Trends in Exposure to Chemicals in Personal Care and Consumer Products

Current environmental health reports

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 348-355

  Calafat, Antonia M ^a   Valentin Blasini, Liza ^a   Ye, Xiaoyun ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomonitoring; Bisphenol; DINCH; Endocrine disruptors; Exposure; Insecticides; Pesticides; Phthalates

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID ESTER; 4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; BENZHYDRYL DERIVATIVE; COSMETIC; DOMESTIC CHEMICAL; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; INSECTICIDE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PLASTICIZER;

ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; CANADA; CHEMISTRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GERMANY; HUMAN; PROCEDURES; PRODUCT SAFETY; QUESTIONNAIRE; STANDARDS; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALS; BENZHYDRYL COMPOUNDS; CANADA; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; COSMETICS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GERMANY; HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS; HUMANS; INSECTICIDES; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; PARABENS; PHENOLS; PHTHALIC ACIDS; PLASTICIZERS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84973427447     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21965412     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0065-9     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Bergman A, Heindel JJ, Kasten T, Kidd KA, Jobling S, Neira M, et al. The impact of endocrine disruption: a consensus statement on the state of the science. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:A104–6. The paper summarizes the scientific information on human and wildlife impacts of endocrine disruption and lists key concerns for decision makers and others to improve human and wildlife health by preventing environmentally induced diseases.
2. Casals-Casas C, Desvergne B. Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption. Annu Rev Physiol. 2011;73:135–62.
3. Frye CA, Bo E, Calamandrei G, Calza L, Dessi-Fulgheri F, Fernandez M, et al. Endocrine disrupters: a review of some sources, effects, and mechanisms of actions on behaviour and neuroendocrine systems. J Neuroendocrinol. 2012;24:144–59.
4. Schug TT, Janesick A, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;127:204–15.
5. Angerer J, Bird MG, Burke TA, Doerrer NG, Needham L, Robison SH, et al. Strategic biomonitoring initiatives: moving the science forward. Toxicol Sci. 2006;93:3–10.
6. Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals. 2006. The National Academies Press.
7. CDC. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. National Center for Health Statistics. 2015. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm [accessed 2015 11 Mar].
8. Calafat AM. The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and human exposure to environmental chemicals. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012;215:99–101.
9. CDC. NHANES Environmental Chemical Data Tutorial. National Center for Health Statistics. 2011. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/tutorials/environmental/index.htm [accessed 2015 1 Mar].
10. CDC. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables, February 2015. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Environmental Health; Division of Laboratory Sciences. 2015. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Feb2015.pdf [accessed 2015 20 Apr].
11. Jones RL, Homa DM, Meyer PA, Brody DJ, Caldwell KL, Pirkle JL, et al. Trends in blood lead levels and blood lead testing among US children aged 1 to 5 years, 1988–2004. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e376–85.
12. Ye XY, Wong LY, Zhou XL, Calafat AM. Urinary concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol in the US population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2010): trends and predictors. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122:351–5.
13. Zota AR, Calafat AM, Woodruff TJ. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2010. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122:235–41. First report to examine changes in phthalate exposure over 10 years using a large representative sample of the U.S. population.
14. Birch RJ, Bigler J, Rogers JW, Zhuang Y, Clickner RP. Trends in blood mercury concentrations and fish consumption among U.S. women of reproductive age, NHANES, 1999–2010. Environ Res. 2014;133:431–8.
15. Richter PA, Bishop EE, Wang J, Kaufmann R. Trends in tobacco smoke exposure and blood lead levels among youths and adults in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10, E213.
16. Tellez-Plaza M, Navas-Acien A, Caldwell KL, Menke A, Muntner P, Guallar E. Reduction in cadmium exposure in the United States population, 1988–2008: the contribution of declining smoking rates. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:204–9.
17. Pirkle JL, Bernert JT, Caudill SP, Sosnoff CS, Pechacek TF. Trends in the exposure of nonsmokers in the U.S. population to secondhand smoke: 1988–2002. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:853–8.
18. Kato K, Wong LY, Jia LT, Kuklenyik Z, Calafat AM. Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the US population: 1999–2008. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:8037–45.
19. Barr DB, Olsson AO, Wong LY, Udunka S, Baker SE, Whitehead RD, et al. Urinary concentrations of metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides in the general US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118:742–8.
20. Barr DB, Wong LY, Bravo R, Weerasekera G, Odetokun M, Restrepo P, et al. Urinary concentrations of dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:3063–98.
21. Kolossa-Gehring M, Becker K, Conrad A, Schroter-Kermani C, Schulz C, Seiwert M. Environmental surveys, specimen bank and health related environmental monitoring in Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012;215:120–6.
22. Becker K, Goen T, Seiwert M, Conrad A, Pick-Fuss H, Muller J, et al. GerES IV: phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urine of German children. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009;212:685–92.
23. Goen T, Dobler L, Koschorreck J, Muller J, Wiesmuller GA, Drexler H, et al. Trends of the internal phthalate exposure of young adults in Germany—follow-up of a retrospective human biomonitoring study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011;215:36–45.
24. Koch HM, Becker K, Wittassek M, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Kolossa-Gehring M. Di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate-urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes: pilot study for the German Environmental Survey on children. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2007;17:378–87.
25. Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schroter-Kermani C, Angerer J, Bruning T. Bisphenol A in 24 h urine and plasma samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2009: a retrospective exposure evaluation. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2012;22:610–6.
26. Schulz C, Conrad A, Becker K, Kolossa-Gehring M, Seiwert M, Seifert B. Twenty years of the German Environmental Survey (GerES): human biomonitoring-temporal and spatial (West Germany/East Germany) differences in population exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007;210:271–97.
27. Schutze A, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Bruning T, Koch HM. Entering markets and bodies: increasing levels of the novel plasticizer Hexamoll (R) DINCH (R) in 24 h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217:421–6. First report addressing exposure to DINCH, a phthalate replacement, in Germany.
28. Wittassek M, Wiesmuller GA, Koch HM, Eckard R, Dobler L, Muller J, et al. Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades—a retrospective human biomonitoring study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007;210:319–33.
29. Wittassek M, Koch HM, Angerer J, Bruning T. Assessing exposure to phthalates—the human biomonitoring approach. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55:7–31.
30. Health Canada. Second report on human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada: results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 2 (2009–2011). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Health Canada. 2013. Available: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/contaminants/chms-ecms-cycle2/index-eng.php [accessed 2015 17 Mar].
31. Haines DA, Murray J. Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals—early results of the 2007–2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey for males and females. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012;215:133–7.
32. CPSC. Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on Phthalates and Phthalates Alternatives. Bethesda, MD 20814:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Directorate for Health Sciences. 2014. Available: http://www.cpsc.gov//PageFiles/169902/CHAP-REPORT-With-Appendices.pdf [accessed 2015 12 Mar].
33. ATSDR. Toxicological profile for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2002. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=684&tid=65 [accessed 2015 26 Mar].
34. Kavlock R, Barr D, Boekelheide K, Breslin W, Breysse P, Chapin R, et al. NTP-CERHR Expert Panel update on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Reprod Toxicol. 2006;22:291–399.
35. ATSDR. Toxicological profile for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2001. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=859&tid=167 [accessed 2015 26 Mar].
36. Gallinger ZR, Nguyen GC. Presence of phthalates in gastrointestinal medications: is there a hidden danger? World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:7042–7.
37. Hernandez-Diaz S, Su YC, Mitchell AA, Kelley KE, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Medications as a potential source of exposure to phthalates among women of childbearing age. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;37:1–5.
38. Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, et al. NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol. 2002;16:489–527.
39. Kelley KE, Hernandez-Diaz S, Chaplin EL, Hauser R, Mitchell AA. Identification of phthalates in medications and dietary supplement formulations in the United States and Canada. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:379–84.
40. Hernandez-Diaz S, Mitchell AA, Kelley KE, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Medications as a potential source of exposure to phthalates in the US population. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:185–9.
41. Seckin E, Fromme H, Volkel W. Determination of total and free mono-n-butyl phthalate in human urine samples after medication of a di-n-butyl phthalate containing capsule. Toxicol Lett. 2009;188:33–7.
42. Koch HM, Muller J, Drexler H, Angerer J. Dibutylphthalate (DBP) in medications: are pregnant women and infants at risk? Umweltmed Forsch Prax. 2005;10:144–6.
43. Hauser R, Duty S, Godfrey-Bailey L, Calafat AM. Medications as a source of human exposure to phthalates. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:751–3. This paper described for the first time that medications can be a source of exposure to certain phthalates.
44. Ha M, Kwon HJ, Leem JH, Kim HC, Lee KJ, Park I, et al. Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C): survey design and pilot study results on selected exposure biomarkers. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217:260–70.
45. de Renzy-Martin KT, Frederiksen H, Christensen JS, Kyhl HB, Andersson AM, Husby S, et al. Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols. Reproduction. 2014;147:443–53.
46. Dewalque L, Pirard C, Charlier C. Measurement of urinary biomarkers of parabens, benzophenone-3, and phthalates in a Belgian population. Biomed Res Int. 2014. 2014: 649314. Published online 2014 February 25. doi: 10.1155/2014/649314.
47. Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Wittsiepe J, Bruning T, Wilhelm M. Phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urines from German school-aged children: results of the Duisburg Birth Cohort and Bochum Cohort Studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217:830–8.
48. Lioy PJ, Gennings C, Hauser R, Koch HM, Kortenkamp A. Changing trends in phthalate exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122:A264.
49. Polanska K, Ligocka D, Sobala W, Hanke W. Phthalate exposure and child development: the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90:477–85.
50. Berman T, Goldsmith R, Goen T, Spungen J, Novack L, Levine H, et al. Urinary concentrations of environmental contaminants and phytoestrogens in adults in Israel. Environ Int. 2013;59:478–84.
51. Kay VR, Bloom MS, Foster WG. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in males. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2014;44:467–98.
52. Martino-Andrade AJ, Chahoud I. Reproductive toxicity of phthalate esters. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54:148–57.
53. Lyche JL, Gutleb AC, Bergman A, Eriksen GS, Murk AJ, Ropstad E, et al. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B. 2009;12:225–49.
54. Kay VR, Chambers C, Foster WG. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in females. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2013;43:200–19.
55. Martinez-Arguelles DB, Campioli E, Culty M, Zirkin BR, Papadopoulos V. Fetal origin of endocrine dysfunction in the adult: the phthalate model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;137:5–17.
56. Hauser R. Urinary phthalate metabolites and semen quality: a review of a potential biomarker of susceptibility. Int J Androl. 2008;31:112–6.
57. Matsumoto M, Hirata-Koizumi M, Ema M. Potential adverse effects of phthalic acid esters on human health: a review of recent studies on reproduction. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008;50:37–49.
58. Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer E. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007;210:623–34.
59. European Union. Directive 2005/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2005 amending for the 22nd time Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (phthalates in toys and childcare articles). Council, European Parliament. 2005. Available: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32005L0084&from=EN [accessed 2015 9 Apr].
60. Health Canada. Industry guide to health Canada’s safety requirements for children’s toys and related products, 2012. Ottawa, Ontario: Health Canada. 2012. Available: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/alt_formats/pdf/pubs/indust/toys-jouets/toys-jouets-eng.pdf [accessed 2015 12 Apr].
61. CPSC. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. Washington, DC: Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2008. Available: http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act/ [accessed 2015 17 Mar].
62. CPSC. Prohibition of children’s toys and child care articles containing specified phthalates. Fed Regist. 2014;79:78324–43.
63. Dooley EE. Phthalate levels decreasing in beauty products. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:A19.
64. Kessler R. More than cosmetic changes: taking stock of personal care product safety. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:A120–7. Report describing changes in manufacturing and marketing practices of personal care products prompted by public concerns regarding the safety of certain personal care products ingredients.
65. Silva MJ, Jia T, Samandar E, Preau JL, Calafat AM. Environmental exposure to the plasticizer 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH) in US adults (2000–2012). Environ Res. 2013;126:159–63. First report addressing exposure to DINCH, a phthalate replacement, in the United States.
66. Koch HM, Wittassek M, Bruning T, Angerer J, Heudorf U. Exposure to phthalates in 5–6 years old primary school starters in Germany—a human biomonitoring study and a cumulative risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011;214:188–95.
67. European Union. EU Risk Assessment report- BPA. European Union. 2003. Available: http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/crnr_notices/state_listing/data_callin/pdf/EU_bisphenolareport325.pdf [accessed 2012 12 Aug].
68. National Toxicology Program. NTP brief on bisphenol A [CAS NO. 80-05-07]. 2008. Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/bisphenol/bisphenol.pdf [accessed 2015 2 Mar].
69. Arbuckle TE, Davis K, Marro L, Fisher M, Legrand M, LeBlanc A, et al. Phthalate and bisphenol A exposure among pregnant women in Canada—results from the MIREC study. Environ Int. 2014;68:55–65.
70. Berman T, Goldsmith R, Goen T, Spungen J, Novack L, Levine H, et al. Urinary concentrations of environmental contaminants and phytoestrogens in adults in Israel. Environ Int. 2013;59:478–84.
71. Casas M, Valvi D, Luque N, Ballesteros-Gomez A, Carsin AE, Fernandez MF, et al. Dietary and sociodemographic determinants of bisphenol A urine concentrations in pregnant women and children. Environ Int. 2013;56:10–8.
72. Frederiksen H, Jensen TK, Jorgensen N, Kyhl HB, Husby S, Skakkebk NE, et al. Human urinary excretion of non-persistent environmental chemicals: an overview of Danish data collected between 2006 and 2012. Reproduction. 2014;147:555–65.
73. Mortensen ME, Calafat AM, Ye XY, Wong LY, Wright DJ, Pirkle JL, et al. Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols in pregnant women in a pilot study of the National Children’s Study. Environ Res. 2014;129:32–8.
74. Kim K, Park H, Yang W, Lee JH. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and triclosan and associations with demographic factors in the Korean population. Environ Res. 2011;111:1280–5.
75. Bushnik T, Haines D, Levallois P, Levesque J, Van Oostdam J, Viau C. Lead and bisphenol A concentrations in the Canadian population. Health Reports. 2010;21.
76. Wang B, Wang HX, Zhou W, He YH, Zhou Y, Chen Y, et al. Exposure to bisphenol A among school children in eastern China: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24:657–64.
77. Ye XB, Pierik FH, Hauser R, Duty S, Angerer J, Park MM, et al. Urinary metabolite concentrations of organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, and phthalates among pregnant women in Rotterdam, the Netherlands: the Generation R study. Environ Res. 2008;108:260–7.
78. Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Caudill SP, Ekong J, Needham LL. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonyl phenol in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:391–5.
79. EFSA. Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). 2015. Available: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3978.htm [accessed 2015 9 Apr].
80. Health Canada. Health Canada’s Updated Assessment of Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure from Food Sources. 2012. Available: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_hra-ers-2012-09-eng.php#a3 [accessed 2015 22 Mar].
81. FDA. Bisphenol A (BPA): use in food contact application. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2014. Available: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm064437.htm [accessed 2015 16 Mar].
82. Ritter SK. Bisphenol A. Chemical & Engineering News. 2011;89:13. Available: https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/89/8923cover.html [accessed 2015 16 Apr].
83. Bittner GD, Yang CZ, Stoner MA. Estrogenic chemicals often leach from BPA-free plastic products that are replacements for BPA-containing polycarbonate products. Environ Health. 2014;13:41–54.
84. Kitamura S, Suzuki T, Sanoh S, Kohta R, Jinno N, Sugihara K, et al. Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol A and 19 related compounds. Toxicol Sci. 2005;84:249–59.
85. Ye X, Zhou X, Kramer J, Calafat AM. Do human exposures to bisphenol A and three other bisphenol analogs track market changes? Environ Health Perspect. 2014-Abstracts of the 2014 Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), August 24–8, 2014, Seattle, WA. 2014. Environ Health Perspect; http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/isee/p1-001/. Abstract Number: 1527 | ID: P1-001.
86. USEPA. Pesticides industry sales and usage—2006 and 2007 market estimates. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. Available: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/pestsales/07pestsales/market_estimates2007.pdf [accessed 2015 17 Apr].
87. USEPA. Revised human health risk assessment on chlorpyrifos. 2014. Available: http://www2.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/revised-human-health-risk-assessment-chlorpyrifos [accessed 2015 15 Apr].
88. USEPA. Pyrethroids and pyrethrins. 2014. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/pyrethroids-pyrethrins.html [accessed 2015 15 Apr].
89. Becker K, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Kolossa-Gehring M, Hoppe HW, Ball M, et al. GerES IV pilot study: assessment of the exposure of German children to organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2006;209:221–33.