Phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urines from German school-aged children: Results of the Duisburg Birth Cohort and Bochum Cohort Studies

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

Volumn 217, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 830-838

  Kasper Sonnenberg, Monika ^a   Koch, Holger M ^a   Wittsiepe, Jürgen ^a   Brüning, Thomas ^a   Wilhelm, Michael ^a  

^a RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bisphenol A; Bochum cohort; Children; Duisburg birth cohort; Phthalates; Urine

Indexed keywords

4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; BENZHYDRYL DERIVATIVE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PHTHALIC ACID; PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

AGE; ANALYSIS; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMAN; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; URINE;

AGE FACTORS; BENZHYDRYL COMPOUNDS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COHORT STUDIES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMANS; MALE; PHENOLS; PHTHALIC ACIDS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

EID: 84908506529     PISSN: 14384639     EISSN: 1618131X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Anderson W.A., Castle L., Scotter M.J., Massey R.C., Springall C. A biomarker approach to measuring human dietary exposure to certain phthalate diesters. Food Addit. Contam. 2001, 18:1068-1074.
2. Barr D.B., Wilder L.C., Caudill S.P., Gonzalez A.J., Needham L.L., Pirkle J.L. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:192-200.
3. Becker K., Göen T., Seiwert M., Conrad A., Pick-Fuss H., Müller J., Wittassek M., Schulz C., Kolossa-Gehring M. GerES IV: phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urine of German children. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212:685-692.
4. Bornehag C.G., Nanberg E. Phthalate exposure and asthma in children. Int. J. Androl. 2010, 33:333-345.
5. Braun J.M., Sathyanarayana S., Hauser R. Phthalate exposure and children's health. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2013, 25:247-254.
6. Braun J.M., Smith K.W., Williams P.L., Calafat A.M., Berry K., Ehrlich S., Hauser R. Variability of urinary phthalate metabolite and bisphenol A concentrations before and during pregnancy. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120:739-745.
7. Bushnik T., Haines D., Levallois P., Levesque J., Van Oostdam J., Viau C. Lead and bisphenol A concentrations in the Canadian population. Health Rep. 2010, 21:7-18.
8. Calafat A.M., Ye X., Wong L.Y., Reidy J.A., Needham L.L. Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:39-44.
9. CDC Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals 2011, Center for Disease Control and Prevention USA, Atlanta, Updated Tables, February 2011.
10. CDC Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals 2013, Center for Disease Control and Prevention USA, Updated Tables, September 2013.
11. ECHA Evaluation of New Scientific Evidence Concerning DINP and DIDP in Relation to Entry 52 of Annex XVII to REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 2013, European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland.
12. EFSA Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission related to 2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propane (Bisphenol A), Question Number EFSA-Q-2005-100. EFSA J. 2006, 428:1-75.
13. EFSA Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the commission related to butylbenzylphthalate (BBP), di-butylphthalate (DBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP), di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials. EFSA J. 2005, 241-243, 245.
14. Engel S.M., Miodovnik A., Canfield R.L., Zhu C., Silva M.J., Calafat A.M., Wolff M.S. Prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with childhood behavior and executive functioning. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:565-571.
15. Frederiksen H., Jensen T.K., Jorgensen N., Kyhl H.B., Husby S., Skakkebaek N.E., Main K.M., Juul A., Andersson A.M. Human urinary excretion of non-persistent environmental chemicals: an overview of Danish data collected between 2006 and 2012. Reproduction 2014, 147:555-565.
16. Frederiksen H., Aksglaede L., Sorensen K., Skakkebaek N.E., Juul A., Andersson A.M. Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites in 129 healthy Danish children and adolescents: estimation of daily phthalate intake. Environ. Res. 2011, 111:656-663.
17. Frederiksen H., Nielsen J.K., Morck T.A., Hansen P.W., Jensen J.F., Nielsen O., Andersson A.M., Knudsen L.E. Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother-child pairs. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2013, 216:772-783.
18. Frederiksen H., Sorensen K., Mouritsen A., Aksglaede L., Hagen C.P., Petersen J.H., Skakkebaek N.E., Andersson A.M., Juul A. High urinary phthalate concentration associated with delayed pubarche in girls. Int. J. Androl. 2012, 35:216-226.
19. Geigy Wissenschaftliche Tabellen. Körperflüssgikeiten 1977, CIBA-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland.
20. Göen T., Dobler L., Koschorreck J., Müller J., Wiesmüller G.A., Drexler H., Kolossa-Gehring M. Trends of the internal phthalate exposure of young adults in Germany - follow-up of a retrospective human biomonitoring study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2011, 215:36-45.
21. HBM-Commission Standardization of substance contents in urine-creatinine, Statement of the Commission "Human Biomonitoring" of the Environmental Agency. Bundesgesundheitsb. Gesundheitsforsch. Gesundheitsschutz 2005, 48:616-618.
22. Hoepner L.A., Whyatt R.M., Just A.C., Calafat A.M., Perera F.P., Rundle A.G. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A in an urban minority birth cohort in New York City, prenatal through age 7 years. Environ. Res. 2013, 122:38-44.
23. Jurewicz J., Hanke W. Exposure to phthalates: Reproductive outcome and children health. A review of epidemiological studies. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2011, 24:115-141.
24. Kasper-Sonnenberg M., Koch H.M., Wittsiepe J., Wilhelm M. Levels of phthalate metabolites in urine among mother-child-pairs - results from the Duisburg birth cohort study, Germany. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2012, 215:373-382.
25. Kasper-Sonnenberg M., Wittsiepe J., Koch H.M., Fromme H., Wilhelm M. Determination of bisphenol a in urine from mother-child pairs-results from the duisburg birth cohort study, Germany. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2012, 75:429-437.
26. Koch H.M., Becker K., Wittassek M., Seiwert M., Angerer J., Kolossa-Gehring M. Di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate - urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes: pilot study for the German Environmental Survey on children. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2007, 17:378-387.
27. Koch H.M., Bolt H.M., Preuss R., Angerer J. New metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human urine and serum after single oral doses of deuterium-labelled DEHP. Arch. Toxicol. 2005, 79:367-376.
28. Koch H.M., Calafat A.M. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 2009, 364:2063-2078.
29. Koch H.M., Gonzalez-Reche L.M., Angerer J. On-line clean-up by multidimensional liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput quantification of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites in human urine. J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2003, 784:169-182.
30. Koch H.M., Kolossa-Gehring M., Schroter-Kermani C., Angerer J., Brüning T. Bisphenol A in 24h urine and plasma samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2009: a retrospective exposure evaluation. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2012, 22:610-616.
31. Koch H.M., Müller J., Angerer J. Determination of secondary, oxidised di-iso-nonylphthalate (DINP) metabolites in human urine representative for the exposure to commercial DINP plasticizers. J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2007, 847:114-125.
32. Koch H.M., Wittassek M., Brüning T., Angerer J., Heudorf U. Exposure to phthalates in 5-6 years old primary school starters in Germany - a human biomonitoring study and a cumulative risk assessment. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2011, 214:188-195.
33. Krishnan K., Gagne M., Nong A., Aylward L.L., Hays S.M. Biomonitoring equivalents for bisphenol A (BPA). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2010, 58:18-24.
34. Li M., Qiu L., Zhang Y., Hua Y., Tu S., He Y., Wen S., Wang Q., Wei G. Dose-related effect by maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticizer on inducing hypospadiac male rats. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2013, 35:55-60.
35. Lorber M., Angerer J., Koch H.M. A simple pharmacokinetic model to characterize exposure of Americans to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2010, 20:38-53.
36. Meeker J.D. Exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting compounds and men's health. Maturitas 2010, 66:236-241.
37. Meeker J.D., Calafat A.M., Hauser R. Urinary phthalate metabolites and their biotransformation products: predictors and temporal variability among men and women. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2012, 22:376-385.
38. Miodovnik A., Edwards A., Bellinger D.C., Hauser R. Developmental neurotoxicity of ortho-phthalate diesters: review of human and experimental evidence. Neurotoxicology 2014, 41C:112-122.
39. Moss G.A., Bondar R.J., Buzzelli D.M. Kinetic enzymatic method for determining serum creatinine. Clin. Chem. 1975, 21:1422-1426.
40. Mouritsen A., Frederiksen H., Sorensen K., Aksglaede L., Hagen C., Skakkebaek N.E., Main K.M., Andersson A.M., Juul A. Urinary phthalates from 168 girls and boys measured twice a year during a 5-year period: associations with adrenal androgen levels and puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98:3755-3764.
41. National Academy of Science Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment: The Task Ahead 2008, 208. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
42. Pak V.M., McCauley L.A., Pinto-Martin J. Phthalate exposures and human health concerns: a review and implications for practice. AAOHN. J. 2011, 59:228-233. quiz 234-235.
43. Preuss R., Koch H.M., Angerer J. Biological monitoring of the five major metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human urine using column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2005, 816:269-280.
44. Rochester J.R. Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod. Toxicol. 2013, 42:132-155.
45. Saravanabhavan G., Guay M., Langlois E., Giroux S., Murray J., Haines D. Biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites in the Canadian population through the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009). Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2013, 216:652-661.
46. Saravanabhavan G., Murray J. Human biological monitoring of diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate: a review. J. Environ. Public Health 2012, 2012:810501.
47. Sathyanarayana S. Phthalates and children's health. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care 2008, 38:34-49.
48. Schulz C., Wilhelm M., Heudorf U., Kolossa-Gehring M. Update of the reference and HBM values derived by the German Human Biomonitoring Commission. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2011, 215:26-35.
49. Schulz C., Wilhelm M., Heudorf U., Kolossa-Gehring M. Reprint of "Update of the reference and HBM values derived by the German Human Biomonitoring Commission". Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2012, 215:150-158.
50. Shankar A., Teppala S., Sabanayagam C. Urinary bisphenol a levels and measures of obesity: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2008. ISRN Endocrinol. 2012, 2012:965243.
51. Stahlhut R.W., Welshons W.V., Swan S.H. Bisphenol A data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:784-789.
52. Swan S.H. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environ. Res. 2008, 108:177-184.
53. Swan S.H., Liu F., Hines M., Kruse R.L., Wang C., Redmon J.B., Sparks A., Weiss B. Prenatal phthalate exposure and reduced masculine play in boys. Int. J. Androl. 2010, 33:259-269.
54. Swan S.H., Main K.M., Liu F., Stewart S.L., Kruse R.L., Calafat A.M., Mao C.S., Redmon J.B., Ternand C.L., Sullivan S., Teague J.L. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1056-1061.
55. Teitelbaum S.L., Mervish N., Moshier E.L., Vangeepuram N., Galvez M.P., Calafat A.M., Silva M.J., Brenner B.L., Wolff M.S. Associations between phthalate metabolite urinary concentrations and body size measures in New York City children. Environ. Res. 2012, 112:186-193.
56. Trasande L., Attina T.M., Blustein J. Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2012, 308:1113-1121.
57. Vandenberg L.N., Chahoud I., Padmanabhan V., Paumgartten F.J., Schoenfelder G. Biomonitoring studies should be used by regulatory agencies to assess human exposure levels and safety of bisphenol a. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:1051-1054.
58. Völkel W., Colnot T., Csanady G.A., Filser J.G., Dekant W. Metabolism and kinetics of bisphenol a in humans at low doses following oral administration. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2002, 15:1281-1287.
59. Wang H., Zhou Y., Tang C., He Y., Wu J., Chen Y., Jiang Q. Urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese school children. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e56800.
60. Wang I.J., Lin C.C., Lin Y.J., Hsieh W.S., Chen P.C. Early life phthalate exposure and atopic disorders in children: a prospective birth cohort study. Environ. Int. 2014, 62:48-54.
61. Wang T., Li M., Chen B., Xu M., Xu Y., Huang Y., Lu J., Chen Y., Wang W., Li X., Liu Y., Bi Y., Lai S., Ning G. Urinary bisphenol A (BPA) concentration associates with obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 97:E223-E227.
62. Wilhelm M., Wittsiepe J., Lemm F., Ranft U., Krämer U., Fürst P., Röseler S.C., Greshake M., Imöhl M., Eberwein G., Rauchfuss K., Kraft M., Winneke G. The Duisburg birth cohort study: influence of the prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs on thyroid hormone status in newborns and neurodevelopment of infants until the age of 24 months. Mutat. Res. 2008, 659:83-92.
63. Willhite C.C. The Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) NTP-CERHR report. Commentary. Birth Defects Res. B: Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 2008, 83:153-154.
64. Wittassek M., Koch H.M., Angerer J., Brüning T. Assessing exposure to phthalates - the human biomonitoring approach. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55:7-31.
65. Wittassek M., Wiesmüller G.A., Koch H.M., Eckard R., Dobler L., Müller J., Angerer J., Schlüter C. Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades - a retrospective human biomonitoring study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007, 210:319-333.
66. Wittsiepe J., Fürst P., Schrey P., Lemm F., Kraft M., Eberwein G., Winneke G., Wilhelm M. PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in human blood and milk from German mothers. Chemosphere 2007, 67:S286-S294.
67. Zota A.R., Calafat A.M., Woodruff T.J. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2001-2010. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122:235-241.