메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 184-216

Task Segregation as a Mechanism for Within-job Inequality: Women and Men of the Transportation Security Administration

Author keywords

emotional labor; gender; job quality; sex segregation; stratification; task segregation; Transportation Security Administration; work content; work inequality

Indexed keywords


EID: 84964893498     PISSN: 00018392     EISSN: 19303815     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0001839215611447     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (71)

References (129)
  • 2
    • 84973748589 scopus 로고
    • Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations
    • J.Acker1990 “Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations.” Gender and Society, 4: 139–158.
    • (1990) Gender and Society , vol.4 , pp. 139-158
    • Acker, J.1
  • 5
    • 61349153667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity incentives as an engaging form of control: Revisiting leniencies in an aeronautic plant
    • M.Anteby2008b “Identity incentives as an engaging form of control: Revisiting leniencies in an aeronautic plant.” Organization Science, 19: 202–220.
    • (2008) Organization Science , vol.19 , pp. 202-220
    • Anteby, M.1
  • 6
    • 79952180240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markets, morals, and practices of trade: Jurisdictional disputes in the U.S. commerce in cadavers
    • M.Anteby2010 “Markets, morals, and practices of trade: Jurisdictional disputes in the U.S. commerce in cadavers.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 55: 606–638.
    • (2010) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.55 , pp. 606-638
    • Anteby, M.1
  • 7
    • 0022627077 scopus 로고
    • Technology as an occasion for structuring: Evidence from observations of CT scanners and the social order of radiology departments
    • S.R.Barley1986 “Technology as an occasion for structuring: Evidence from observations of CT scanners and the social order of radiology departments.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 78–108.
    • (1986) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.31 , pp. 78-108
    • Barley, S.R.1
  • 9
    • 0000465626 scopus 로고
    • Organizational barriers to gender equality: Sex segregation of jobs and opportunities
    • Chicago: Aldine,,.” In (ed.)
    • J.N.BaronW.T.Bielby1985 “Organizational barriers to gender equality: Sex segregation of jobs and opportunities.” In (ed.), Gender and the Life Course: 233–251. Chicago: Aldine.
    • (1985) Gender and the Life Course , pp. 233-251
    • Baron, J.N.1    Bielby, W.T.2
  • 11
    • 0025584194 scopus 로고
    • For what it’s worth: Organizations, occupations, and the value of work done by women and nonwhites
    • J.N.BaronA.E.Newman1990 “For what it’s worth: Organizations, occupations, and the value of work done by women and nonwhites.” American Sociological Review, 55: 155–175.
    • (1990) American Sociological Review , vol.55 , pp. 155-175
    • Baron, J.N.1    Newman, A.E.2
  • 13
    • 1842478861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Object lessons: Workplace artifacts as representations of occupational jurisdiction
    • B.A.Bechky2003 “Object lessons: Workplace artifacts as representations of occupational jurisdiction.” American Journal of Sociology, 109: 720–752.
    • (2003) American Journal of Sociology , vol.109 , pp. 720-752
    • Bechky, B.A.1
  • 14
    • 84925979411 scopus 로고
    • Workers and machines: Dimensions and determinants of technical relations in the workplace
    • W.T.BielbyJ.N.Baron1982 “Workers and machines: Dimensions and determinants of technical relations in the workplace.” American Sociological Review, 47: 175–188.
    • (1982) American Sociological Review , vol.47 , pp. 175-188
    • Bielby, W.T.1    Baron, J.N.2
  • 15
    • 0002981539 scopus 로고
    • A woman’s place is with other women: Sex segregation within organizations
    • Washington, DC: National Academy,,.” In (ed.)
    • W.T.BielbyJ.N.Baron1984 “A woman’s place is with other women: Sex segregation within organizations.” In (ed.), Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies: 27–55. Washington, DC: National Academy.
    • (1984) Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies , pp. 27-55
    • Bielby, W.T.1    Baron, J.N.2
  • 17
    • 34247144011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gender pay gap: Have women gone as far as they can?
    • F.D.BlauL.M.Kahn2007 “The gender pay gap: Have women gone as far as they can?” Academy of Management Perspectives, 21: 7–23.
    • (2007) Academy of Management Perspectives , vol.21 , pp. 7-23
    • Blau, F.D.1    Kahn, L.M.2
  • 19
    • 0031481796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gendered organizational logic: Policy and practice in men’s and women’s prisons
    • D.M.Britton1997 “Gendered organizational logic: Policy and practice in men’s and women’s prisons.” Gender and Society, 11: 796–818.
    • (1997) Gender and Society , vol.11 , pp. 796-818
    • Britton, D.M.1
  • 21
    • 0002208260 scopus 로고
    • The grounded theory method: An explication and interpretation
    • Boston: Little Brown,,.” In (ed.)
    • K.Charmaz1983 “The grounded theory method: An explication and interpretation.” In (ed.), Contemporary Field Research: 109–126. Boston: Little Brown.
    • (1983) Contemporary Field Research , pp. 109-126
    • Charmaz, K.1
  • 23
    • 84877672060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assembling jobs: A model of how tasks are bundled into and across jobs
    • L.E.Cohen2013 “Assembling jobs: A model of how tasks are bundled into and across jobs.” Organization Science, 24: 432–454.
    • (2013) Organization Science , vol.24 , pp. 432-454
    • Cohen, L.E.1
  • 27
    • 84878514280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, the labor process and dignity at work
    • M.Crowley2013 “Gender, the labor process and dignity at work.” Social Forces, 91: 1209–1238.
    • (2013) Social Forces , vol.91 , pp. 1209-1238
    • Crowley, M.1
  • 28
    • 84936823753 scopus 로고
    • Invisible work
    • A.K.Daniels1987 “Invisible work.” Social Problems, 34: 403–415.
    • (1987) Social Problems , vol.34 , pp. 403-415
    • Daniels, A.K.1
  • 30
    • 84964803620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TSA’s gender gap shortchanges female officers
    • March, Accessed November 19, 2014
    • J.Davidson2011 “TSA’s gender gap shortchanges female officers.” Washington Post, March30, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/politics/tsas-gender-gap-short-changes-female-officers/2011/03/30/AFGPws5B_story.html. Accessed November 19, 2014.
    • (2011) Washington Post
    • Davidson, J.1
  • 31
    • 84928842702 scopus 로고
    • Gender and promotion in segmented job ladder systems
    • T.A.DiPreteW.T.Soule1988 “Gender and promotion in segmented job ladder systems.” American Sociological Review, 53: 26–40.
    • (1988) American Sociological Review , vol.53 , pp. 26-40
    • DiPrete, T.A.1    Soule, W.T.2
  • 32
    • 34848897811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workforce diversity and inequality: Power, status, and numbers
    • N.DiTomasoC.PostR.Parks-Yancy2007 “Workforce diversity and inequality: Power, status, and numbers.” Annual Review of Sociology, 33: 473–501.
    • (2007) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.33 , pp. 473-501
    • DiTomaso, N.1    Post, C.2    Parks-Yancy, R.3
  • 34
    • 77952231669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathways for positive identity construction at work: Four types of positive identity and the building of social resources
    • J.E.DuttonL.M.RobertsJ.Bednar2010 “Pathways for positive identity construction at work: Four types of positive identity and the building of social resources.” Academy of Management Review, 35: 265–293.
    • (2010) Academy of Management Review , vol.35 , pp. 265-293
    • Dutton, J.E.1    Roberts, L.M.2    Bednar, J.3
  • 36
    • 10944221250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A field study of group diversity, participation in diversity education programs, and performance
    • R.J.Ely2004 “A field study of group diversity, participation in diversity education programs, and performance.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25: 755–780.
    • (2004) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.25 , pp. 755-780
    • Ely, R.J.1
  • 37
    • 0035539617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes
    • R.J.ElyD.A.Thomas2001 “Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 46: 229–273.
    • (2001) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.46 , pp. 229-273
    • Ely, R.J.1    Thomas, D.A.2
  • 38
    • 34447514289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does bad pay cause occupations to feminize, does feminization reduce pay, and how can we tell with longitudinal data?
    • P.EnglandP.AllisonY.Wu2007 “Does bad pay cause occupations to feminize, does feminization reduce pay, and how can we tell with longitudinal data?” Social Science Research, 36: 1237–1256.
    • (2007) Social Science Research , vol.36 , pp. 1237-1256
    • England, P.1    Allison, P.2    Wu, Y.3
  • 39
    • 84935041643 scopus 로고
    • Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects
    • P.EnglandG.FarkasB.S.KilbourneT.Dou1988 “Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects.” American Sociological Review, 53: 544–558.
    • (1988) American Sociological Review , vol.53 , pp. 544-558
    • England, P.1    Farkas, G.2    Kilbourne, B.S.3    Dou, T.4
  • 40
    • 84876076677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a sociology of expertise: The social origins of the autism epidemic
    • G.Eyal2013 “For a sociology of expertise: The social origins of the autism epidemic.” American Journal of Sociology, 118: 863–907.
    • (2013) American Journal of Sociology , vol.118 , pp. 863-907
    • Eyal, G.1
  • 41
    • 0043264403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconceptualizing organizational routines as a source of flexibility and change
    • M.S.FeldmanB.T.Pentland2003 “Reconceptualizing organizational routines as a source of flexibility and change.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 48: 94–94.
    • (2003) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.48 , pp. 94
    • Feldman, M.S.1    Pentland, B.T.2
  • 42
    • 32744456011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call center
    • R.M.FernandezM.L.Sosa2005 “Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call center.” American Journal of Sociology, 111: 859–904.
    • (2005) American Journal of Sociology , vol.111 , pp. 859-904
    • Fernandez, R.M.1    Sosa, M.L.2
  • 47
    • 27644503327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes, same-gender preferences, and organizational variation in the hiring of women: Evidence from law firms
    • E.H.Gorman2005 “Gender stereotypes, same-gender preferences, and organizational variation in the hiring of women: Evidence from law firms.” American Sociological Review, 70: 702–728.
    • (2005) American Sociological Review , vol.70 , pp. 702-728
    • Gorman, E.H.1
  • 48
    • 0000203435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium
    • R.W.GriffethP.W.HomS.Gaertner2000 “A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium.” Journal of Management, 26: 463–488.
    • (2000) Journal of Management , vol.26 , pp. 463-488
    • Griffeth, R.W.1    Hom, P.W.2    Gaertner, S.3
  • 53
    • 20444485780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Employment in the public sector: Two recessions’ impact on jobs
    • J.Hatch2004 “Employment in the public sector: Two recessions’ impact on jobs.” Monthly Labor Review, 127: 38–47.
    • (2004) Monthly Labor Review , vol.127 , pp. 38-47
    • Hatch, J.1
  • 54
    • 38049100297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Linking organizations and physiology
    • E.D.HeaphyJ.E.Dutton2008 “Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Linking organizations and physiology.” Academy of Management Review, 33: 137–162.
    • (2008) Academy of Management Review , vol.33 , pp. 137-162
    • Heaphy, E.D.1    Dutton, J.E.2
  • 57
    • 0004049197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • R.Hodson2001Dignity at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2001) Dignity at Work
    • Hodson, R.1
  • 59
    • 84964874301 scopus 로고
    • Paper presented at the Women and Work Conference, Arlington, TX:
    • A.S.Huff1990 “Wives—of the organization.” Paper presented at the Women and Work Conference, Arlington, TX.
    • (1990) Wives—of the organization
    • Huff, A.S.1
  • 61
    • 84930467413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To hive or to hold? Producing professional authority through scut work
    • R.Huising2015 “To hive or to hold? Producing professional authority through scut work.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 60: 263–299.
    • (2015) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.60 , pp. 263-299
    • Huising, R.1
  • 62
    • 33749168383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies
    • A.KalevF.DobbinE.Kelly2006 “Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies.” American Sociological Review, 71: 589–617.
    • (2006) American Sociological Review , vol.71 , pp. 589-617
    • Kalev, A.1    Dobbin, F.2    Kelly, E.3
  • 66
    • 0028606610 scopus 로고
    • Returns to skill, compensating differentials, and gender bias: Effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of white women and men
    • B.S.KilbourneG.FarkasK.BeronD.WeirP.England1994 “Returns to skill, compensating differentials, and gender bias: Effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of white women and men.” American Journal of Sociology, 100: 689–719.
    • (1994) American Journal of Sociology , vol.100 , pp. 689-719
    • Kilbourne, B.S.1    Farkas, G.2    Beron, K.3    Weir, D.4    England, P.5
  • 68
    • 33749379023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity dynamics in occupational dirty work: Integrating social identity and system justification perspectives
    • G.E.KreinerB.E.AshforthD.M.Sluss2006 “Identity dynamics in occupational dirty work: Integrating social identity and system justification perspectives.” Organization Science, 17: 619–636.
    • (2006) Organization Science , vol.17 , pp. 619-636
    • Kreiner, G.E.1    Ashforth, B.E.2    Sluss, D.M.3
  • 70
    • 84964813010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2014 “Lawmaker: Pat-downs holding women back
    • March, Accessed November 2, 2014
    • K.Laing2014 “Lawmaker: Pat-downs holding women back.” The Hill, March12, 2014. http://thehill.com/policy/transportation/200596-dem-rep-lowey-female-tsa-agents-being-held-back-from. Accessed November 2, 2014.
    • (2014) The Hill
    • Laing, K.1
  • 71
    • 84924114766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses to discrimination and social resilience under neo-liberalism
    • New York: Cambridge University Press,,.” In (eds.)
    • M.LamontJ.S.WelburnC.Fleming2013 “Responses to discrimination and social resilience under neo-liberalism.” In (eds.), Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Age: 129–157. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2013) Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Age , pp. 129-157
    • Lamont, M.1    Welburn, J.S.2    Fleming, C.3
  • 74
    • 77149132463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational feminization and pay: Assessing causal dynamics using 1950–2000 US census data
    • A.LevanonP.EnglandP.Allison2009 “Occupational feminization and pay: Assessing causal dynamics using 1950–2000 US census data.” Social Forces, 88: 865–891.
    • (2009) Social Forces , vol.88 , pp. 865-891
    • Levanon, A.1    England, P.2    Allison, P.3
  • 77
    • 0033216577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glass ceilings and glass escalators: Occupational segregation and race and sex differences in managerial promotions
    • D.J.Maume1999 “Glass ceilings and glass escalators: Occupational segregation and race and sex differences in managerial promotions.” Work and Occupations, 26: 483–509.
    • (1999) Work and Occupations , vol.26 , pp. 483-509
    • Maume, D.J.1
  • 78
    • 0000314303 scopus 로고
    • Barriers to the progress of women and minority faculty
    • R.J.MengesW.H.Exum1983 “Barriers to the progress of women and minority faculty.” Journal of Higher Education, 54: 123–144.
    • (1983) Journal of Higher Education , vol.54 , pp. 123-144
    • Menges, R.J.1    Exum, W.H.2
  • 79
    • 84871815466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcending socialization: A nine-year ethnography of the body’s role in organizational control and knowledge workers’ transformation
    • A.Michel2011 “Transcending socialization: A nine-year ethnography of the body’s role in organizational control and knowledge workers’ transformation.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 56: 325–368.
    • (2011) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.56 , pp. 325-368
    • Michel, A.1
  • 81
    • 84928459307 scopus 로고
    • Idiosyncratic jobs in formalized organizations
    • A.S.Miner1987 “Idiosyncratic jobs in formalized organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 327–351.
    • (1987) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.32 , pp. 327-351
    • Miner, A.S.1
  • 82
    • 14844352780 scopus 로고
    • Structural evolution through idiosyncratic jobs: The potential for unplanned learning
    • A.S.Miner1990 “Structural evolution through idiosyncratic jobs: The potential for unplanned learning.” Organization Science, 1: 195–210.
    • (1990) Organization Science , vol.1 , pp. 195-210
    • Miner, A.S.1
  • 83
    • 0041527781 scopus 로고
    • Accrual mobility: Job mobility in higher education through responsibility accrual
    • A.S.MinerS.E.Estler1985 “Accrual mobility: Job mobility in higher education through responsibility accrual.” Journal of Higher Education, 56: 121–143.
    • (1985) Journal of Higher Education , vol.56 , pp. 121-143
    • Miner, A.S.1    Estler, S.E.2
  • 85
    • 0031283704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For love or money? Commodification and the construction of an occupational mandate
    • B.J.NelsenS.R.Barley1997 “For love or money? Commodification and the construction of an occupational mandate.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 619–653.
    • (1997) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.42 , pp. 619-653
    • Nelsen, B.J.1    Barley, S.R.2
  • 86
    • 84903610538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Defining what we do—all over again’: Occupational identity, technological change, and the librarian/Internet-search relationship
    • A.J.NelsonJ.Irwin2014 “‘Defining what we do—all over again’: Occupational identity, technological change, and the librarian/Internet-search relationship.” Academy of Management Journal, 57: 892–928.
    • (2014) Academy of Management Journal , vol.57 , pp. 892-928
    • Nelson, A.J.1    Irwin, J.2
  • 89
    • 0041766199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptualizing and measuring variety in the execution of organizational work processes
    • B.T.Pentland2003a “Conceptualizing and measuring variety in the execution of organizational work processes.” Management Science, 49: 857–870.
    • (2003) Management Science , vol.49 , pp. 857-870
    • Pentland, B.T.1
  • 90
    • 0042028925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential variety in work processes
    • B.T.Pentland2003b “Sequential variety in work processes.” Organization Science, 14: 528–540.
    • (2003) Organization Science , vol.14 , pp. 528-540
    • Pentland, B.T.1
  • 91
    • 0029538993 scopus 로고
    • Separate and unequal: Occupation-establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap
    • T.PetersenL.A.Morgan1995 “Separate and unequal: Occupation-establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap.” American Journal of Sociology, 101: 329–365.
    • (1995) American Journal of Sociology , vol.101 , pp. 329-365
    • Petersen, T.1    Morgan, L.A.2
  • 92
  • 94
    • 33646592213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constructing professional identity: The role of work and identity learning cycles in the customization of identity among medical residents
    • M.G.PrattK.W.RockmannJ.B.Kaufmann2006 “Constructing professional identity: The role of work and identity learning cycles in the customization of identity among medical residents.” Academy of Management Journal, 49: 235–262.
    • (2006) Academy of Management Journal , vol.49 , pp. 235-262
    • Pratt, M.G.1    Rockmann, K.W.2    Kaufmann, J.B.3
  • 95
    • 84980361399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embracing, passing, revealing, and the ideal worker image: How people navigate expected and experienced professional identities
    • E.Reid2015 “Embracing, passing, revealing, and the ideal worker image: How people navigate expected and experienced professional identities.” Organization Science, published online before print, April20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.0975.
    • (2015) Organization Science, published online before print
    • Reid, E.1
  • 96
    • 0002374533 scopus 로고
    • Labor markets as queues: A structural approach to changing occupational sex composition
    • Newbury Park, CA: Sage,,.” In (ed.)
    • B.F.Reskin1991 “Labor markets as queues: A structural approach to changing occupational sex composition.” In (ed.), Macro–Micro Interrelationships in Sociology: 170–192. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • (1991) Macro–Micro Interrelationships in Sociology , pp. 170-192
    • Reskin, B.F.1
  • 97
    • 0027728667 scopus 로고
    • Sex segregation in the workplace
    • B.F.Reskin1993 “Sex segregation in the workplace.” Annual Review of Sociology, 19: 241–270.
    • (1993) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.19 , pp. 241-270
    • Reskin, B.F.1
  • 98
    • 17244366018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting it right: Sex and race inequality in work organizations
    • B.F.Reskin2000 “Getting it right: Sex and race inequality in work organizations.” Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 707–709.
    • (2000) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.26 , pp. 707-709
    • Reskin, B.F.1
  • 103
    • 0031481952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From income inequality to economic inequality
    • A.K.Sen1997 “From income inequality to economic inequality.” Southern Economic Journal, 64: 384–401.
    • (1997) Southern Economic Journal , vol.64 , pp. 384-401
    • Sen, A.K.1
  • 104
    • 0842346714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where do women’s jobs come from? Job resegregation in an American bank
    • E.SkuratowiczL.W.Hunter2004 “Where do women’s jobs come from? Job resegregation in an American bank.” Work and Occupations, 31: 73–110.
    • (2004) Work and Occupations , vol.31 , pp. 73-110
    • Skuratowicz, E.1    Hunter, L.W.2
  • 105
    • 61749093789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘How many cases do I need?’: On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research
    • M.L.Small2009 “‘How many cases do I need?’: On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research.” Ethnography, 10: 5–38.
    • (2009) Ethnography , vol.10 , pp. 5-38
    • Small, M.L.1
  • 106
    • 33645404359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue
    • S.SonnentagF.R.Zijlstra2006 “Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 330–350.
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.91 , pp. 330-350
    • Sonnentag, S.1    Zijlstra, F.R.2
  • 107
    • 77955618996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organizational approaches to inequality: Inertia, relative power, and environments
    • K.StainbackD.Tomaskovic-DeveyS.Skaggs2010 “Organizational approaches to inequality: Inertia, relative power, and environments.” Annual Review of Sociology, 36: 225–247.
    • (2010) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.36 , pp. 225-247
    • Stainback, K.1    Tomaskovic-Devey, D.2    Skaggs, S.3
  • 109
    • 0032628407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Layers of silence, arenas of voice: The ecology of visible and invisible work
    • S.L.StarA.Strauss1999 “Layers of silence, arenas of voice: The ecology of visible and invisible work.” Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8: 9–30.
    • (1999) Computer Supported Cooperative Work , vol.8 , pp. 9-30
    • Star, S.L.1    Strauss, A.2
  • 111
    • 84938574677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concealable stigma and occupational segregation: Toward a theory of gay and lesbian occupations
    • A.TilcsikM.AntebyC.R.Knight2015 “Concealable stigma and occupational segregation: Toward a theory of gay and lesbian occupations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 60: 446–481.
    • (2015) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.60 , pp. 446-481
    • Tilcsik, A.1    Anteby, M.2    Knight, C.R.3
  • 113
    • 21144484561 scopus 로고
    • The gender and race composition of jobs and the male/female, white/black pay gaps
    • D.Tomaskovic-Devey1993b “The gender and race composition of jobs and the male/female, white/black pay gaps.” Social Forces, 72: 45–76.
    • (1993) Social Forces , vol.72 , pp. 45-76
    • Tomaskovic-Devey, D.1
  • 114
    • 78650361925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural foundations of tokenism: Evidence from the leveraged buyout industry
    • C.J.Turco2010 “Cultural foundations of tokenism: Evidence from the leveraged buyout industry.” American Sociological Review, 75: 894–913.
    • (2010) American Sociological Review , vol.75 , pp. 894-913
    • Turco, C.J.1
  • 116
    • 84864171578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed July 2, 2015
    • U.S. Department of Homeland Security2011 “FY 2012: Budget-in-brief.” http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf. Accessed July 2, 2015.
    • (2011) FY 2012: Budget-in-brief
  • 117
    • 84964832818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed April 21, 2013
    • U.S. Department of Homeland Security2013 “Pat-downs | Transportation Security Administration.” http://www.tsa.gov/traveler-information/pat-downs. Accessed April 21, 2013.
    • (2013) Pat-downs | Transportation Security Administration
  • 118
    • 17444403931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed April 15, 2014
    • U.S. Department of Transportation2009 “National Household Travel Survey.” http://nhts.ornl.gov/. Accessed April 15, 2014.
    • (2009) National Household Travel Survey
  • 120
    • 0000269001 scopus 로고
    • Toward a theory of organizational socialization
    • Greenwich, CT: JAI Press,,.” In (ed.)
    • J.Van MaanenE.H.Schein1979 “Toward a theory of organizational socialization.” In (ed.), Research in Organizational Behavior: 209–264. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1979) Research in Organizational Behavior , pp. 209-264
    • Van Maanen, J.1    Schein, E.H.2
  • 121
    • 30344488403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • L.Wacquant2004Body and Soul. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (2004) Body and Soul
    • Wacquant, L.1
  • 122
    • 84964879729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed September 22, 2014
    • WCSH Portland2011 “TSA accused of discrimination.” http://archive.wcsh6.com/news/article/154060/108/TSA-accused-of-discrimination. Accessed September 22, 2014.
    • (2011) TSA accused of discrimination
  • 124
    • 79961009043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unions, norms, and the rise in US wage inequality
    • B.WesternJ.Rosenfeld2011 “Unions, norms, and the rise in US wage inequality.” American Sociological Review, 76: 513–537.
    • (2011) American Sociological Review , vol.76 , pp. 513-537
    • Western, B.1    Rosenfeld, J.2
  • 125
    • 0031202399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a respite from work on burnout: Vacation relief and fade-out
    • M.WestmanD.Eden1997 “Effects of a respite from work on burnout: Vacation relief and fade-out.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 516–527.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 516-527
    • Westman, M.1    Eden, D.2
  • 126
    • 73149109728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sociology of emotional labor
    • A.S.Wharton2009 “The sociology of emotional labor.” Annual Review of Sociology, 35: 147–165.
    • (2009) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.35 , pp. 147-165
    • Wharton, A.S.1
  • 127
    • 78049495258 scopus 로고
    • The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the ‘female’ professions
    • C.L.Williams1992 “The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the ‘female’ professions.” Social Problems, 39: 253–267.
    • (1992) Social Problems , vol.39 , pp. 253-267
    • Williams, C.L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.