octen-3-o1, and the combination of these compounds in West Africa. Révue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire Des Pays Tropicaux, 37, 468-473.
171. Randolph, S.E., Williams, B.G., Rogers, D.R. & Connor, H. (1992) Modelling the effect of feeding-related mortality on the feeding strategy of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 6, 231-240.
172. Riley, J.R., Smith, A.S., Reynolds, D.R., Edwards, A.S., Osborne, J.L., Williams, I.H., Carreck, N.L. & Poppy, G.M. (1996) Tracking bees with harmonic radar. Nature, 379, 29-30.
173. 2 and a steer to Tabanidae, Culicidae and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Mosquito News, 32, 208-211.
174. Rubio-Palis, Y. (1996) Evaluation of light traps combined with carbon
175. Sabelis, M.W. & Schippers, P. (1989) Variable wind directions and anemotactic strategies of searching for an odour plume. Oecologia, 63, 225-228.
176. Sato, S. (1953a) Structure and development of the compound eye of Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus Theobald. (Morphological studies on the compound eye in the mosquito, no. III). Science Reports Tohuku University. Ser. IV, 20, 33-44.
177. Sato, S. (1953b) Structure and development of the compound eye of Anopheles hyrcanus sinenesis Wiedemann (Morphological studies on the compound eye in the mosquito, no. IV). Science Reports Tohuku University, Ser. IV, 20, 46-53.
178. Sato, S. (1957) On the dimensional characters of the compound eye of Culex pipiens var. pallens Coquillet. (Morphological studies on the compound eye in the mosquito, no. V). Science Reports Tohuku University, Ser. IV, 23, 83-90.
179. Sato, S. (1958) Structure and development of the compound eye of Culex (Lutzia) vorax Edwards. (Morphological studies on the compound eye in the mosquito, no. VI). Science Reports Tohuku University, Ser. IV, 25, 99-110.
180. Sato, S. (1961) Structure and development of the compound eye of Megarhinus towadensis Matsumura. (Morphological studies on the compound eye in the mosquito, no. VIII). Science Reports Tohuku University, Ser. IV, 27, 7-18.
181. Schofield, S. (1996) Visual and Olfactory Responses of the Stable Fly. PhD Thesis, University of London, England.
182. Schofield, S. & Brady, J. (1996) Circadian activity pattern in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Physiological Entomology, 21, 159-163.
183. Schofield, S. & Brady, J. (1997) Effects of carbon dioxide, acetone and 1-octen-3-o1 on the flight response of the stable-fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in a wind tunnel. Physiological Entomology, 22, 380-386.
184. Schofield, S., Cork, A. & Brady, J. (1995) Electroantennogram responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, to components of host odour. Physiological Entomology, 20, 273-280.
185. Schofield, S. & Sutcliffe, J.F. (1996) Human individuals vary in their ability to elicit biting behaviour from host-seeking black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 33, 102-108.
186. Schofield, S., Witty, C. & Brady, J. (1997) Effects of carbon dioxide, acetone and 1-octen-3-o1 on the activity of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans. Physiological Entomology, 22, 256-260.
187. Schreck, C.E.D., Kline, D.L., Williams, C.C. & Tidwell, M.A. (1993). Field evaluations in Malaise and canopy traps of selected targets as attractants for tabanid species (Diptera: Glossinidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 9, 182-188.
188. Service, M.W. (1977) Methods for Sampling Adult Simuliidae, with Special Reference to the Simulium damnosum Complex. Tropical Pest Bulletin 5. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London.
189. Service, M.W. (1993a) Mosquito Ecology. Field Sampling Methods, 2nd edn. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
190. Service, M.W. (1993b) Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids (ed. by R. P. Lane and R. W. Crosskey), Chapman & Hall, London, 120-240.
191. Smith, S.M. (1966) Observations on some Mechanisms of Host Finding and Host Selection in the Canadian Simuliidae and Tabanidae (Diptera). MSc Thesis, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.
192. Snow, W.F. (1987) Studies of house-entering habits of mosquitoes in The Gambia, West Africa: experiments with prefabricated huts with varied wall apertures. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 1, 9-21.
193. Spath, J. (1995). Olfactory attractants for West African tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae). Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 46, 253-257.
194. Sutcliffe, J.F. (1986) Black fly host location: a review. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1041-1053.
195. Sutcliffe, J.F. (1987) Distance orientation of biting flies to their hosts. Insect Science and its Application, 8, 611-616.
196. Sutcliffe, J.F., Shemanchuk, J.A. & McKeown, D.B. (1994) Preliminary survey of odours that attract the black fly, Simulium arcticum (Malloch) (IIS-10.11) (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its cattle hosts in the Athabasca region of Alberta. Insect Science and its Application, 15, 487-494.
197. Takken, W. (1991) The role of olfaction in host-seeking of mosquitoes: a review. Insect Science and its Application, 12, 287-295.
198. Takken, W. & Kline, D.L. (1989) Carbon dioxide and 1-octen-3-o1 as mosquito attractants. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 5, 311-316.
199. Taylor, P. (1976) Blood-meal size of G. m. morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) under field conditions. Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association, 57, 29-34.
200. Thompson, B.H. (1976) Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.1. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. I. The relative importance of sight, exhaled breath and smell. Tropenmedizen und Parasitologie, 27, 455-473.
201. Thompson, B.H. (1977a) Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. II. The nature of the substances on the human skin responsible for attractant olfactory stimuli. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 27, 83-90.
202. Thompson, B.H. (1977b) Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. III. Experiments with animal-baited traps. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 28, 137-290.
203. Torr, S.J. (1988a) The activation of resting tsetse flies (Glossina) in response to visual and olfactory stimuli in the field. Physiological Entomology, 13, 315-325.
204. Torr, S.J. (1988b) Behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossina) in host odour plumes in the field. Physiological Entomology, 13, 467-478.
205. Torr, S.J. (1988c) The flight and landing of tsetse (Glossina) in response to components of host odour in the field. Physiological Entomology, 13, 453-465.
206. Torr, S.J. (1989) The host-orientated behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossina): the interaction of visual and olfactory stimuli. Physiological Entomology, 14, 325-340.
207. Torr, S.J. (1990) Dose responses of tsetse flies (Glossina) to carbon dioxide, acetone and octenol in the field. Physiological Entomology, 15, 93-103.
208. Torr, S.J. (1994a) The Tsetse Story: implications for mosquitoes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 10, 258-265.
209. Torr, S.J. (1994b) The responses of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) to warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus Pallas). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84, 411-419.
210. Torr, S.J., Hall, D.R. & Smith, J.L. (1995) The responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to natural and synthetic ox odour. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85, 157-166.
211. Torr, S.J. & Mangwiro, T.N.C. (1995) The upwind flight of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in response to natural and synthetic ox odour. Physiological Entomology, 21, 143-150.
212. Torr, S.J., Mangwiro, T.N.C. & Hall, D.R. (1996). Responses of Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) to synthetic repellents in the field. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 86, 609-616.
213. Torr, S.J., Parker, A.G. & Leigh-Browne, G. (1989) The responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited traps and targets in southern Somalia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 78, 99-108.
214. Vale, G.A. (1971) Artificial refuges for tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 61, 331-350.
215. Vale, G.A. (1974a) The responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to mobile and stationary baits. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 64, 545-588.
216. Vale, G.A. (1974b) New field methods for studying the responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossindae) to hosts. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 64, 199-208.
217. Vale, G.A. (1974c) Direct observations on the responses of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) to hosts. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 64, 589-594.
218. Vale, G.A. (1977a) Feeding responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to mobile and stationary hosts. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 67, 635-649.
219. Vale, G.A. (1977b) The flight of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to and from a stationary ox. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 67, 297-303.
220. Vale, G.A. (1980a) Field studies on the responses of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera to carbon dioxide, acetone and other chemicals. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 70, 563-570.
221. Vale, G.A. (1980b) Flight as a factor in the host-finding behaviour of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 70, 299-307.
222. Vale, G.A. (1982a) The trap-orientated behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 72, 71-93.
223. Vale, G.A. (1982b) The improvement of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 72, 95-106.
224. Vale, G.A. (1983) The effects of odours, wind direction and wind speed on the distribution of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other insects near stationary targets. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 73, 53-64.
225. Vale, G.A. (1993) Development of baits for tsetse flies in Zimbabwe. Journal of Medical Entomology, 30, 831-842.
226. Vale, G.A. (1999) Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to vegetation: implications for population distribution and bait siting. Bulletin of Entomological Research, (Special Suppl.), in press.
227. Vale, G.A. & Hall, D.R. (1985a) The role of 1-octen-3-o1, acetone and carbon dioxide in the attraction of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), to ox odour. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75, 209-217.
228. Vale, G.A. & Hall, D.R. (1985b) The use of 1-octen-3-o1, acetone and carbon dioxide to improve baits for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75, 219-231.
229. Vale, G.A., Hall, D.R. & Gough, A.J.E. (1988) The olfactory responses of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), in Zimbabwe. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 78, 293-300.
230. Vale, G.A. & Hargrove, J.W. (1979) A method of studying the efficiency of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and other insects. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 69, 183-193.
231. Vale, G.A. & Phelps, R.J. (1974) Notes on the host-finding behaviour of Tabanidae (Diptera). Arnoldia Rhodesia, 6, 1-6.
232. Van den Hurk, A.F., Beebe, N.W. & Ritchie, S.A. (1997) Responses of mosquitoes of the Anopheles farauti complex to 1-octen-3-o1 and light in combination with carbon dioxide in northern Queensland, Australia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 11, 177-180.
233. Voskamp, K.E., Den Otter, C.J. & Noorman, N. (1998) Electroantennogram responses of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes) to host odours in an open field and riverine woodland. Physiological Entomology, 23, 176-183.
234. Waage, J.K. & Davies, C.R. (1986) Host-mediated competition in a bloodsucking insect community. Journal of Animal Ecology, 55, 171-180.
235. Warnes, M.L. (1990) The effects of host odour and carbon dioxide on the flight of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in the laboratory. Journal of Insect Physiology, 36, 607-611.
236. Warnes, M.L. (1995) Field studies on the effect of cattle skin secretion on the behaviour of tsetse. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 9, 284-288.
237. Warnes, M.L. & Finlayson, L.H. (1985a) Responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), to carbon dioxide and host odours. I. Activation. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75, 519-527.
238. Warnes, M.L. & Finlayson, L.H. (1985b) Responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), to carbon dioxide and host odours. II. Orientation. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75, 717-727.
239. Warnes, M.L. & Finlayson, L.H. (1986) Electroantennogram responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, to carbon dioxide and other odours. Physiological Entomology, 11, 469-473.
240. Warnes, M.L. & Finlayson, L.H. (1987) Effect of host behaviour of host preference in Stomoxys calcitrans. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 1, 53-57.
241. Weidhaas, D.E. & Haile, D.G. (1978) A theoretical model to determine the degree of trapping required for insect population control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 24, 18-20.
242. Wenk, P. (1981) Bionomics of adult black flies. In: Blackflies (ed. by M. Laird), Academic Press, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 259-279.
243. White, G.B.H. (1974) Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68, 278-298.
244. Willemse, L.P.M. & Takken, W. (1994) Odor-induced host location in tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 31, 775-794.
245. Williams, B. (1994) Models of trap seeking by tsetse flies: anemotaxis, klinokinesis and edge detection. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 168, 105-115.