Cultural foundations of tokenism: Evidence from the leveraged buyout industry

American Sociological Review

Volumn 75, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 894-913

  Turco, Catherine J ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cultural resources; cultural schemas; ideal worker; status based exclusion; tokenism

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL CONFLICT; INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE; MINORITY GROUP;

EID: 78650361925     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: 19398271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0003122410388491     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Acker, Joan. 1990. "Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: Theories of Gendered Organizations." Gender and Society 4:139-58.
2. Alexander, Jeffrey and Philip Smith. 2002. "The Strong Program in Cultural Theory: Elements of a Structural Hermeneutics." Pp. 135-50 in Handbook of Sociological Theory, edited by J. Turner. New York: Kluwer Academic.
3. Antilla, Susan. 2003. Tales from the Boom-Boom Room. New York: Harper Business.
4. Barnes, R.J.D. 2008. "Black Women Have Always Worked: Is There a Work-Family Conflict among the Black Middle Class?" Pp. 189-210 in Changing Landscape of Work and Family in American Middle Class, edited by E. Rudd and L. Descartes. New York: Lexington Books.
5. Baron, James, Michael Hannan, and Diane Burton. 1999. "Building the Iron Cage: Determinants of Managerial Intensity in the Early Years of Organizations. " American Sociological Review 64:527-47.
6. Berger, Joseph, M. Hamit Fisek, Robert Norman, and Morris Zelditch. 1977. Status Characteristics and Social Interaction: An Expectations States Approach. New York: Elsevier.
7. Bishop, Matthew. 2004. "The New Kings of Capitalism. " The Economist, November27, pp. 3-5.
8. Blair-Loy, Mary. 2003. Competing Devotions: Career and Family among Women Executives. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
9. Blair-Loy, Mary and Gretchen Dehart. 2003. "Family and Career Trajectories among African-American Female Attorneys." Journal of Family Issues 24:908-933.
10. Bobo, Lawrence and James Kluegel. 1997. "Status, Ideology, and Dimensions of Whites' Racial Beliefs and Attitudes: Progress and Stagnation." Pp. 93-120 in Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, edited by S. Tuch and J. Martin. Westport, CT: Praeger.
11. Bobo, Lawrence, James Kluegel, and Ryan Smith. 1997. "Laissez-Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a Kinder Gentler, Antiblack Ideology." Pp. 15-44 in Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, edited by S. Tuch and J. Martin. Westport, CT: Praeger.
12. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction. Translated by R. Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
13. Burrough, Bryan and John Helyar. 1990. Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco. New York: HarperCollins.
14. Collins, Patricia Hill. 1991. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.
15. Correll, Shelley and Stephen Benard. 2006. "Biased Estimators? Comparing Status and Statistical Theories of Gender Discrimination." Pp. 89-116 in Social Psychology of the Workplace, Vol. 23, Advances in Group Process, edited by S. Thye and E. Lawler. New York: Elsevier.
16. Correll, Shelley, Stephen Benard, and In Paik. 2007. "Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?" American Journal of Sociology 112:1297-1338.
17. Coser, Lewis. 1974. Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment. New York: Free Press.
18. DiMaggio, Paul. 1997. "Culture and Cognition." Annual Review of Sociology 23:263-87.
19. Dunn, Robert. 2004. Private Equity Analyst-Holt Compensation Survey. Wellesley, MA: Dow Jones.
20. Emerson, Robert. 2001. Contemporary Field Research. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
21. Erickson, Bonnie. 1996. "Culture, Class and Connections. " American Journal of Sociology 102:217-51.
22. Foschi, Martha. 1996. "Double Standards in the Evaluation of Men and Women." Social Psychology Quarterly 59:237-54.
23. Freedheim, Donald, Herbert Freudenberger, Jane Kessler, Stanley Messer, Donald Peterson, Hans Strupp, and Paul Wachtel. 1992. History of Psychotherapy: A Century of Change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
24. Fuchs Epstein, Cynthia. 1973. "Positive Effects of the Multiple Negative: Explaining the Success of Black Professional Women." American Journal of Sociology 78:912-35.
25. Fuchs Epstein, Cynthia, Carroll Seron, Bonnie Oglensky, and Robert Saute. 1999. The Part-time Paradox: Time Norms, Professional Life, Family and Gender. New York: Routledge.
26. Gieryn, Thomas. 1983. "Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-science: Strains and Interests in Professional Interests of Scientists. " American Sociological Review 48:781-95.
27. Glaser, Barney and Anselm Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
28. Gorman, Elizabeth. 2005. "Gender Stereotypes, Same-Gender Preferences, and Organizational Variation in the Hiring of Women: Evidence from Law Firms. " American Sociological Review 70:702-728.
29. Hays, Sharon. 1996. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
30. Heilman, Madeline. 1983. "Sex Bias in Work Settings: The Lack of Fit Model." Pp. 269-98 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5, edited by B. Staw and L. Cumming. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
31. Herr, Jane and Catherine Wolfram. 2009. "Opt-Out Rates at Motherhood across High-Education Career Paths: Selection versus Work Environment." National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper #14717.
32. Hirsch, Paul. 1986. "From Ambushes to Golden Parachutes: Corporate Takeovers as an Instance of Cultural Framing and Institutional Integration. " American Journal of Sociology 91:800-837.
33. Kanter, Rosabeth. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
34. Kellogg, Katherine. 2009. "Operating Room: Relational Spaces and Microinstitutional Change in Surgery." American Journal of Sociology 115:657-711.
35. Korb, Brian. 2007. The Glocap Guide to Getting a Job in Private Equity. New York: Glocap Holdings.
36. Kourlas, Gia. 2007. "Where Are All the Black Swans?" New York Times, May 6, Arts & Leisure Section, p. 1.
37. Lamont, Michele. 1992. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38. Lamont, Michele. 2000. The Dignity of Working Men. Cambridge: Harvard University Press/ Russell Sage Foundation.
39. Lamont, Michele and Virag Molnar. 2002. "The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences. " Annual Review of Sociology 28:167-95.
40. Markovsky, Barry. 1985. "Toward a Multilevel Distributive Justice Theory." American Sociological Review 50:822-39.
41. Meeker, Barbara and Patricia Weitzel-O'Neill. 1977. "Sex Roles and Interpersonal Behavior in Task-Oriented Groups." American Sociological Review 42:91-105.
42. Patterson, Orlando. 1998. Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries. New York: Basic Civitas.
43. Phillips, Damon. 2005. "Organizational Genealogies and the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Case of Silicon Valley Law Firms. " Administrative Science Quarterly 50:440-72.
44. Phillips, Damon, Catherine Turco, and Ezra Zuckerman. 2010. "High-Status Conformity and Deviance: Pressures for Purity among US Corporate Law Firms." Working Paper, University of Chicago, Harvard University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
45. Pierce, Jennifer. 1995. Gender Trials. Berkeley: University of California Press.
46. Ridgeway, Cecilia, Elizabeth Boyle, Kathy Kuipers, and Dawn Robinson. 1998. "How Do Status Beliefs Develop? The Role of Resources and Interactional Experience." American Sociological Review 63:331-50.
47. Ridgeway, Cecilia and Shelley Correll. 2004. "Motherhood as a Status Characteristic. " Journal of Social Issues 60:683-700.
48. Ridgeway, Cecilia and Kristan Erickson. 2000. "Creating and Spreading Status Beliefs. " American Journal of Sociology 106:579-615.
49. Ridgeway, Cecilia and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 1999. "The Gender System and Interaction. " Annual Review of Sociology 25:191-216.
50. Rivera, Lauren. 2010. "Cultural Reproduction in the Labor Market: Homophily in Hiring." Working Paper, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University.
51. Roth, Louise. 2004. "The Social Psychology of Tokenism: Status and Homophily Processes on Wall Street." Sociological Perspectives 47:189-214.
52. Roth, Louise. 2006. Selling Women Short: Gender and Money on Wall Street. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
53. Rubineau, Brian and Yoon Kang. 2010. "Bias in White: A Longitudinal Audit Study of Changes in Discrimination." Working Paper, ILR School and Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University.
54. Sewell, William. 1992. "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation." American Journal of Sociology 98:1-29.
55. Sokoloff, Natalie. 1992. Black Women and White Women in the Professions: Occupational Segregation by Race and Gender, 1960-1980. New York: Routledge.
56. Stinchombe, Arthur. 1965. "Social Structure and Organizations." Pp. 142-93 in Handbook of Organizations, edited by J. G. March. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
57. Swidler, Ann. 2001. Talk of Love. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
58. Toll, David. 2007. "Where Are All the Women, Minorities?" PE Hub, June 22 (http://www.pehub.com).
59. Wagner, David and Joseph Berger. 1982. "Paths of Relevance and the Induction of Status-Task Expectancies." Social Forces 61:575-86.
60. Wagner, David. 1993. "Status Characteristics Theory: The Growth of a Program." Pp. 23-63 in Theoretical Research Programs: Studies in the Growth of Theory, edited by J. Berger and M. Zelditch. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
61. Williams, Christine. 1992. "The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the 'Female' Professions." Social Problems 39:253-67.
62. Williams, Joan. 2001. Unbending Gender: Why Work and Family Conflict and What to Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Yoder, Janice. 1994. "Looking Beyond Numbers: The Effects of Gender Status, Job Prestige, and Occupational Gender-Typing on Tokenism Processes. " Social Psychology Quarterly 57:150-59.
64. Zimmer, Lynn. 1988. "Tokenism and Women in the Workplace: The Limits of Gender Neutral Theory." Social Problems 35:64-77.