Phthalate and bisphenol A exposure among pregnant women in Canada - Results from the MIREC study

Environment International

Volumn 68, Issue , 2014, Pages 55-65

  Arbuckle, Tye E ^a   Davis, Karelyn ^a   Marro, Leonora ^a   Fisher, Mandy ^a   Legrand, Melissa ^a   LeBlanc, Alain ^b   Gaudreau, Eric ^b   Foster, Warren G ^c   Choeurng, Voleak ^a   Fraser, William D ^d  

^a Health Canada   (Canada)

^b INSTITUT NATIONAL DE SANTÉ PUBLIQUE DU QUÉBEC   (Canada)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Biomonitoring; Bisphenol A; Phthalates; Pregnancy; Urine

Indexed keywords

BIOMOLECULES; BODY FLUIDS; DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY); ESTERS; METABOLITES; OBSTETRICS; POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS; SURVEYS;

BIOMONITORING; BIS-PHENOL A; PHTHALATES; PREGNANCY; URINE;

POPULATION STATISTICS;

4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; MONO CYCLOHEXYL PHTHALATE; MONO ETHYL PHTHALATE; MONO ISONONYL PHTHALATE; MONO METHYL PHTHALATE; PHTHALIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOACCUMULATION; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; MATERNAL HEALTH; METABOLITE; PHTHALATE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PREGNANCY; URINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CANADA; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; HUMAN; INCOME; MATERNAL AGE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMOKING; URINALYSIS;

CANADA;

BIOMONITORING; BISPHENOL A; PHTHALATES; PREGNANCY; URINE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BENZHYDRYL COMPOUNDS; CANADA; CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; COHORT STUDIES; DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; PHENOLS; PHTHALIC ACIDS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY TRIMESTER, FIRST; QUESTIONNAIRES; SMOKING; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84897535566     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.010     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Abduljalil K., Furness P., Johnson T.N., Rostami-Hodjegan A., Soltani H. Anatomical, physiological and metabolic changes with gestational age during normal pregnancy: a database for parameters required in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012, 51(6):365-396. 10.2165/11597440-000000000-00000.
2. Adibi J.J., Perera F.P., Jedrychowski W., Camann D.E., Barr D., Jacek R., et al. Prenatal exposures to phthalates among women in New York City and Krakow. Poland, Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111:1719-1722.
3. Adibi J.J., Hauser R., Williams P.L., Whyatt R.M., Calafat A.M., Nelson H., et al. Maternal urinary metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in relation to the timing of labor in a US multicenter pregnancy cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2009, 169(8):1015-1024. Epub 2009 Feb 27. 10.1093/aje/kwp001.
4. Alonso-Magdalena P., Ropero A.B.., Soriano S., García-Arévalo M., Ripoll C., Fuentes E., et al. Bisphenol-A acts as a potent estrogen via non-classical estrogen triggered pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012, 355(2):201-207. [Epub 2011 Dec 31. Review]. 10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.012.
5. Arbuckle T.E., Fraser W.D., Fisher M., Davis K., Liang C.L., Lupien N., et al. Cohort profile: the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals research platform. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2013, 27(121):415-425. 10.1111/ppe.12061.
6. Braun J.M., Kalkbrenner A.E., Calafat A.M., Yolton K., Ye X., Dietrich K.N., et al. Impact of early-life bisphenol A exposure on behavior and executive function in children. Pediatrics 2011, 128(5):873-882. [Epub 2011 Oct 24]. 10.1542/peds.2011-1335.
7. Braun J.M., Kalkbrenner A.E., Calafat A.M., Bernert J.T., Ye X., Silva M.J., et al. Variability and predictors of urinary bisphenol A concentrations during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 2011, 128(5):873-882. Epub 2011 Oct 24. 10.1542/peds.2011-1335.
8. Braun J.M., Smith K.W., Williams P.L., Calafat A.M., Berry K., Ehrlich S., et al. Variability of urinary phthalate metabolite and bisphenol A concentrations before and during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120:739-745.
9. Braun J.M., Just A.C., Williams P.L., Smith K.W., Calafat A.M., Hauser R. Personal care product use and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy among women from a fertility clinic. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2013, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1038/jes.2013.69.
10. Buckley J.P., Palmieri R.T., Matuszewski J.M., Herring A.H., Baird D.D., Hartmann K.E., et al. Consumer product exposures associated with urinary phthalate levels in pregnant women. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012, 22(5):468-475. [Epub 2012 Jul 4]. 10.1038/jes.2012.33.
11. Bushnik T., Haines D., Levallois P., Levesque J., Van Oostdam J., Viau C. Lead and bisphenol A concentrations in the Canadian population. Health Rep 2010, 21(3):7-18.
12. Canada Order adding a toxic substance to schedule 1 to the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Canada Gazette, Part II: official regulations, 144 (21) Retrieved September 1, 2013. http://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2010/2010-10-13/html/sor-dors194-eng.html.
13. Cantonwine D., Meeker J.D., Hu H., Sánchez B.N., Lamadrid-Figueroa H., Mercado-García A., et al. Bisphenol A exposure in Mexico City and risk of prematurity: a pilot nested case control study. Environ Health 2010, 9:62. 10.1186/1476-069X-9-62.
14. Cantonwine D.E., Cordero J.F., Rivera-González L.O., Anzalota Del Toro L.V., Ferguson K.K., Mukherjee B., et al. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among pregnant women in Northern Puerto Rico: distribution, temporal variability, and predictors. Environ Int 2014, 62:1-11. [Epub 2013 Oct 24]. 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.014.
15. Cao X.L., Corriveau J., Popovic S. Sources of low concentrations of bisphenol A in canned beverage products. J Food Prot 2010, 73(8):1548-1551.
16. Cao X.L., Perez-Locas C., Dufresne G., Clement G., Popovic S., Beraldin F., et al. Concentrations of bisphenol A in the composite food samples from the 2008 Canadian total diet study in Quebec City and dietary intake estimates. Food Addit Contam Part A: Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011, 28(6):791-798. 10.1080/19440049.2010.513015.
17. Casas L., Fernández M.F., Llop S., Guxens M., Ballester F., Olea N., et al. INMA Project. Urinary concentrations of phthalates and phenols in a population of Spanish pregnant women and children. Environ Int 2011, 37(5):858-866. [Epub 2011 Mar 25]. 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.012.
18. Casas M., Valvi D., Luque N., Ballesteros-Gomez A., Carsin A.E., Fernandez M.F., et al. Dietary and sociodemographic determinants of bisphenol A urine concentrations in pregnant women and children. Environ Int 2013, 26(56C):10-18. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.014.
19. CDC Laboratory procedure manual, phthalate metabolites, urine Revised March 26, 2012, [Accessed October 31, 2013]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_09_10/PHTHTE_F_met.pdf.
20. CDC National report on human exposure to environmental chemicals Updated tables, September 2013, [Accessed January 15, 2014]. http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Sep2013 .pdf.
21. Cole S.R., Chu H., Nie L., Schisterman E.F. Estimating the odds ratio when exposure has a limit of detection. Int J Epidemiol 2009, 38:1674-1680.
22. De Coster S., van Larebeke N. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action. J Environ Public Health 2012, 2012:713696. [Epub 2012 Sep 6].
23. Dodson R.E., Nishioka M., Standley L.J., Perovich L.J., Brody J.G., Rudel R.A. Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120(7):935-943. 10.1289/ehp.1104052. Epub 2012 Feb 21.
24. Duty S.M., Mendonca K., Hauser R., Calafat A.M., Ye X., Meeker J.D., et al. Potential sources of bisphenol A in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2013, 131(3):483-489. [Epub 2013 Feb 18]. 10.1542/peds.2012-1380.
25. Engel S.M., Zhu C., Berkowitz G.S., Calafat A.M., Silva M.J., Miodovnik A., et al. Prenatal phthalate exposure and performance on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale in a multiethnic birth cohort. Neurotoxicology 2009, 30(4):522-528. [Epub 2009 Apr 16].
26. Environment Canada and Health Canada Screening assessment for the challenge, phenol, 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene)bis-(bisphenol A), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 80-05-7, October 2008 [Accessed October 31, 2013]. http://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/3C756383-BEB3-45D5-B8D3-E8C800F35243/batch2_ 80-05-7_en.pdf.
27. Ferguson K.K., McElrath T.F., Meeker J.D. Environmental phthalate exposure and preterm birth. JAMA Pediatr 2014, 168(1):61-67. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3699.
28. Frederiksen H., Kranich S.K., Jørgensen N., Taboureau O., Petersen J.H., Andersson A.M. Temporal variability in urinary phthalate metabolite excretion based on spot, morning, and 24-hour urine samples: considerations for epidemiological studies. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47(2):958-967. [Epub 2012 Dec 24]. 10.1021/es303640b.
29. Fromme H., Bolte G., Koch H.M., Angerer J., Boehmer S., Drexler H., et al. Occurrence and daily variation of phthalate metabolites in the urine of an adult population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007, 210(1):21-33. [Epub 2006 Dec 19].
30. Geens T., Goeyens L., Kannan K., Neels H., Covaci A. Levels of bisphenol-A in thermal paper receipts from Belgium and estimation of human exposure. Sci Total Environ 2012, 435-436:30-33. [Epub 2012 Jul 28]. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.001.
31. Harley K.G., Aguilar Schall R., Chevrier J., Tyler K., Aguirre H., Bradman A., et al. Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in childhood in the CHAMACOS cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 4(121):514-520. [Epub 2013 Feb 14].
32. Harley K.G., Gunier R.B., Kogut K., Johnson C., Bradman A., Calafat A.M., et al. Prenatal and early childhood bisphenol A concentrations and behavior in school-aged children. Environ Res 2013, pii: S0013-9351(13)00112-6, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.004.
33. Health Canada Health risk assessment of bisphenol A from food packaging applications. Minister of Health, Ottawa, ON Retrieved September 1, 2013. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_hra-ers-eng.p hp.
34. Health Canada Report on human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada: results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 1 (2007-2009). August 2010 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contamina nts/chms-ecms/report-rapport-eng.pdf.
35. Health Canada Bisphenol A Retrieved June 2, 2012. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/index-eng.php.
36. Health Canada List of prohibited and restricted cosmetic ingredients ("hotlist") Retrieved September 1, 2013. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/cosmet-person/indust/hot-list-critique/in dex-eng.php.
37. Health Canada Phthalates regulations Retrieved September 1, 2013 from. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/_2011/2011_07fs-eng.php.
38. Health Canada Health Canada's updated assessment of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from food sources Retrieved September 1, 2013, from. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_hra-ers-2012- 09-eng.php.
39. Health Canada Second report on human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada: results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 2 (2009-2011). April 2013 2013, [HC Pub.: 130019; Cat.: H128-1/10-601-1E-PDF; ISBN: 978-1-100-22140-3].
40. Health Canada Phthalate substance grouping Retrieved September 1, 2013 from. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/chem-chim/group/phthalate/index-eng.php.
41. Helsel D.R. Statistics for censored environmental data using minitab and R 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. 2nd ed.
42. Jurewicz J., Hanke W. Exposure to phthalates: reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2011, 24(2):115-141. [Epub 2011 May 19]. 10.2478/s13382-011-0022-2.
43. Just A.C., Adibi J.J., Rundle A.G., Calafat A.M., Camann D.E., Hauser R., et al. Urinary and air phthalate concentrations and self-reported use of personal care products among minority pregnant women in New York City. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010, 20(7):625-633. [Epub 2010 Mar 31]. 10.1038/jes.2010.13.
44. Kay V.R., Chambers C., Foster W.G. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in females. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013, 43(3):200-219. [Epub 2013 Feb 13]. 10.3109/10408444.2013.766149.
45. Kelley K.E., Hernández-Díaz S., Chaplin E.L., Hauser R., Mitchell A.A. Identification of phthalates in medications and dietary supplement formulations in the United States and Canada. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120(3):379-384. 10.1289/ehp.1103998. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
46. Kloukos D., Pandis N., Eliades T. In vivo bisphenol-A release from dental pit and fissure sealants: a systematic review. J Dent 2013, 41(8):659-667. [Epub 2013 May 1]. 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.04.012.
47. Koch H.M., Calafat A.M. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009, 364(1526):2063-2078. 10.1098/rstb.2008.0208. Review.
48. Koch H.M., Lorber M., Christensen K.L., Pälmke C., Koslitz S., Brüning T. Identifying sources of phthalate exposure with human biomonitoring: results of a 48h fasting study with urine collection and personal activity patterns. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013, 216(6):672-681. [Epub 2013 Jan 18]. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.002.
49. Koru-Sengul T., Clark J.D., Fleming L.E., Lee D.J. Toward improved statistical methods for analyzing Cotinine-Biomarker health association data. Tob Induc Dis 2011, 9(1):11. 10.1186/1617-9625-9-11.
50. Lakind J.S., Levesque J., Dumas P., Bryan S., Clarke J., Naiman D.Q. Comparing United States and Canadian population exposures from National Biomonitoring Surveys: bisphenol A intake as a case study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012, 22(3):219-226. [Epub 2012 Feb 15]. 10.1038/jes.2012.1.
51. Langlois É., Leblanc A., Simard Y., Thellen C. Accuracy investigation of phthalate metabolite standards. J Anal Toxicol 2012, 36(4):270-279. 10.1093/jat/bks016.
52. Langlois É., Saravanabhavan G., Arbuckle T.E., Giroux S. Correction and comparability of phthalate metabolite measurements of Canadian biomonitoring studies (2007-2012). Environ Int 2014, 64:129-133.
53. Latini G., De Felice C., Presta G., Del Vecchio A., Paris I., Ruggieri F., et al. In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(14):1783-1785.
54. Lee B.E., Park H., Hong Y.C., Ha M., Kim Y., Chang N., et al. Prenatal bisphenol A and birth outcomes: MOCEH (Mothers and Children's Environmental Health) study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014, 217(2-3). pii: S1438-4639(13)00099-0, [Epub 2013 Jul 11]. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.005.
55. Liao C., Kannan K. High levels of bisphenol A in paper currencies from several countries, and implications for dermal exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2011, 45(16):6761-6768. [Epub 2011 Jul 21]. 10.1021/es200977t.
56. Loganathan S.N., Kannan K. Occurrence of bisphenol A in indoor dust from two locations in the eastern United States and implications for human exposures. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2011, 61(1):68-73. [Epub 2011 Jan 8]. 10.1007/s00244-010-9634-y.
57. Lorber M., Angerer J., Koch H.M.A. A simple pharmacokinetic model to characterize exposure of Americans to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010, 20(1):38-53. Epub 2009 Jan 7. 10.1038/jes.2008.74.
58. Makris K.C., Andra S.S., Jia A., Herrick L., Christophi C.A., Snyder S.A., et al. Association between water consumption from polycarbonate containers and bisphenol A intake during harsh environmental conditions in summer. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47(7):3333-3343. Epub 2013 Mar 15. 10.1021/es304038k.
59. May R.C., Ibrahim J.G., Chu H. Maximum likelihood estimation in generalized linear models with multiple covariates subject to detection limits. Stats Med 2011, 30(20):2551-2561.
60. Meeker J.D. Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and child development. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012, 166(10):952-958.
61. Meeker J.D., Hu H., Cantonwine D.E., Lamadrid-Figueroa H., Calafat A.M., Ettinger A.S., et al. Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to preterm birth in Mexico City. Environ Health Perspect 2009, 117(10):1587-1592. Epub 2009 Jun 16. 10.1289/ehp.0800522.
62. Meeker J.D., Cantonwine D.E., Rivera-González L.O., Ferguson K.K., Mukherjee B., Calafat A.M., et al. Distribution, variability, and predictors of urinary concentrations of phenols and parabens among pregnant women in Puerto Rico. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47(7):3439-3447. Epub 2013 Mar 19. 10.1021/es400510g.
63. Moya J., Phillips L., Sanford J., Wooton M., Gregg A., Schuda L. A review of physiological and behavioral changes during pregnancy and lactation: potential exposure factors and data gaps. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1038/jes.2013.92.
64. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Dadvand P., Grellier J., Martinez D., Vrijheid M. Environmental risk factors of pregnancy outcomes: a summary of recent meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. Environ Health 2013, 12:6. 10.1186/1476-069X-12-6.
65. Nysen R., Aerts M., Faes C. Testing goodness of fit of parametric models for censored data. Stats Med 2012, 31:2374-2385.
66. Parlett L.E., Calafat A.M., Swan S.H. Women's exposure to phthalates in relation to use of personal care products. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2013, 23(2):197-206. [Epub 2012 Nov 21]. 10.1038/jes.2012.105.
67. Peck J.D., Sweeney A.M., Symanski E., Gardiner J., Silva M.J., Calafat A.M., et al. Intra- and inter-individual variability of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in Hmong women of reproductive age. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010, 20:90-100.
68. Perera F., Vishnevetsky J., Herbstman J.B., Calafat A.M., Xiong W., Rauh V., et al. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure and child behavior in an inner-city cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120(8):1190-1194. Epub 2012 Apr 27. 10.1289/ehp.1104492.
69. Philippat C., Mortamais M., Chevrier C., Petit C., Calafat A.M., Ye X., et al. Exposure to phthalates and phenols during pregnancy and offspring size at birth. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120(3):464-470. [Epub 2011 Sep 7. Erratum in: Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Mar;120(3):470]. 10.1289/ehp.1103634.
70. Preau J.L., Wong L.-Y., Silva M.J., Needham L.L., Calafat A.M. Variability over one week in the urinary concentrations of metabolites of diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among 8 adults: an observational study. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:1748-1754.
71. Quirós-Alcalá L., Eskenazi B., Bradman A., Ye X., Calafat A.M., Harley K. Determinants of urinary bisphenol A concentrations in Mexican/Mexican-American pregnant women. Environ Int 2013, 59C:152-160. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.016.
72. Saravanabhavan G., Guay M., Langlois É., Giroux S., Murray J., Haines D. Biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites in the Canadian population through the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013, 216(6):652-661. [Epub 2013 Feb 16]. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.009.
73. Schecter A., Lorber M., Guo Y., Wu Q., Yun S.H., Kannan K., et al. Phthalate concentrations and dietary exposure from food purchased in New York State. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121(4):473-494. [494e1-4, Epub 2013 Feb 15]. 10.1289/ehp.1206367.
74. Snijder C.A., Heederik D., Pierik F.H., Hofman A., Jaddoe V.W., Koch H.M., et al. Fetal growth and prenatal exposure to bisphenol A: the Generation R study. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121(3):393-398. [Epub 2012 Dec 21]. 10.1289/ehp.1205296.
75. Spanier A.J., Kahn R.S., Kunselman A.R., Hornung R., Xu Y., Calafat A.M., et al. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and child wheeze from birth to 3years of age. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120(6):916-920. [Epub 2012 Feb 14]. 10.1289/ehp.1104175.
76. Suzuki Y., Niwa M., Yoshinaga J., Mizumoto Y., Serizawa S., Shiraishi H. Prenatal exposure to phthalate esters and PAHs and birth outcomes. Environ Int 2010, 36(7):699-704. [Epub 2010 Jun 1]. 10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.003.
77. Suzuki Y., Yoshinaga J., Mizumoto Y., Serizawa S., Shiraishi H. Foetal exposure to phthalate esters and anogenital distance in male newborns. Int J Androl 2012, 35(3):236-244. [Epub 2011 Jun 22]. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01190.x.
78. Swan S.H. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environ Res 2008, 108(2):177-184.
79. Swan S.H., Main K.M., Liu F., Stewart S.L., Kruse R.L., Calafat A.M., et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug;113(8):1056-61. Erratum. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113(9):A583. Study for Future Families Research Team.
80. Tang R., Chen M.J., Ding G.D., Chen X.J., Han X.M., Zhou K., et al. Associations of prenatal exposure to phenols with birth outcomes. Environ Pollut 2013, 178:115-120. [Epub 2013 Apr 3]. 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.023.
81. Tefre de Renzy-Martin K., Frederiksen H., Christensen J., Boye Kyhl H., Andersson A.M., Husby S., et al. Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols. Reproduction 2014, 147(4):443-453. 10.1530/REP-13-0461.
82. Teitelbaum S.L., Britton J.A., Calafat A.M., Ye X., Silva M.J., Reidy J.A., et al. Temporal variability in urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, phytoestrogens and phenols among minority children in the United States. Environ Res 2008, 106:257-269.
83. Téllez-Rojo M.M., Cantoral A., Cantonwine D.E., Schnaas L., Peterson K., Hu H., et al. Prenatal urinary phthalate metabolites levels and neurodevelopment in children at two and three years of age. Sci Total Environ 2013, 461-462:386-390. [Epub 2013 Jun 5]. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.021.
84. Toft G., Jönsson B.A., Lindh C.H., Jensen T.K., Hjollund N.H., Vested A., et al. Association between pregnancy loss and urinary phthalate levels around the time of conception. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120(3):458-463. [Epub 2011 Nov 23]. 10.1289/ehp.1103552.
85. Valvi D., Casas M., Mendez M.A., Ballesteros-Gómez A., Luque N., Rubio S., et al. Prenatal bisphenol A urine concentrations and early rapid growth and overweight risk in the offspring. Epidemiology 2013, 24(6):791-799. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67822.
86. Volberg V., Harley K., Calafat A.M., Davé V., McFadden J., Eskenazi B., et al. Maternal bisphenol A exposure during pregnancy and its association with adipokines in Mexican-American children. Environ Mol Mutagen 2013, 54(8):621-628. [Epub 2013 Aug 1]. 10.1002/em.21803.
87. Weinberger B., Vetrano A.M., Archer F.E., Marcella S.W., Buckley B., Wartenberg D., et al. Effects of maternal exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A during pregnancy on gestational age. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014, 27(4):323-327. [Epub 2013 Jul 18]. 10.3109/14767058.2013.815718.
88. Whyatt R.M., Adibi J.J., Calafat A.M., Camann D.E., Rauh V., Bhat H.K., et al. Prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure and length of gestation among an inner-city cohort. Pediatrics 2009, 124(6):e1213-e1220. 10.1542/peds.2009-0325.
89. Whyatt R.M., Liu X., Rauh V.A., Calafat A.M., Just A.C., Hoepner L., et al. Maternal prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and child mental, psychomotor, and behavioral development at 3years of age. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120(2):290-295. [Epub 2011 Aug 31]. 10.1289/ehp.1103705.
90. Wittassek M., Koch H.M., Angerer J., Brüning T. Assessing exposure to phthalates - the human biomonitoring approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011, 55(1):7-31. 10.1002/mnfr.201000121.
91. Wolff M.S., Engel S.M., Berkowitz G.S., Ye X., Silva M.J., Zhu C., et al. Prenatal phenol and phthalate exposures and birth outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116(8):1092-1097. 10.1289/ehp.11007.
92. Zhang Y., Lin L., Cao Y., Chen B., Zheng L., Ge R.S. Phthalate levels and low birth weight: a nested case-control study of Chinese newborns. J Pediatr 2009, 155(4):500-504. [Epub 2009 Jun 24]. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.04.007.