How do race and sex affect the earnings of primary care physicians?

Health Affairs

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 557-566

  Weeks, William B ^a,b   Wallace, Tanner A ^c   Wallace, Amy E ^d,e  

^a VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH POLICY AND CLINICAL PRACTICE   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d VA Outcomes Group REAP   (United States)

^e DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; GENDER; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; NEGRO; PHYSICIAN INCOME; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; RACE;

EFFICIENCY, ORGANIZATIONAL; HEALTH RECORDS, PERSONAL; HUMANS; PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE);

EID: 66149168580     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: 15445208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.557     Document Type: Article

References (39)

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2. L. Mishel, J. Bernstein, and J. Schmitt, The State of Working America, 2000-2001, An Economic Policy Institute Book (Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 2001);
3. and Exhibit A in the online Technical Appendix, at http://content. healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/28/2/557/DC1.
4. Association of American Medical Colleges, AAMC Data Book: Statistical Information Related to Medical Schools and Teaching Hospitals (Washington: AAMC, 2007);
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11. W.B. Weeks and A.E. Wallace, "Race and Gender Differences in General Internists' Annual Incomes," Journal of General Internal Medicine 21, no. 11 (2006): 1167-1171;
12. W.B. Weeks and A. Wallace, "The Influence of Race and Gender on Family Physicians' Annual Incomes," Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 19, no. 6 (2006): 548-556;
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14. Center for Studying Health System Change, Community Tracking Study Physician Survey, 1998-1999, Pub. no. (Washington: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 2001);
15. HSC, Community Tracking Study Physician Survey, 2000-2001, Pub. no. (Washington: ICPSR, 2003);
16. and HSC, Community Tracking Study Physician Survey, 2004-2005, Pub. no. (Washington: ICPSR, 2006).
17. See Note 4.
18. For details on how the samples were constructed, see Exhibit B in the Technical Appendix, online as in Note 1.
19. See, for example, the sources in Note 4;
20. R.L. Ohsfeldt and S.D. Culler, "Differences in Income between Male and Female Physicians," Journal of Health Economics 5, no. 4 (1986): 335-346;
21. P. Carr et al., "Research, Academic Rank, and Compensation of Women and Men Faculty in Academic General Internal Medicine," Journal of General Internal Medicine 7, no. 4 (1992): 418-423;
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23. See, for example, the sources in Note 4;
24. S.W. Polachek and W.S. Siebert, The Economics of Earnings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993);
25. W.B. Weeks and A.E. Wallace, "The More Things Change: Revisiting a Comparison of Educational Costs and Incomes of Physicians and Other Professionals," Academic Medicine 77, no. 4 (2002): 312-319;
26. and W.B. Weeks et al., "A Comparison of the Educational Costs and Incomes of Physicians and Other Professionals," New England Journal of Medicine 330, no. 18 (1994): 1280-1286. (Pubitemid 24129963)
27. See the sources in Note 4;
28. R. Ness et al., "Salary Equity among Male and Female Internists in Pennsylvania," Annals of Internal Medicine 133, no. 2 (2000): 104-110;
29. and E.R. Becker, S. Culler, and R. Ohsfeldt, "Impact of Board Certification on Physician Practice Characteristics," Journal of Medical Education 60, no. 1 (1985): 9-15. (Pubitemid 15159915)
30. W.B. Weeks and A.E. Wallace, "Rural-Urban Differences in Primary Care Physicians' Practice Patterns, Characteristics, and Incomes," Journal of Rural Health 24, no. 2 (2008): 161-170;
31. and T.P. Weil, "Attracting Qualified Physicians to Underserved Areas, Part 2: Pay Physicians More to Practice in Underserved Areas," Physician Executive 25, no. 1 (1999): 53-63.
32. Moy and Bartman, "Physician Race."
33. More details of our analytic methods are available in the Technical Appendix, online as in Note 1.
34. Unadjusted mean values for all years and for all variables examined are provided in Exhibit C in the Technical Appendix online; ibid.
35. Ibid., lower part of Exhibit C.
36. See the sources in Note 4.
37. DeNavas-Walt et al., Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage;
38. and Mishel et al., The State of Working America.
39. D.M. Berwick, "A User's Manual for the IOM's 'Quality Chasm' Report," Health Affairs 21, no. 3 (2002): 80-90.