Emerging role of Zika virus in adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 659-694

  Panchaud, Alice ^a,b,c   Stojanov, Miloš ^c,d   Ammerdorffer, Anne ^c,d   Vouga, Manon ^c,d   Baud, David ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 1;

ANTIBODY TITER; BRAIN CALCIFICATION; BRAIN INJURY; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENDEMIC DISEASE; FLAVIVIRIDAE; GENE MUTATION; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES ZOSTER ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS; MACULOPAPULAR RASH; MICROCEPHALY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT COUNSELING; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POSTNATAL CARE; PRENATAL CARE; REVIEW; RUBELLA; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; SYPHILIS; TOXOPLASMOSIS; ULTRASOUND; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; ZIKA FEVER; EPIDEMIC; FETAL DISEASES; GENETICS; GLOBAL HEALTH; GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME; NEWBORN; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES; VIROLOGY; ZIKA VIRUS; ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION;

EPIDEMICS; FETAL DISEASES; GLOBAL HEALTH; GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MICROCEPHALY; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES; ZIKA VIRUS; ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 84973442586     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: 10986618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00014-16     Document Type: Review

References (356)

1. Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. 2015. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 21:1885-1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2110.150847.
2. Zanluca C, de Melo VC, Mosimann AL, Dos Santos GI, Dos Santos CN, Luz K. 2015. First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 110:569-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760150192.
3. World Health Organization. 2015. Zika virus outbreaks in the Americas. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
4. Brasil P, Calvet GA, Siqueira AM, Wakimoto M, de Sequeira PC, Nobre A, Quintana Mde S, Mendonca MC, Lupi O, de Souza RV, Romero C, Zogbi H, Bressan Cda S, Alves SS, Lourenco-de-Oliveira R, Nogueira RM, Carvalho MS, de Filippis AM, Jaenisch T. 2016. Zika virus outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: clinical characterization, epidemiological and virological aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10:e0004636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004636.
5. Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IM, Horovitz DD, Cavalcanti DP, Pessoa A, Doriqui MJ, Neri JI, Neto JM, Wanderley HY, Cernach M, El-Husny AS, Pone MV, Serao CL, Sanseverino MT, Brazilian Medical Genetics Society-Zika Embryopathy Task Force. 2016. Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly-Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:59-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6503e2.
6. EUROCAT. 2016. Cases and prevalence (per 10,000 births) for all full member registries from 2008 to 2012. http://www.eurocat-network.eu/accessprevalencedata/prevalencetables. Accessed 3 February 2016.
7. World Health Organization. 2015. Epidemiological alert. Neurological syndrome, congenital malformations, and Zika virus infection. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
8. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2015. Zika virus epidemic in the Americas: potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ECDC, Solna, Sweden.
9. World Health Organization. 2016. WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/. Accessed 3 February 2016.
10. World Health Organization. 2016. IHR procedures concerning public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC). http://www.who.int/ihr/procedures/pheic/en/. Accessed 3 February 2016.
11. Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, Szejnfeld PO, Alves Sampaio S, Bispo de Filippis AM. 2016. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 47:6-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.15831.
12. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popovic M, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodusek V, Vizjak A, Pizem J, Petrovec M, Avsic Zupanc T. 2016. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med 374:951-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651.
13. Direction de la Santé, Centre d’hygiène et de salubrité publique. 2 December 2015. Note sur les investigations autour des malformations cérébrales congénitales ayant suivi l’épidémie de zika de 2013-2014. http://www.hygiene-publique.gov.pf/IMG/pdf/note_malformations_congenitales_cerebrales.pdf.
14. Rodrigues LC. 15 March 2016. Microcephaly and Zika virus infection. Lancet http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00742-X.
15. Brasil P, Pereira JP, Jr, Raja Gabaglia C, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Carvalho de Sequeira P, Machado Siqueira A, Abreu de Carvalho LM, Cotrim da Cunha D, Calvet GA, Neves ES, Moreira ME, Rodrigues Baiao AE, Nassar de Carvalho PR, Janzen C, Valderramos SG, Cherry JD, Bispo de Filippis AM, Nielsen-Saines K. 4 March 2016. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro: preliminary report. N Engl J Med http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602412.
16. Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Petersen LR. 13 April 2016. Zika virus and birth defects: reviewing the evidence for causality. N Engl J Med http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1604338.
17. Hennessey M, Fischer M, Staples JE. 2016. Zika virus spreads to new areas-region of the Americas, May 2015-January 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:55-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6503e1.
18. Horton MK, Rundle A, Camann DE, Boyd Barr D, Rauh VA, Whyatt RM. 2011. Impact of prenatal exposure to piperonyl butoxide and permethrin on 36-month neurodevelopment. Pediatrics 127:e699-e706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0133.
19. Ashwal S, Michelson D, Plawner L, Dobyns WB, Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. 2009. Practice parameter: evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 73:887-897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b783f7.
20. Villar J, Cheikh Ismail L, Victora CG, Ohuma EO, Bertino E, Altman DG, Lambert A, Papageorghiou AT, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Gravett MG, Purwar M, Frederick IO, Noble AJ, Pang R, Barros FC, Chumlea C, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH, International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century. 2014. International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Lancet 384:857-868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60932-6.
21. von der Hagen M, Pivarcsi M, Liebe J, von Bernuth H, Didonato N, Hennermann JB, Bührer C, Wieczorek D, Kaindl AM. 2014. Diagnostic approach to microcephaly in childhood: a two-center study and review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol 56:732-741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12425.
22. Fenton TR, Kim JH. 2013. A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr 13:59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-59.
23. Victora CG, Schuler-Faccini L, Matijasevich A, Ribeiro E, Pessoa A, Barros FC. 2016. Microcephaly in Brazil: how to interpret reported numbers? Lancet 387:621-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00273-7.
24. Borghi E, de Onis M, Garza C, Van den Broeck J, Frongillo EA, Grummer-Strawn L, Van Buuren S, Pan H, Molinari L, Martorell R, Onyango AW, Martines JC, WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. 2006. Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves. Stat Med 25:247-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.2227.
25. World Health Organization-Pan American Health Organisation. 2016. Preliminary guidelines for the surveillance of microcephaly in newborns in settings with risk of Zika virus circulation. http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option_com_docman&task_doc_view&Itemid_270&gid_33000&lang_en. Accessed 13 February 2016.
26. Deloison B, Chalouhi GE, Bernard J-P, Ville Y, Salomon LJ. 2012. Outcomes of fetuses with small head circumference on second-trimester ultrasonography. Prenat Diagn 32:869-874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.3923.
27. Leibovitz Z, Daniel-Spiegel E, Malinger G, Haratz K, Tamarkin M, Gindes L, Ben-Sira L, Lev D, Shapiro I, Bakry H, Weizman B, Zreik A, Egenburg S, Arad A, Tepper R, Kidron D, Lerman-Sagie T. 29 October 2015. Microcephaly at birth: the accuracy of three references for fetal head circumference. How can we improve prediction? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.15801.
28. Woods CG. 2004. Human microcephaly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:112-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.01.003.
29. Mochida GH, Walsh CA. 2001. Molecular genetics of human microcephaly. Curr Opin Neurol 14:151-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200104000-00003.
30. Rios A. 1996. Microcephaly. Pediatr Rev 17:386-387.
31. Watemberg N, Silver S, Harel S, Lerman-Sagie T. 2002. Significance of microcephaly among children with developmental disabilities. J Child Neurol 17:117-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088307380201700205.
32. Dolk H. 1991. The predictive value of microcephaly during the first year of life for mental retardation at seven years. Dev Med Child Neurol 33: 974-983.
33. Vouga M, Musso D, Van Mieghem T, Baud D. 2016. CDC guidelines for pregnant women during the Zika virus outbreak. Lancet 387:843-844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00383-4.
34. Hohlfeld P. 2012. Le livre de l’interne Obstétrique, 4th ed. Lavoisier, Paris, France.
35. Public Health England. 2016. Guidance on viral rash in pregnancy. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/322688/Viral_rash_in_pregnancy_guidance.pdf. Accessed 13 February 2016.
36. Ergaz Z, Ornoy A. 2006. Parvovirus B19 in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 21:421-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.006.
37. Lamont RF, Sobel JD, Vaisbuch E, Kusanovic JP, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kim SK, Uldbjerg N, Romero R. 2011. Parvovirus B19 infection in human pregnancy. BJOG 118:175-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02749.x.
38. Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P. 2000. The congenital varicella syndrome. J Perinatol 20:548-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7200457.
39. Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P. 2007. Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy: current concepts of prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Part 1: herpes simplex virus infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 196:89-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00430-006-0031-0.
40. Tan MP, Koren G. 2006. Chickenpox in pregnancy: revisited. Reprod Toxicol 21:410-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.04.011.
41. Scheffer IE, Baraitser M, Brett EM. 1991. Severe microcephaly associated with congenital varicella infection. Dev Med Child Neurol 33:916-920.
42. Mandelbrot L. 2012. Fetal varicella: diagnosis, management, and outcome. Prenat Diagn 32:511-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.3843.
43. Fiumara NJ. 1975. Syphilis in newborn children. Clin Obstet Gynecol 18:183-189.
44. Fiumara NJ, Lessell S. 1970. Manifestations of late congenital syphilis. An analysis of 271 patients. Arch Dermatol 102:78-83.
45. Rashid U, Yaqoob U, Bibi N, Bari A. 2015. Symptomatic early congenital syphilis: a common but forgotten disease. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 25(Suppl 2):S137-S139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2015/JCPSP.S137139.
46. Rac MW, Bryant SN, McIntire DD, Cantey JB, Twickler DM, Wendel GD, Sheffield JS. 2014. Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 211:426.e1-426.e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.05.049.
47. Callaghan WM, Creanga AA, Jamieson DJ. 2015. Pregnancy-related mortality resulting from influenza in the United States during the 2009-2010 pandemic. Obstet Gynecol 126:486-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000996.
48. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA, Krohn MA, Gibbs RS, Martin DH, Cotch MF, Edelman R, Pastorek JG, Rao AV. 1995. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 333:1737-1742.
49. Andrews WW, Goldenberg RL, Mercer B, Iams J, Meis P, Moawad A, Das A, Vandorsten JP, Caritis SN, Thurnau G, Miodovnik M, Roberts J, McNellis D. 2000. The Preterm Prediction Study: association of second-trimester genitourinary Chlamydia infection with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:662-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2000.106556.
50. Baud D, Goy G, Vasilevsky S, Osterheld MC, Roth-Kleiner M, Croxatto A, Greub G. 2015. Roles of bovine Waddlia chondrophila and Chlamydia trachomatis in human preterm birth. New Microbes New Infect 3:41-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2014.11.004.
51. Jones JL, Dubey JP. 2012. Foodborne toxoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis 55:845-851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis508.
52. Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O. 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363:1965-1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16412-X.
53. Mosti M, Pinto B, Giromella A, Fabiani S, Cristofani R, Panichi M, Bruschi F. 2013. A 4-year evaluation of toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in the general population and in women of reproductive age in central Italy. Epidemiol Infect 141:2192-2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812002841.
54. Hohlfeld P, MacAleese J, Capella-Pavlovski M, Giovangrandi Y, Thulliez P, Forestier F, Daffos F. 1991. Fetal toxoplasmosis: ultrasonographic signs. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1:241-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01040241.x.
55. Malinger G, Werner H, Rodriguez Leonel JC, Rebolledo M, Duque M, Mizyrycki S, Lerman-Sagie T, Herrera M. 2011. Prenatal brain imaging in congenital toxoplasmosis. Prenat Diagn 31:881-886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.2795.
56. Sever JL, Ellenberg JH, Ley AC, Madden DL, Fuccillo DA, Tzan NR, Edmonds DM. 1988. Toxoplasmosis: maternal and pediatric findings in 23,000 pregnancies. Pediatrics 82:181-192.
57. Freeman K, Oakley L, Pollak A, Buffolano W, Petersen E, Semprini AE, Salt A, Gilbert R, European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. 2005. Association between congenital toxoplasmosis and preterm birth, low birthweight and small for gestational age birth. BJOG 112:31-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00299.x.
58. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2015. Practice bulletin no. 151: cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 125:1510-1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000466430.19823.53.
59. Gilbert RE, Peckham CS. 2002. Congenital toxoplasmosis in the United Kingdom: to screen or not to screen? J Med Screen 9:135-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jms.9.3.135.
60. Boubaker K, Raeber PA, Vaudaux B, Bucher HC, Garweg JG, Hoesli I, Kind C, Hohlfeld P, Swiss Working Group on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. 2008. Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and infancy. A new approach for Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly 138:1-8.
61. Haute Autorité de Santé. 2009. Surveillance sérologique et prévention de la toxoplasmose et de la rubéole au cours de la grossesse. Haute Autorité de Santé, Saint-Denis, France.
62. Meroni V, Genco F, Tinelli C, Lanzarini P, Bollani L, Stronati M, Petersen E. 2009. Spiramycin treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women impairs the production and the avidity maturation of T. gondii-specific immunoglobulinGantibodies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16:1517-1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00253-09.
63. Thalib L, Gras L, Romand S, Prusa A, Bessieres MH, Petersen E, Gilbert RE. 2005. Prediction of congenital toxoplasmosis by polymerase chain reaction analysis of amniotic fluid. BJOG 112:567-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00486.x.
64. Gay-Andrieu F, Marty P, Pialat J, Sournies G, Drier de Laforte T, Peyron F. 2003. Fetal toxoplasmosis and negative amniocentesis: necessity of an ultrasound follow-up. Prenat Diagn 23:558-560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.632.
65. Villena I, Bory J-P, Chemla C, Hornoy P, Pinon J-M. 2003. Congenital toxoplasmosis: necessity of clinical and ultrasound follow-up despite negative amniocentesis. Prenat Diagn 23:1098-1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.754.
66. SYROCOT Study Group, Thiebaut R, Leproust S, Chene G, Gilbert R. 2007. Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients’ data. Lancet 369:115-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60072-5.
67. Gilbert R, Gras L, European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. 2003. Effect of timing and type of treatment on the risk of mother to child transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. BJOG 110:112-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02325.x.
68. Foulon W, Villena I, Stray-Pedersen B, Decoster A, Lappalainen M, Pinon JM, Jenum PA, Hedman K, Naessens A. 1999. Treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: a multicenter study of impact on fetal transmission and children’s sequelae at age 1 year. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:410-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70224-3.
69. Cortina-Borja M, Tan HK, Wallon M, Paul M, Prusa A, Buffolano W, Malm G, Salt A, Freeman K, Petersen E, Gilbert RE, European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis (EMSCOT). 2010. Prenatal treatment for serious neurological sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis: an observational prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 7:e1000351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000351.
70. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. 2016. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM). CDC, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/lcm/. Accessed 10 February 2016.
71. Craig JM, Macauley JC, Weller TH, Wirth P. 1957. Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 94:4-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-94-22841.
72. Revello MG, Gerna G. 2002. Diagnosis and management of human cytomegalovirus infection in the mother, fetus, and newborn infant. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:680 -715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.4.680-715.2002.
73. Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF, Britt WJ, Boll TJ, Alford CA. 1992. The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status. N Engl J Med 326:663-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199203053261003.
74. Yinon Y, Farine D, Yudin MH. 2010. Screening, diagnosis, and management of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 65:736-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0b013e31821102b4.
75. Benoist G, Leruez-Ville M, Magny JF, Jacquemard F, Salomon LJ, Ville Y. 2013. Management of pregnancies with confirmed cytomegalovirus fetal infection. Fetal Diagn Ther 33:203-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000342752.
76. Gaytant MA, Rours GIJG, Steegers EAP, Galama JMD, Semmekrot BA. 2003. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection after recurrent infection: case reports and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 162:248-253.
77. Yamamoto AY, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Boppana SB, Novak Z, Wagatsuma VM, Oliveira PdF, Duarte G, Britt WJ. 2010. Human cytomegalovirus reinfection is associated with intrauterine transmission in a highly cytomegalovirus-immune maternal population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202:297.e1-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.11.018.
78. Ville Y, Leruez-Ville M. 2014. Managing infections in pregnancy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 27:251-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000066.
79. Nigro G, Adler SP, La Torre R, Best AM, Congenital Cytomegalovirus Collaborating Group. 2005. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 353:1350-1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043337.
80. Revello MG, Lazzarotto T, Guerra B, Spinillo A, Ferrazzi E, Kustermann A, Guaschino S, Vergani P, Todros T, Frusca T, Arossa A, Furione M, Rognoni V, Rizzo N, Gabrielli L, Klersy C, Gerna G, CHIP Study Group. 2014. A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus. N Engl J Med 370:1316-1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1310214.
81. Jacquemard F, Yamamoto M, Costa JM, Romand S, Jaqz-Aigrain E, Dejean A, Daffos F, Ville Y. 2007. Maternal administration of valaciclovir in symptomatic intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection. BJOG 114:1113-1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01308.x.
82. Oliver SE, Cloud GA, Sánchez PJ, Demmler GJ, Dankner W, Shelton M, Jacobs RF, Vaudry W, Pass RF, Soong S-J, Whitley RJ, Kimberlin DW. 2009. Neurodevelopmental outcomes following ganciclovir therapy in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infections involving the central nervous system. J Clin Virol 46(Suppl 4):S22-S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.08.012.
83. Kimberlin DW, Lin C-Y, Sánchez PJ, Demmler GJ, Dankner W, Shelton M, Jacobs RF, Vaudry W, Pass RF, Kiell JM, Soong S-J, Whitley RJ. 2003. Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system: a randomized, controlled trial. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Pediatr 143: 16-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(03)00192-6.
84. Kimberlin DW, Jester PM, Sánchez PJ, Ahmed A, Arav-Boger R, Michaels MG, Ashouri N, Englund JA, Estrada B, Jacobs RF, Romero JR, Sood SK, Whitworth MS, Abzug MJ, Caserta MT, Fowler S, Lujan-Zilbermann J, Storch GA, DeBiasi RL, Han J-Y, Palmer A, Weiner LB, Bocchini JA, Dennehy PH, Finn A, Griffiths PD, Luck S, Gutierrez K, Halasa N, Homans J, Shane AL, Sharland M, Simonsen K, Vanchiere JA, Woods CR, Sabo DL, Aban I, Kuo H, James SH, Prichard MN, Griffin J, Giles D, Acosta EP, Whitley RJ, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. 2015. Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease. N Engl J Med 372:933-943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1404599.
85. Barton LL, Mets MB. 2001. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: decade of rediscovery. Clin Infect Dis 33:370-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/321897.
86. Komrower GM, Williams BL, Stones PB. 1955. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in the newborn: probable transplacental infection. Lancet 265:697-698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(55)91066-7.
87. Bonthius DJ. 2012. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an underrecognized cause of neurologic disease in the fetus, child, and adult. Semin Pediatr Neurol 19:89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2012.02.002.
88. Anderson JL, Levy PT, Leonard KB, Smyser CD, Tychsen L, Cole FS. 2014. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: when to consider the diagnosis. J Child Neurol 29:837-842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073813486295.
89. Skinner HH, Knight EH, Buckley LS. 1976. The hamster as a secondary reservoir host of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Hyg 76:299-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400055194.
90. Macneil A, Ströher U, Farnon E, Campbell S, Cannon D, Paddock CD, Drew CP, Kuehnert M, Knust B, Gruenenfelder R, Zaki SR, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, LCMV Transplant Investigation Team. 2012. Solid organ transplant-associated lymphocytic choriomeningitis, United States, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 18:1256-1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1808.120212.
91. Bonthius DJ, Perlman S. 2007. Congenital viral infections of the brain: lessons learned from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the neonatal rat. PLoS Pathog 3:e149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030149.
92. de Paula Freitas B, de Oliveira Dias JR, Prazeres J, Sacramento GA, Ko AI, Maia M, Belfort R, Jr. 9 February 2016. Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA Ophthalmol http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0267.
93. Jampol LM, Goldstein DA. 9 February 2016. Zika virus infection and the eye. JAMA Ophthalmol http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0284.
94. McCarthy M. 2016. Severe eye damage in infants with microcephaly is presumed to be due to Zika virus. BMJ 352:i855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i855.
95. Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V, Gois AL, Belfort R, Jr. 2016. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet 387:228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00006-4.
96. Ventura CV, Maia M, Ventura BV, Linden VV, Araujo EB, Ramos RC, Rocha MA, Carvalho MD, Belfort R, Jr, Ventura LO. 2016. Ophthalmological findings in infants with microcephaly and presumable intrauterus Zika virus infection. Arq Bras Oftalmol 79:1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20160002.
97. Meritet JF, Krivine A, Lewin F, Poissonnier MH, Poizat R, Loget P, Rozenberg F, Lebon P. 2009. A case of congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection revealed by hydrops fetalis. Prenat Diagn 29:626-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.2240.
98. Hutton J, Rowan P, Greisinger A, Mouzoon M. 2014. Rubella monitoring in pregnancy as a means for evaluating a possible reemergence of rubella. Am J Obstet Gynecol 211:534.e1-534.e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.05.046.
99. Frey TK. 1994. Molecular biology of rubella virus. Adv Virus Res 44:69-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60328-0.
100. Bouthry E, Picone O, Hamdi G, Grangeot-Keros L, Ayoubi J-M, Vauloup-Fellous C. 2014. Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes. Prenat Diagn 34:1246-1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.4467.
101. Banatvala JE, Brown DWG. 2004. Rubella. Lancet 363:1127-1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15897-2.
102. Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J, Poland GA. 2015. Rubella. Lancet 385:2297-2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0.
103. Mehta V, Balachandran C, Lonikar V. 2008. Blueberry muffin baby: a pictoral differential diagnosis. Dermatol Online J 14:8.
104. Public Health England. 2016. NHS Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy Screening (IDPS) Programme. https://www.gov.uk/topic/population-screening-programmes/infectious-diseases-in-pregnancy. Accessed 12 February 2016.
105. Wolff T, Shelton E, Sessions C, Miller T. 2009. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 150:710-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-10-200905190.
106. Bowen V, Su J, Torrone E, Kidd S, Weinstock H. 2015. Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis-United States, 2012-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64:1241-1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6444a3.
107. Walker DG, Walker GJA. 2002. Forgotten but not gone: the continuing scourge of congenital syphilis. Lancet Infect Dis 2:432-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00319-5.
108. Hollier LM, Harstad TW, Sanchez PJ, Twickler DM, Wendel GD. 2001. Fetal syphilis: clinical and laboratory characteristics. Obstet Gynecol 97:947-953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01367-9.
109. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2009. Screening for syphilis infection in pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 150:705-709. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-10-200905190-00008.
110. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Syphilis testing algorithms using treponemal tests for initial screening-four laboratories, New York City, 2005-2006. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep 57:872-875.
111. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 2015. Virus taxonomy: 2014 release. http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp. Accessed 08 February 2016.
112. Dick GW. 1953. Epidemiological notes on some viruses isolated in Uganda; Yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Bwamba fever, West Nile, Mengo, Semliki forest, Bunyamwera, Ntaya, Uganda S and Zika viruses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47:13-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(53)90021-2.
113. Weaver SC, Barrett AD. 2004. Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:789-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1006.
114. Musso D, Gubler DJ. 2016. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:487-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00072-15.
115. Simpson DI. 1964. Zika virus infection in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 58:335-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(64)90200-7.
116. Gubler DJ. 2001. Human arbovirus infections worldwide. AnnNY Acad Sci 951:13-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02681.x.
117. Haddow AD, Schuh AJ, Yasuda CY, Kasper MR, Heang V, Huy R, Guzman H, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. 2012. Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477.
118. Roth A, Mercier A, Lepers C, Hoy D, Duituturaga S, Benyon E, Guillaumot L, Souares Y. 2014. Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus infections: an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012-2014. Euro Surveill 19: pii_20929. http://dx.doi.org/10.2087/1560-7917.ES2014.19.41.20929.
119. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M, Hayes EB. 2009. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med 360:2536-2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805715.
120. Faye O, Freire CC, Iamarino A, Faye O, de Oliveira JV, Diallo M, Zanotto PM, Sall AA. 2014. Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20(th) century. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002636.
121. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 10 December 2015. Rapid risk assessment: Zika virus epidemic in the Americas: potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ECDC, Solna, Sweden. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/zika-virus-americas-association-with-microcephaly-rapid-risk-assessment.pdf.
122. Musso D, Nilles EJ, Cao-Lormeau VM. 2014. Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area. Clin Microbiol Infect 20:O595-O596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12707.
123. Patz JA, Reisen WK. 2001. Immunology, climate change and vectorborne diseases. Trends Immunol 22:171-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4906(01)01867-1.
124. Lobo FP, Mota BE, Pena SD, Azevedo V, Macedo AM, Tauch A, Machado CR, Franco GR. 2009. Virus-host coevolution: common patterns of nucleotide motif usage in Flaviviridae and their hosts. PLoS One 4:e6282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006282.
125. Simon-Loriere E, Rossolillo P, Negroni M. 2011. RNA structures, genomic organization and selection of recombinant HIV. RNA Biol 8:280-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.8.2.15193.
126. Aaskov J, Buzacott K, Field E, Lowry K, Berlioz-Arthaud A, Holmes EC. 2007. Multiple recombinant dengue type 1 viruses in an isolate from a dengue patient. J Gen Virol 88:3334-3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83122-0.
127. McGee CE, Tsetsarkin KA, Guy B, Lang J, Plante K, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S. 2011. Stability of yellow fever virus under recombinatory pressure as compared with Chikungunya virus. PLoS One 6:e23247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023247.
128. Beasley DW, Whiteman MC, Zhang S, Huang CY, Schneider BS, Smith DR, Gromowski GD, Higgs S, Kinney RM, Barrett AD. 2005. Envelope protein glycosylation status influences mouse neuroinvasion phenotype of genetic lineage 1 West Nile virus strains. J Virol 79:8339-8347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.13.8339-8347.2005.
129. Hindiyeh M, Shulman LM, Mendelson E, Weiss L, Grossman Z, Bin H. 2001. Isolation and characterization of West Nile virus from the blood of viremic patients during the 2000 outbreak in Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 7:748-750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0704.017428.
130. Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ. 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286:2333-2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5448.2333.
131. Hanna SL, Pierson TC, Sanchez MD, Ahmed AA, Murtadha MM, Doms RW. 2005. N-linked glycosylation of West Nile virus envelope proteins influences particle assembly and infectivity. J Virol 79:13262-13274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.21.13262-13274.2005.
132. Lee E, Leang SK, Davidson A, Lobigs M. 2010. Both E protein glycans adversely affect dengue virus infectivity but are beneficial for virion release. J Virol 84:5171-5180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01900-09.
133. Youn S, Cho H, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. 2010. A short N-terminal peptide motif on flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1 modulates cellular targeting and immune recognition. J Virol 84:9516-9532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00775-10.
134. Somnuke P, Hauhart RE, Atkinson JP, Diamond MS, Avirutnan P. 2011. N-linked glycosylation of dengue virus NS1 protein modulates secretion, cell-surface expression, hexamer stability, and interactions with human complement. Virology 413:253-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.022.
135. Gritsun TS, Gould EA. 2007. Origin and evolution of 3=UTR of flaviviruses: long direct repeats as a basis for the formation of secondary structures and their significance for virus transmission. Adv Virus Res 69:203-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3527(06)69005-2.
136. Villordo SM, Gamarnik AV. 2013. Differential RNA sequence requirement for dengue virus replication in mosquito and mammalian cells. J Virol 87:9365-9372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00567-13.
137. Villordo SM, Filomatori CV, Sanchez-Vargas I, Blair CD, Gamarnik AV. 2015. Dengue virus RNA structure specialization facilitates host adaptation. PLoS Pathog 11:e1004604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004604.
138. Cleton N, Koopmans M, Reimerink J, Godeke GJ, Reusken C. 2012. Come fly with me: review of clinically important arboviruses for global travelers. J Clin Virol 55:191-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2012.07.004.
139. Way JH, Bowen ET, Platt GS. 1976. Comparative studies of some African arboviruses in cell culture and in mice. J Gen Virol 30:123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-30-1-123.
140. Bell TM, Field EJ, Narang HK. 1971. Zika virus infection of the central nervous system of mice. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 35:183-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01249709.
141. Lazear HM, Govero J, Smith AM, Platt DJ, Fernandez E, Miner JJ, Diamond MS. 5 April 2016. A mouse model of Zika virus pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.010.
142. Rossi SL, Tesh RB, Azar SR, Muruato AE, Hanley KA, Auguste AJ, Langsjoen RM, Paessler S, Vasilakis N, Weaver SC. 28 March 2016. Characterization of a novel murine model to study Zika virus.AmJ Trop Med Hyg http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0111.
143. Becker R. 2016. Missing link: animal models to study whether Zika causes birth defects. Nat Med 22:225-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0316-225.
144. Paz S, Semenza JC. 2016. El Nino and climate change-contributing factors in the dispersal of Zika virus in the Americas? Lancet 387:745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00256-7.
145. Chretien JP, Anyamba A, Small J, Britch S, Sanchez JL, Halbach AC, Tucker C, Linthicum KJ. 26 January 2015. Global climate anomalies and potential infectious disease risks: 2014-2015. PLoS Curr http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.95fbs4a8fb4695e049baabf2fc8289f.
146. Heffernan C. 2015. Climate change and infectious disease: time for a new normal? Lancet Infect Dis 15:143-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)71077-1.
147. Parham PE, Waldock J, Christophides GK, Michael E. 2015. Climate change and vector-borne diseases of humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 370:20140377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0377.
148. Banu S, Guo Y, Hu W, Dale P, Mackenzie JS, Mengersen K, Tong S. 2015. Impacts of El Nino Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on dengue incidence in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 5:16105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep16105.
149. Ferreira MC. 2014. Geographical distribution of the association between El Nino South Oscillation and dengue fever in the Americas: a continental analysis using geographical information system-based techniques. Geospat Health 9:141-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2014.12.
150. Huang X, Clements AC, Williams G, Devine G, Tong S, Hu W. 2015. El Nino-Southern Oscillation, local weather and occurrences of dengue virus serotypes. Sci Rep 5:16806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep16806.
151. Campbell LP, Luther C, Moo-Llanes D, Ramsey JM, Danis-Lozano R, Peterson AT. 2015. Climate change influences on global distributions of dengue and Chikungunya virus vectors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 370:20140135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0135.
152. Crans WJ. 2004. A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States. J Vector Ecol 29:1-10.
153. Monaghan AJ, Morin CW, Steinhoff DF, Wilhelmi O, Hayden M, Quattrochi DA, Reiskind M, Lloyd AL, Smith K, Schmidt CA, Scalf PE, Ernst K. 26 March 2016. On the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the Zika virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in the contiguous United States. PLoS Curr http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563a76.
154. Rueda LM, Patel KJ, Axtell RC, Stinner RE. 1990. Temperaturedependent development and survival rates of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 27:892-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.5.892.
155. Tun-Lin W, Burkot TR, Kay BH. 2000. Effects of temperature and larval diet on development rates and survival of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in north Queensland, Australia. Med Vet Entomol 14:31-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00207.x.
156. Alto BW, Bettinardi D. 2013. Temperature and dengue virus infection in mosquitoes: independent effects on the immature and adult stages. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88:497-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0421.
157. Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD. 2008. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000092.
158. Pontes RJ, Freeman J, Oliveira-Lima JW, Hodgson JC, Spielman A. 2000. Vector densities that potentiate dengue outbreaks in a Brazilian city. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62:378-383.
159. Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL, Drake JM, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Sankoh O, Myers MF, George DB, Jaenisch T, Wint GR, Simmons CP, Scott TW, Farrar JJ, Hay SI. 2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496:504-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12060.
160. Kraemer MU, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQ, Shearer FM, Barker CM, Moore CG, Carvalho RG, Coelho GE, Van Bortel W, Hendrickx G, Schaffner F, Elyazar IR, Teng HJ, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Pigott DM, Scott TW, Smith DL, Wint GR, Golding N, Hay SI. 2015. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. eLife 4:e08347. http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.
161. Nah K, Mizumoto K, Miyamatsu Y, Yasuda Y, Kinoshita R, Nishiura H. 2016. Estimating risks of importation and local transmission of Zika virus infection. PeerJ 4:e1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1904.
162. International Air Transport Association. 26 November 2015. IATA air passenger forecast shows dip in long-term demand, press release no. 55. IATA, Montreal, Canada. http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2015-11-26-01.aspx.
163. Fonseca K, Meatherall B, Zarra D, Drebot M, MacDonald J, Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Webster P, Lindsay R, Tellier R. 2014. First case of Zika virus infection in a returning Canadian traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91:1035-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0151.
164. Korhonen EM, Huhtamo E, Smura T, Kallio-Kokko H, Raassina M, Vapalahti O. 2016. Zika virus infection in a traveller returning from the Maldives, June 2015. Euro Surveill http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.2.30107.
165. Kutsuna S, Kato Y, Takasaki T, Moi M, Kotaki A, Uemura H, Matono T, Fujiya Y, Mawatari M, Takeshita N, Hayakawa K, Kanagawa S, Ohmagari N. 2014. Two cases of Zika fever imported from French Polynesia to Japan, December 2013 to January 2014 [corrected]. Euro Surveill 19:pii_20683. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.4.20683.
166. Tappe D, Rissland J, Gabriel M, Emmerich P, Gunther S, Held G, Smola S, Schmidt-Chanasit J. 2014. First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro Surveill 19:pii_20865. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.4.20685.
167. Waehre T, Maagard A, Tappe D, Cadar D, Schmidt-Chanasit J. 2014. Zika virus infection after travel to Tahiti, December 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 20:1412-1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2008.140302.
168. Zammarchi L, Tappe D, Fortuna C, Remoli ME, Gunther S, Venturi G, Bartoloni A, Schmidt-Chanasit J. 2015. Zika virus infection in a traveller returning to Europe from Brazil, March 2015. Euro Surveill 20:pii_21153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.23.21153.
169. Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V, Musso D. 2014. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill 19:20751. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.13.20751.
170. Gourinat AC, O’Connor O, Calvez E, Goarant C, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M. 2015. Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg Infect Dis 21:84-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2101.140894.
171. Hirayama T, Mizuno Y, Takeshita N, Kotaki A, Tajima S, Omatsu T, Sano K, Kurane I, Takasaki T. 2012. Detection of dengue virus genome in urine by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR: a laboratory diagnostic method useful after disappearance of the genome in serum. J Clin Microbiol 50:2047-2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.06557-11.
172. Barzon L, Pacenti M, Franchin E, Pagni S, Martello T, Cattai M, Cusinato R, Palu G. 2013. Excretion of West Nile virus in urine during acute infection. J Infect Dis 208:1086-1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit290.
173. Instituto Fernandes Figueira da Fiocruz and Centro de Referência da Rede de Banco de Leite Humano. 2015. Comunicação e informação. Rio de Janeiro Rede Nacional de Bancos de Leite Humano. http://www.redeblh.fiocruz.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid_1847&sid_368.
174. Biesbroeck L, Sidbury R. 2013. Viral exanthems: an update. Dermatol Ther 26:433-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12107.
175. Carneiro SC, Cestari T, Allen SH, Ramos e-Silva M. 2007. Viral exanthems in the tropics. Clin Dermatol 25:212-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.05.009.
176. Brazil Ministry of Health. 2015. Microcephaly. Ministry of Health releases epidemiological bulletin. http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/cidadao/principal/agencia-saude/20805-ministerio-da-saude-divulga-boletim-epidemiologico.
177. Porat S, de Rham M, Giamboni D, Van Mieghem T, Baud D. 2014. Phenotip: a web-based instrument to help diagnosing fetal syndromes antenatally. Orphanet J Rare Dis 9:204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13023-014-0204-7.
178. Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo AS, Sampaio SA, de Filippis I, Fabri A, Araujo ES, de Sequeira PC, de Mendonca MC, de Oliveira L, Tschoeke DA, Schrago CG, Thompson FL, Brasil P, Dos Santos FB, Nogueira RM, Tanuri A, de Filippis AM. 17 February 2016. Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00095-5.
179. Musso D, Baud D. 17 February 2016. Zika virus: time to move from case reports to case control. Lancet Infect Dis http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00096-7.
180. World Health Organization-Pan American Health Organisation. 2015. Neurological syndrome, congenital malformations, and Zika virus infection. Implications for public health in the Americas-epidemiological alert. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
181. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. Transcript for CDC telebriefing: Zika virus travel alert. CDC, Atlanta, GA.
182. Mansuy JM, Dutertre M, Mengelle C, Fourcade C, Marchou B, Delobel P, Izopet J, Martin-Blondel G. 2016. Zika virus: high infectious viral load in semen, a new sexually transmitted pathogen? Lancet Infect Dis 16:405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00138-9.
183. Instituto Nacional de Salud Colombia. 2016. Semana epidemiológica número 03 de 2016 (17 ene. al 23 ene.). Boletín epidemiológico semanal. http://www.ins.gov.co/boletin-epidemiologico/Boletn%20Epidemiolgico/2016%20Boletin%20epidemiologico%20semana%205.pdf.
184. Hawaii Department of Health. 2016. News release: Hawaii Department of health receives confirmation of Zika infection in baby born with microcephaly. http://health.hawaii.gov/news/files/2013/05/HAWAII-DEPARTMENT-OF-HEALTH-RECEIVES-CONFIRMATION-OF-ZIKA-INFECTION-IN-BABY-BORN-WITH-MICROCEPHALY.pdf.
185. Cire Antilles Guyane. 2016. Emergence du virus Zika aux Antilles Guyane. Point épidémiologique du 4 février 2016. Le point épidémio. http://www.invs.sante.fr/fr/content/download/122087/431231/version/99/file/pe_zika_antilles_guyane_040216.pdf.
186. Meaney-Delman D, Hills SL, Williams C, Galang RR, Iyengar P, Hennenfent AK, Rabe IB, Panella A, Oduyebo T, Honein MA, Zaki S, Lindsey N, Lehman JA, Kwit N, Bertolli J, Ellington S, Igbinosa I, Minta AA, Petersen EE, Mead P, Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ. 2016. Zika virus infection among U.S. pregnant travelers-August 2015-February 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:211-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6508e1.
187. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Keating MK, Silva-Flannery L, Muehlenbachs A, Gary J, Goldsmith C, Hale G, Ritter J, Rollin D, Shieh WJ, Luz KG, Ramos AM, Davi HP, Kleber de Oliveria W, Lanciotti R, Lambert A, Zaki S. 2016. Notes from the field: evidence of Zika virus infection in brain and placental tissues from two congenitally infected newborns and two fetal losses-Brazil, 2015.MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:159-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6506e1.
188. Sarno M, Sacramento GA, Khouri R, do Rosario MS, Costa F, Archanjo G, Santos LA, Nery N, Jr, Vasilakis N, Ko AI, de Almeida AR. 2016. Zika virus infection and stillbirths: a case of hydrops fetalis, hydranencephaly and fetal demise. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10:e0004517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004517.
189. Villamil-Gomez WE, Mendoza-Guete A, Villalobos E, Gonzalez-Arismendy E, Uribe-Garcia AM, Castellanos JE, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. 2016. Diagnosis, management and follow-up of pregnant women with Zika virus infection: a preliminary report of the ZIKERNCOL cohort study on Sincelejo, Colombia. Travel Med Infect Dis 14:155-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.02.004.
190. Driggers RW, Ho CY, Korhonen EM, Kuivanen S, Jaaskelainen AJ, Smura T, Rosenberg A, Hill DA, DeBiasi RL, Vezina G, Timofeev J, Rodriguez FJ, Levanov L, Razak J, Iyengar P, Hennenfent A, Kennedy R, Lanciotti R, du Plessis A, Vapalahti O. 30 March 2016. Zika virus infection with prolonged maternal viremia and fetal brain abnormalities. N Engl J Med http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1601824.
191. Alvarado-Socarras JL, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. 2016. Etiological agents of microcephaly: implications for diagnosis during the current Zika virus epidemic. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 47:525-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.15885.
192. Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, Lastere S, Roche C, Vanhomwegen J, Dub T, Baudouin L, Teissier A, Larre P, Vial AL, Decam C, Choumet V, Halstead SK, Willison HJ, Musset L, Manuguerra JC, Despres P, Fournier E, Mallet HP, Musso D, Fontanet A, Neil J, Ghawche F. 2016. Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet 387:1531-1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00562-6.
193. Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Johnson AJ, Stanfield SM, Duffy MR. 2008. Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1232-1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1408.080287.
194. Hayes EB. 2009. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1347-1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090442.
195. Cerbino-Neto J, Mesquita EC, Souza TM, Parreira V, Wittlin BB, Durovni B, Lemos MC, Vizzoni A, Bispo de Filippis AM, Sampaio SA, Goncalves BS, Bozza FA. 15 July 2016. Clinical manifestations of Zika virus infection, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.
196. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2016. Rapid risk assessment. Zika virus disease epidemic: potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Second update. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/zika-virus-rapid-risk-assessment-8-february-2016.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2016.
197. Jouannic JM, Friszer S, Leparc-Goffart I, Garel C, Eyrolle-Guignot D. 2016. Zika virus infection in French Polynesia. Lancet 387:1051-1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00625-5.
198. Besnard M, Eyrolle-Guignot D, Guillemette-Artur P, Lastere S, Bost-Bezeaud F, Marcelis L, Abadie V, Garel C, Moutard ML, Jouannic JM, Rozenberg F, Leparc-Goffart I, Mallet HP. 31 March 2016. Congenital cerebral malformations and dysfunction in fetuses and newborns following the 2013 to 2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. Euro Surveill http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.13.30181.
199. Cauchemez S, Besnard M, Bompard P, Dub T, Guillemette-Artur P, Eyrolle-Guignot D, Salje H, Van Kerkhove MD, Abadie V, Garel C, Fontanet A, Mallet HP. 15 March 2016. Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013-15: a retrospective study. Lancet http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00651-6.
200. Miranda-Filho DDB, Martelli CM, Ximenes RA, Araujo TV, Rocha MA, Ramos RC, Dhalia R, Franca RF, Marques Junior ET, Rodrigues LC. 2016. Initial description of the presumed congenital Zika syndrome. Am J Public Health 106:598-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303115.
201. Werner H, Fazecas T, Guedes B, Dos Santos JL, Daltro P, Tonni G, Campbell S, Araujo Junior E. 2016. Intrauterine Zika virus infection and microcephaly: perinatal imaging correlations with 3D virtual physical models. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 47:657-660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.15901.
202. Bocanegra C. 5 April 2016. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Barcelona, Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.03.025.
203. Giovanetti M, Faria NR, Nunes MR, de Vasconcelos JM, Lourenco J, Rodrigues SG, Vianez JL, Jr da Silva SP, Lemos PS, Tavares FN, Martin DP, do Rosario MS, Siqueira I, Ciccozzi M, Pybus OG, de Oliveira T, Alcantara LCJ. 2016. Zika virus complete genome from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Infect Genet Evol 41:142-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.030.
204. Souza RT, Cecatti JG, Passini R, Jr, Tedesco RP, Lajos GJ, Nomura ML, Rehder PM, Dias TZ, Haddad SM, Pacagnella RC, Costa ML, Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth Study Group. 2016. The burden of provider-initiated preterm birth and associated factors: evidence from the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP). PLoS One 11:e0148244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148244.
205. Oliveira RR, Melo EC, Falavina LP, Mathias TA. 2015. The growing trend of moderate preterm births: an ecological study in one region of Brazil. PLoS One 10:e0141852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141852.
206. Adams Waldorf KM, McAdams RM. 2013. Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development. Reproduction 146:R151-R162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-13-0232.
207. Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Chilson Foy JL, Blitvich BJ, Travassos da Rosa A, Haddow AD, Lanciotti RS, Tesh RB. 2011. Probable nonvector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 17:880-882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101939.
208. Faye O, Faye O, Diallo D, Diallo M, Weidmann M, Sall AA. 2013. Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes. Virol J 10:311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-311.
209. Buckley A, Gould EA. 1988. Detection of virus-specific antigen in the nuclei or nucleoli of cells infected with Zika or Langat virus. J Gen Virol 69:1913-1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-69-8-1913.
210. Hamel R, Dejarnac O, Wichit S, Ekchariyawat P, Neyret A, Luplertlop N, Perera-Lecoin M, Surasombatpattana P, Talignani L, Thomas F, Cao-Lormeau VM, Choumet V, Briant L, Despres P, Amara A, Yssel H, Misse D. 2015. Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells. J Virol 89:8880-8896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00354-15.
211. Thornton GK, Woods CG. 2009. Primary microcephaly: do all roads lead to Rome? Trends Genet 25:501-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2009.09.011.
212. Marthiens V, Rujano MA, Pennetier C, Tessier S, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Basto R. 2013. Centrosome amplification causes microcephaly. Nat Cell Biol 15:731-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2746.
213. Liang C, Lee JS, Inn KS, Gack MU, Li Q, Roberts EA, Vergne I, Deretic V, Feng P, Akazawa C, Jung JU. 2008. Beclin1-binding UVRAG targets the class C Vps complex to coordinate autophagosome maturation and endocytic trafficking. Nat Cell Biol 10:776-787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1740.
214. Tetro JA. 2016. Zika and microcephaly: causation, correlation, or coincidence? Microbes Infect 18:167-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2015.12.010.
215. Frumence E, Roche M, Krejbich-Trotot P, El-Kalamouni C, Nativel B, Rondeau P, Misse D, Gadea G, Viranaicken W, Despres P. 2016. The South Pacific epidemic strain of Zika virus replicates efficiently in human epithelial A549 cells leading to IFN-beta production and apoptosis induction. Virology 493:217-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.006.
216. Garcez PP, Loiola EC, Madeiro da Costa R, Higa LM, Trindade P, Delvecchio R, Nascimento JM, Brindeiro R, Tanuri A, Rehen SK. 10 April 2016. Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids. Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6116.
217. Bayer A, Lennemann NJ, Ouyang Y, Bramley JC, Morosky S, Marques ET, Jr, Cherry S, Sadovsky Y, Coyne CB. 5 April 2016. Type III interferons produced by human placental trophoblasts confer protection against Zika virus infection. Cell Host Microbe http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.008.
218. Dick GW. 1952. Zika virus. II. Pathogenicity and physical properties. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 46:521-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(52)90043-6.
219. Weinbren MP, Williams MC. 1958. Zika virus: further isolations in the Zika area, and some studies on the strains isolated. TransRSoc Trop Med Hyg 52:263-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(58)90085-3.
220. Blazquez AB, Saiz JC. 2010. West Nile virus (WNV) transmission routes in the murine model: intrauterine, by breastfeeding and after cannibal ingestion. Virus Res 151:240-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2010.04.009.
221. Cordoba L, Escribano-Romero E, Garmendia A, Saiz JC. 2007. Pregnancy increases the risk of mortality in West Nile virus-infected mice. J Gen Virol 88:476-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82439-0.
222. Julander JG, Winger QA, Olsen AL, Day CW, Sidwell RW, Morrey JD. 2005. Treatment of West Nile virus-infected mice with reactive immunoglobulin reduces fetal titers and increases dam survival. Antiviral Res 65:79-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.10.005.
223. Julander JG, Winger QA, Rickords LF, Shi PY, Tilgner M, Binduga-Gajewska I, Sidwell RW, Morrey JD. 2006. West Nile virus infection of the placenta. Virology 347:175-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.040.
224. Mathur A, Arora KL, Chaturvedi UC. 1981. Congenital infection of mice with Japanese encephalitis virus. Infect Immun 34:26-29.
225. Shimizu T, Kawakami Y, Fukuhara S, Matumoto M. 1954. Experimental stillbirth in pregnant swine infected with Japanese encephalitis virus. Jpn J Exp Med 24:363-375.
226. Burns KF. 1950. Congenital Japanese B encephalitis infection of swine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 75:621-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-75-18285.
227. Yamada M, Nakamura K, Yoshii M, Kaku Y. 2004. Nonsuppurative encephalitis in piglets after experimental inoculation of Japanese encephalitis flavivirus isolated from pigs. Vet Pathol 41:62-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.41-1-62.
228. Platt KB. 2004. Characterization of West Nile virus infection in swine. Final report, project 02-118. National Pork Board, Clive, IA.
229. Zimmerman JJ. 2012. Diseases of swine, 10th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
230. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Intrauterine West Nile Virus infection-New York, 2002.MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 51:1135-1136.
231. Alpert SG, Fergerson J, Noel LP. 2003. Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings. Am J Ophthalmol 136:733-735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00452-5.
232. Paisley JE, Hinckley AF, O’Leary DR, Kramer WC, Lanciotti RS, Campbell GL, Hayes EB. 2006. West Nile virus infection among pregnant women in a northern Colorado community, 2003 to 2004. Pediatrics 117:814-820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1187.
233. O’Leary DR, Kuhn S, Kniss KL, Hinckley AF, Rasmussen SA, Pape WJ, Kightlinger LK, Beecham BD, Miller TK, Neitzel DF, Michaels SR, Campbell GL, Lanciotti RS, Hayes EB. 2006. Birth outcomes following West Nile virus infection of pregnant women in the United States: 2003-2004. Pediatrics 117:e537-e545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2024.
234. Chye JK, Lim CT, Ng KB, Lim JM, George R, Lam SK. 1997. Vertical transmission of dengue. Clin Infect Dis 25:1374-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516126.
235. Thaithumyanon P, Thisyakorn U, Deerojnawong J, Innis BL. 1994. Dengue infection complicated by severe hemorrhage and vertical transmission in a parturient woman. Clin Infect Dis 18:248-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.2.248.
236. Boussemart T, Babe P, Sibille G, Neyret C, Berchel C. 2001. Prenatal transmission of dengue: two new cases. J Perinatol 21:255-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7200530.
237. Basurko C, Carles G, Youssef M, Guindi WE. 2009. Maternal and fetal consequences of dengue fever during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 147:29-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.06.028.
238. Khairallah M, Kahloun R. 2013. Ocular manifestations of emerging infectious diseases. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 24:574-580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283654e09.
239. Lim WK, Mathur R, Koh A, Yeoh R, Chee SP. 2004. Ocular manifes-tations of dengue fever. Ophthalmology 111:2057-2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.038.
240. Beral L, Merle H, David T. 2008. Ocular complications of dengue fever. Ophthalmology 115:1100 -1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.02.017.
241. Mets MB, Chhabra MS. 2008. Eye manifestations of intrauterine infections and their impact on childhood blindness. Surv Ophthalmol 53:95-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.12.003.
242. Chaturvedi UC, Mathur A, Chandra A, Das SK, Tandon HO, Singh UK. 1980. Transplacental infection with Japanese encephalitis virus. J Infect Dis 141:712-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/141.6.712.
243. Bentlin MR, de Barros Almeida RA, Coelho KI, Ribeiro AF, Siciliano MM, Suzuki A, Fortaleza CM. 2011. Perinatal transmission of yellow fever, Brazil, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17:1779-1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1709.110242.
244. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus through breast-feeding-Brazil, 2009.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59:130-132.
245. Tsai TF, Paul R, Lynberg MC, Letson GW. 1993. Congenital yellow fever virus infection after immunization in pregnancy. J Infect Dis 168: 1520-1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/168.6.1520.
246. Cavalcanti DP, Salomao MA, Lopez-Camelo J, Pessoto MA, Campinas Group of Yellow Fever Immunization during Pregnancy. 2007. Early exposure to yellow fever vaccine during pregnancy. Trop Med Int Health 12:833-837. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01851.x.
247. Robert E, Vial T, Schaefer C, Arnon J, Reuvers M. 1999. Exposure to yellow fever vaccine in early pregnancy. Vaccine 17:283-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00051-6.
248. Laoprasopwattana K, Suntharasaj T, Petmanee P, Suddeaugrai O, Geater A. 2016. Chikungunya and dengue virus infections during pregnancy: seroprevalence, seroincidence and maternal-fetal transmission, southern Thailand, 2009-2010. Epidemiol Infect 144:381-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268815001065.
249. Fritel X, Rollot O, Gerardin P, Gauzere BA, Bideault J, Lagarde L, Dhuime B, Orvain E, Cuillier F, Ramful D, Samperiz S, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Michault A, Cotte L, Kaminski M, Fourmaintraux A, Chikungunya-Mere-Enfant Team. 2010. Chikungunya virus infection during pregnancy, Reunion, France, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 16:418-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1604.091403.
250. Ramful D, Samperiz S, Fritel X, Michault A, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Rollot O, Boumahni B, Gerardin P. 2014. Antibody kinetics in infants exposed to Chikungunya virus infection during pregnancy reveals absence of congenital infection. J Infect Dis 209:1726-1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit814.
251. Gerardin P, Barau G, Michault A, Bintner M, Randrianaivo H, Choker G, Lenglet Y, Touret Y, Bouveret A, Grivard P, Le Roux K, Blanc S, Schuffenecker I, Couderc T, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lecuit M, Robillard PY. 2008. Multidisciplinary prospective study of mother-to-child Chikungunya virus infections on the island of La Reunion. PLoS Med 5:e60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050060.
252. Gerardin P, Samperiz S, Ramful D, Boumahni B, Bintner M, Alessandri JL, Carbonnier M, Tiran-Rajaoefera I, Beullier G, Boya I, Noormahomed T, Okoi J, Rollot O, Cotte L, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Michault A, Favier F, Kaminski M, Fourmaintraux A, Fritel X. 2014. Neurocognitive outcome of children exposed to perinatal mother-to-child Chikungunya virus infection: the CHIMERE cohort study on Reunion Island. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002996.
253. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2016. Practice advisory: updated interim guidance for care of obstetric patients and women of reproductive age during a Zika virus outbreak. https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/Practice-Advisories/Practice-Advisory-Interim-Guidance-for-Care-of-Obstetric-Patients-During-a-Zika-Virus-Outbreak. Accessed 13 February 2016.
254. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 2016. Interim clinical guidelines on Zika virus infection and pregnancy. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/news/interim-clinical-guidelines-on-zika-virus-infection-and-pregnancy/. Accessed 13 February 2016.
255. Conseil National Professionnel de Gynécologie et Obstétrique. 2016. Virus ZIKA Et femme enceinte ou en âge de procréer. http://www.cnpgo.org/1/upload/virus_zika_et_grossesse_cnpgo_version_1.3_recos.pdf. Accessed 13 February 2016.
256. Oduyebo T, Petersen EE, Rasmussen SA, Mead PS, Meaney-Delman D, Renquist CM, Ellington SR, Fischer M, Staples JE, Powers AM, Villanueva J, Galang RR, Dieke A, Munoz JL, Honein MA, Jamieson DJ. 2016. Update: interim guidelines for health care providers caring for pregnant women and women of reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure-United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:122-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6505e2.
257. Canada Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2016. SOGC recommendation on ZIKA virus exposure for clinicians caring for pregnant women and those who intend to get pregnant. http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/SOGC-Update-on-Zika-.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2016.
258. World Health Organization-Pan American Health Organisation. 2016. Provisional remarks on Zika virus infection in pregnant women. Document for health care professionals. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
259. Petersen EE, Staples JE, Meaney-Delman D, Fischer M, Ellington SR, Callaghan WM, Jamieson DJ. 2016. Interim guidelines for pregnant women during a Zika virus outbreak-United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:30-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6502e1.
260. Baud D, Van Mieghem T, Musso D, Truttmann AC, Panchaud A, Vouga M. 4 April 2016. Clinical management of pregnant women exposed to Zika virus. Lancet Infect Dis http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30008-1.
261. Samarasekera U, Triunfol M. 2016. Concern over Zika virus grips the world. Lancet 287:521-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00257-9.
262. Gambotto M. 2011. Fetology: diagnosis and management of the fetal patient. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
263. Petersen EE, Polen KN, Meaney-Delman D, Ellington SR, Oduyebo T, Cohn A, Oster AM, Russell K, Kawwass JF, Karwowski MP, Powers AM, Bertolli J, Brooks JT, Kissin D, Villanueva J, Munoz-Jordan J, Kuehnert M, Olson CK, Honein MA, Rivera M, Jamieson DJ, Rasmussen SA. 2016. Update: interim guidance for health care providers caring for women of reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure- United States, 2016.MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:315-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6512e2.
264. Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo ASO, Sampaio SA, Filippis Id Fabri A, Araujo ES, de Sequeira PC, de Mendonça MC, de Oliveira L, Tschoeke DA, Schrago CG, Thompson FL, Brasil P, dos Santos FB, Nogueira RM, Tanuri A, de Filippis AMB. 17 February 2016. Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00095-5.
265. Tabor A, Philip J, Madsen M, Bang J, Obel EB, Nørgaard-Pedersen B. 1986. Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4606 lowrisk women. Lancet i:1287-1293.
266. Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français. 2016. Virus Zika et femme enceinte ou en âge de procréer. http://www.cngof.fr/actualites/456-virus-zika-et-femme-enceinte-ou-en-age-de-procreer. Accessed 5 February 2016.
267. Vouga M, Musso D, Van Mieghem T, Baud D. 2016. CDC guidelines for pregnant women during the Zika virus outbreak. Lancet 387:843-844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00383-4.
268. Guerra B, Simonazzi G, Banfi A, Lazzarotto T, Farina A, Lanari M, Rizzo N. 2007. Impact of diagnostic and confirmatory tests and prenatal counseling on the rate of pregnancy termination among women with positive cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M antibody titers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196:221.e221-221.e226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.08.039.
269. Roa M. 2016. Zika virus outbreak: reproductive health and rights in Latin America. Lancet 387:843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00331-7.
270. Vasquez AM, Sapiano MR, Basavaraju SV, Kuehnert MJ, Rivera-Garcia B. 2016. Survey of blood collection centers and implementation of guidance for prevention of transfusion-transmitted Zika virus infection- Puerto Rico, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:375-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6514e1.
271. Musso D, Stramer SL, Busch MP. 14 May 2016. Zika virus: a new challenge for blood transfusion. Lancet 387:1993-1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30428-7.
272. Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, Roche C, Bierlaire D, Zisou K, Shan Yan A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Broult J. 2014. Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Euro Surveill 19: pii_20761. htttp://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.14.20761.
273. FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. 2016. Recommendations for donor screening, deferral, and product management to reduce the risk of transfusion transmission of Zika virus: guidance for industry. FDA, Rockville, MD. Accessed 1 April 2016.
274. Staples JE, Dziuban EJ, Fischer M, Cragan JD, Rasmussen SA, Cannon MJ, Frey MT, Renquist CM, Lanciotti RS, Munoz JL, Powers AM, Honein MA, Moore CA. 2016. Interim guidelines for the evaluation and testing of infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection-United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:63-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6503e3.
275. Staples JE, Gershman M, Fischer M, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Yellow fever vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 59(RR-7):1-27.
276. Ross SA, Ahmed A, Palmer AL, Michaels MG, Sánchez PJ, Bernstein DI, Tolan RW, Novak Z, Chowdhury N, Fowler KB, Boppana SB, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders CHIMES Study. 2014. Detection of congenital cytomegalovirus infection by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of saliva or urine specimens. J Infect Dis 210:1415-1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu263.
277. Musso D, Roche C, Nhan TX, Robin E, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM. 2015. Detection of Zika virus in saliva. J Clin Virol 68:53-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.021.
278. Musso D, Baud D. 17 February 2016. Zika virus: time to move from case reports to case control studies. Lancet Infect Dis http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00096-7.
279. Wilcken B, Wiley V. 2015. Fifty years of newborn screening: newborn screening. J Paediatr Child Health 51:103-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12817.
280. American Academy of Pediatrics Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. 2007. Year 2007 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics 120:898-921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2333.
281. Ministry of Health of Jamaica. 2016. Notes for Minister of Health Hon. Horace Dalley. http://moh.gov.jm/presentation/notes-for-minister-of-health-hon-horace-dalley-post-cabinet-press-briefing-january-20-2016-at-11a-m-office-of-the-prime-minister/. Accessed 5 February 2016.
282. Ministry of health of New Zealand. 2016. Zika virus. http://www.health.govt.nz/news-media/news-items/ministry-health-advice-zika-virus-0.
283. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2016. Zika virus infection in the Americas. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/tmp-pmv/notices-avis/notices-avis-eng.php?id_143. Accessed 5 February 2016.
284. Department of Health of Australia. 2016. Zika virus: information for clinicians and public health practitioners. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-zika-health-practitioners.htm. Accessed 5 February 2016.
285. Ministry of Health of Singapore. 2016. Zika virus. https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/pressRoom/Current_Issues/2016/zika-virus.html. Accessed 5 February 2016.
286. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2016. Interim guidance for care of obstetric patients during Zika virus outbreak. http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/Practice-Advisories/Practice-Advisory-Interim-Guidance-for-Care-of-Obstetric-Patients-During-a-Zika-Virus-Outbreak. Accessed 5 February 2016.
287. MotherToBaby: a service of the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists. 2016. Zika virus and pregnancy answers. http://mothertobaby.org/news-press/zika-virus-pregnancy-answers/. Accessed 5 February 2016.
288. Ministère Français des affaires sociales de la santé et des droit des femmes. 2016. Virus Zika: début d’épidémie en Martinique et Guyane. http://social-sante.gouv.fr/actualites/presse/communiques-de-presse/article/debut-d-epidemie-d-infections-a-virus-zika-dans-les-departements-francais-d. Accessed 5 February 2016.
289. Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population de Haiti. 2016. Fiche d’information sur le virus Zika. http://mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/Fiche%20Information%20ZIKA%20MSPP.pdf.
290. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2016. Updated rapid risk assessment on Zika virus in the Americas and potential complications. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?List_8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568&ID_1348&ContentTypeId_0x010082EE625D0C434588A3E95C31FC12D7A70104000C92BA0F0E932049B9C0FB633C874119.
291. Ministry of Health, State of Israel. 2015. Recommendations for persons travelling abroad in view of morbidity caused by Zika virus. http://www.health.gov.il/English/News_and_Events/Spokespersons_Messages/Pages/31122015.aspx. Accessed 7 February 2016.
292. Ministry of Health of Mexico. 2016. Zika virus: a rising global heathcare concern. http://mexicosalud.com/zika-virus-a-rising-global-healthcare-concern/. Accessed 7 February 2016.
293. Government of Canada. 2016. Canadian Recommendations on the precention and treatment of Zika virus. http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/publications/diseases-conditions-maladies-affections/committee-statement-treatment-prevention-zika-declaration-comite-traitement-prevention/index-eng.php?id_zika_virus_16_hcdns. Accessed 9 February 2016.
294. Cetron M. 2016. Revision to CDC’s Zika travel notices: minimal likelihood for mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission at elevations above 2,000 meters.MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:267-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6510e1.
295. Jin J. 13 April 2016. Zika virus disease. JAMA http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4741.
296. World Health Organisation. 2016. Zika virus. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/. Accessed 8 February 2016.
297. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. 2016. Avoid bug bites. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites. Accessed 5 February 2016.
298. World Health Organization. 2016. Zika virus infection, United States of America, United States Virgin Islands. http://www.who.int/csr/don/29-january-2016-zika-usa/en/.
299. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. 2015. Insect repellent use and safety. http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/faq/repellent.html. Accessed 5 February 2016.
300. Yoon JK, Kim KC, Cho Y, Gwon YD, Cho HS, Heo Y, Park K, Lee YW, Kim M, Oh YK, Kim YB. 2015. Comparison of repellency effect of mosquito repellents for DEET, citronella, and fennel oil. J Parasitol Res 2015:361021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/361021.
301. Rodriguez SD, Drake LL, Price DP, Hammond JI, Hansen IA. 2015. The efficacy of some commercially available insect repellents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Insect Sci 15:140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iev125.
302. Fradin MS, Day JF. 2002. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med 347:13-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011699.
303. Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. 2013. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 11:374-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.10.005.
304. Lawrence KL, Achee NL, Bernier UR, Mundal KD, Benante JP. 2014. Field evaluations of topical arthropod repellents in North, Central, and South America. J Med Entomol 51:980-988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME14075.
305. Wilson AL, Chen-Hussey V, Logan JG, Lindsay SW. 2014. Are topical insect repellents effective against malaria in endemic populations? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 13:446.
306. Roth-Harer A, Lilienthal H, Bubser M, Kronthaler U, R Mundy W, R Ward T, Schmidt W, Winterhoff H, Winneke G. 2001. Neurotransmitter concentrations and binding at dopamine receptors in rats after maternal exposure to 3,4,3=,4=-tetrachlorobiphenyl: the role of reduced thyroid hormone concentrations. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 9:103-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(00)00069-7.
307. Barr DB, Ananth CV, Yan X, Lashley S, Smulian JC, Ledoux TA, Hore P, Robson MG. 2010. Pesticide concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord sera and their relation to birth outcomes in a population of pregnant women and newborns in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ 408: 790-795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.007.
308. Wickerham EL, Lozoff B, Shao J, Kaciroti N, Xia Y, Meeker JD. 2012. Reduced birth weight in relation to pesticide mixtures detected in cord blood of full-term infants. Environ Int 47:80-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.007.
309. McGready R, Simpson JA, Htway M, White NJ, Nosten F, Lindsay SW. 2001. A double-blind randomized therapeutic trial of insect repellents for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:137-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90137-3.
310. McGready R, Hamilton KA, Simpson JA, Cho T, Luxemburger C, Edwards R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Lindsay SW. 2001. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:285-289.
311. Centre de Référence sur les Agents Tératogènes. 2016. Répulsifs: grossesse et allaitement. http://lecrat.fr/spip.php?page_article&id_article_444. Accessed 5 February 2016.
312. Teratology Information Service UK. 2014. Chemical insect repellents. http://www.medicinesinpregnancy.org/Medicine-pregnancy/Insect-repellents/. Accessed 7 February 2016.
313. Schoenig GP, Neeper-Bradley TL, Fisher LC, Hartnagel RE, Jr. 1994. Teratologic evaluations of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in rats and rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23:63-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/faat.1994.1079.
314. Dugas J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Martinez D, Iszatt N, Nelson P, Elliott P. 2010. Use of biocides and insect repellents and risk of hypospadias. Occup Environ Med 67:196-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2009.047373.
315. Mytton OT, McGready R, Lee SJ, Roberts CH, Ashley EA, Carrara VI, Thwai KL, Jay MP, Wiangambun T, Singhasivanon P, Nosten F. 2007. Safety of benzyl benzoate lotion and permethrin in pregnancy: a retrospective matched cohort study. BJOG 114:582-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01290.x.
316. Astroff AB, Young AD, Holzum B, Sangha GK, Thyssen JH. 2000. Conduct and interpretation of a dermal developmental toxicity study with KBR 3023 (a prospective insect repellent) in the Sprague-Dawley rat and Himalayan rabbit. Teratology 61:222-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(200003)61:3_222::AID-TERA10_3.0.CO;2-M.
317. Astroff AB, Freshwater KJ, Young AD, Stuart BP, Sangha GK, Thyssen JH. 1999. The conduct of a two-generation reproductive toxicity study via dermal exposure in the Sprague-Dawley rat: a case study with KBR 3023 (a prospective insect repellent). Reprod Toxicol 13:223-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(99)00008-8.
318. World Health Organization. 2009. Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
319. Musso D, Roche C, Robin E, Nhan T, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM. 2015. Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 359-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2102.141363.
320. McCarthy M. 2016. CDC updates Zika virus guidance to protect pregnant women. BMJ 352:i786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i786.
321. McCarthy M. 2016. Zika virus was transmitted by sexual contact in Texas, health officials report. BMJ 352:i720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i720.
322. D’Ortenzio E, Matheron S, de Lamballerie X, Hubert B, Piorkowski G, Maquart M, Descamps D, Damond F, Yazdanpanah Y, Leparc-Goffart I. 13 April 2016. Evidence of sexual transmission of Zika virus. N Engl J Med http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1604449.
323. McCarthy M. 2016. US health officials investigate sexually transmitted Zika virus infections. BMJ 352:i1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1180.
324. Venturi G, Zammarchi L, Fortuna C, Remoli ME, Benedetti E, Fiorentini C, Trotta M, Rizzo C, Mantella A, Rezza G, Bartoloni A. 2016. An autochthonous case of Zika due to possible sexual transmission, Florence, Italy, 2014. Euro Surveill http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.8.30148.
325. Rowland A, Washington CI, Sheffield JS, Pardo-Villamizar CA, Segars JH. 2016. Zika virus infection in semen: a call to action and research. J Assist Reprod Genet 33:435-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10815-016-0684-6.
326. Oster AM, Russell K, Stryker JE, Friedman A, Kachur RE, Petersen EE, Jamieson DJ, Cohn AC, Brooks JT. 2016. Update: interim guidance for prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus-United States, 2016. MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:323-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6512e3.
327. Deckard DT, Chung WM, Brooks JT, Smith JC, Woldai S, Hennessey M, Kwit N, Mead P. 2016. Male-to-male sexual transmission of Zika virus-Texas, January 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:372-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6514a3.
328. Hills SL, Russell K, Hennessey M, Williams C, Oster AM, Fischer M, Mead P. 2016. Transmission of Zika virus through sexual contact with travelers to areas of ongoing transmission- continental United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:215-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6508e2.
329. Oster AM, Brooks JT, Stryker JE, Kachur RE, Mead P, Pesik NT, Petersen LR. 2016. Interim guidelines for prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus-United States, 2016.MMWRMorb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:120-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6505e1.
330. Finer LB, Zolna MR. 2014. Shifts in intended and unintended pregnancies in the United States, 2001-2008. Am J Public Health 104(Suppl 1): S43-S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301416.
331. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. 2015. Contraception. How effective are birth control methods? CDC, Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/contraception.htm. Accessed 5 February 2016.
332. Gakidou E, Vayena E. 2007. Use of modern contraception by the poor is falling behind. PLoS Med 4:e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040031.
333. Mbizvo MT, Phillips SJ. 2014. Family planning: choices and challenges for developing countries. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 28:931-943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.04.014.
334. Hodge JG, Corbett A, Repka A, Judd PJ. 9 March 2016. Zika virus and global implications for reproductive health reforms. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 34:1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp2016.
335. Dyer O. 2016. Jamaica advises women to avoid pregnancy as Zika virus approaches. BMJ 352:i383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i383.
336. McCarthy M. 2016. Couples at risk from exposure to Zika virus should consider delaying pregnancy, says CDC. BMJ 352:i1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1813.
337. Ministry of Health of Samoa. 2016. Situational report Zika virus. http://www.health.gov.ws/index.php/for-consumers/disease-surveillance. Accessed 7 February 2016.
338. Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. 2016. Zika virus threat to Dominica. http://www.dominica.gov.dm/notices/540-zika-virus-threat-to-dominica. Accessed 8 February 2016.
339. Sint Maarten Ministry of Public Health, Social Development and Labour. 2016. Multi-disciplinary group meets in preparation for Zika virus. http://www.sintmaartengov.org/PressReleases/Pages/Multi-disciplinary-group-meets-in-preparation-for-Zika-virus.aspx. Accessed 8 February 2016.
340. Gostin LO, Hodge JG, Jr. 13 April 2016. Is the United States prepared for a major Zika virus outbreak? JAMA http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4919.
341. Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, Biron A, O’Connor O, Huguon E, Descloux E. 2016. Infectious Zika viral particles in breastmilk. Lancet 387:1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00624-3.
342. Barthel A, Gourinat AC, Cazorla C, Joubert C, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, Descloux E. 2013. Breast milk as a possible route of vertical transmission of dengue virus? Clin Infect Dis 57:415-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit227.
343. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. 2002. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding-Michigan, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51:877-878.
344. Fredricks DN, Relman DA. 1996. Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch’s postulates. Clin Microbiol Rev 9:18-33.
345. Rubin EJ, Greene MF, Baden LR. 2016. Zika virus and microcephaly. N Engl J Med 374:984-985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1601862.
346. Latin American Colaborative Study of Congenital Malformations. 2015. ECLAMC final document. http://www.eclamc.org/eng/index.php. Accessed 10 February 2016.
347. Mayor S. 2016. Zika infection in pregnancy is linked to range of fetal abnormalities, data indicate. BMJ 352:i1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1362.
348. Gulland A. 2016. Zika virus may be linked to several birth defects, expert warns. BMJ 352:i1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1322.
349. Kleber de Oliveira W, Cortez-Escalante J, De Oliveira WT, do Carmo GM, Henriques CM, Coelho GE, Araujo de Franca GV. 2016. Increase in reported prevalence of microcephaly in infants born to women living in areas with confirmed Zika virus transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy-Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:242-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6509e2.
350. Anonymous. 2016. The next steps on Zika. Nature 530:5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/530005a.
351. Dyer O. 2016. Zika vaccine could be in production by year’s end, says maker. BMJ 352:i630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1630.
352. Cohen J. 2016. The race for a Zika vaccine is on. Science 351:543-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.351.6273.543.
353. Pulla P. What it will take to make a Zika vaccine. The Wire. http://thewire.in/2016/02/21/what-it-will-take-to-make-a-zika-vaccine-22149/.
354. Omer SB, Beigi RH. 2016. Pregnancy in the time of Zika: addressing barriers for developing vaccines and other measures for pregnant women. JAMA 315:1227-1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2237.
355. Caragata EP, Dutra HL, Moreira LA. 2015. Exploiting intimate relationships: controlling mosquito-transmitted disease with Wolbachia. Trends Parasitol 32:207-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2015.10.011.
356. Yakob L, Walker T. 2016. Zika virus outbreak in the Americas: the need for novel mosquito control methods. Lancet Glob Health 4:e148-e149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)00048-6.