Does bad pay cause occupations to feminize, Does feminization reduce pay, and How can we tell with longitudinal data?

Social Science Research

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 1237-1256

  England, Paula ^a   Allison, Paul ^b   Wu, Yuxiao ^c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Earnings; Gender; Gender inequality; Longitudinal analysis; Occupations

Indexed keywords

EID: 34447514289     PISSN: 0049089X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Allison P.D. Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis. Sociological Methodology 20 (1990) 93-114
2. Allison P.D. Fixed-Effects Regression Models Using SAS (2005), SAS Institute, Cary, NC
3. Baron J., and Newman A. Pay the man: effects of demographic composition on prescribed wage rates in the California Civil Service. In: Michael R., Hartmann H., and O'Farrell B. (Eds). Pay Equity: Empirical Inquiries (1989), National Academy Press, Washington, DC 107-130
4. Baron J.N., Hannan M.T., Hsu G., and Kocak O. Gender and the oganization-building process in young high-tech firms. In: Guillen M.F., Collins R., England P., and Meyer M. (Eds). The New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field (2002), Russell Sage Foundation, New York 245-273
5. Baltagi B. The Econometrics of Panel Data (1995), Wiley
6. Bergmann B.R. Occupational segregation, wages and profits when employers discriminate by race or sex. Eastern Economic Journal 1 2 (1971) 103-110
7. Budig M.J., and England P. The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review 66 (2001) 204-225
8. Catanzarite L. Race-gender composition and occupational pay degradation. Social Problems 50 (2003) 14-37
9. Cotter D.A., Hermsen J.M., and Vanneman R. Gender Inequality at Work (2004), Russell Sage Foundation, New York
10. England P. Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence. Hawthorne (1992), Aldine de Gruyter, New York
11. England P., Hermsen J.M., and Cotter D.A. The devaluation of women's work: a comment on Tam. American Journal of Sociology 105 (2000) 1741-1751
12. Filer R. Male-female wage differences: the importance of compensating differentials. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38 3 (1985) 426-437
13. Halaby C.N. Panel models in sociological research: theory into practice. Annual Review of Sociology 30 (2004) 507-544
14. Hargens L.L., and Long J.S. Demographic inertia and women's representation among faculty in higher education. Journal of Higher Education 73 4 (2002) 494-517
15. Hodge R.W., and Hodge P. Occupational assimilation as a competitive process. American Journal of Sociology 71 (1965) 249-264
16. Hodge R.W., and Hodge P. Comment: occupational assimilation and the competitive process. American Journal of Sociology 72 3 (1966) 286-289
17. Jacobs J.A., and Steinberg R.J. Compensating differentials and the male-female wage gap: evidence from the New York state comparable worth study. Social Forces 69 2 (1990) 439-468
18. Jacobs J.A., and Steinberg R.J. Compensating differentials and the male-female wage gap: a reply to filer. Social Forces 69 2 (1990) 475-478
19. Karlin C.A., England P., and Ross M. Why do 'Women's Jobs' Have low pay for their educational level?. Gender Issues 20 (2002) 3-22
20. Kilbourne B., England P., Farkas G., Beron K., and Weir D. Returns to skills, compensating differentials, and gender bias: effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of white women and men. American Journal of Sociology 100 (1994) 689-719
21. Kim M. Inertia and Discrimination in the California State Civil Service. Industrial Relations 38 1 (1999) 46-68
22. Levine D.I., Belman D., Charness G., Groshen E.L., and O'Shaughnessy K.C. How New is the "New Employment Contract"? Evidence from North American Pay Practices (2002), Upjohn Institute, Kalamazoo, MI
23. Macpherson D.A., and Hirsch B.T. Wages and gender composition: why do women's jobs pay less?. Journal of Labor Economics 13 3 (1995) 426-471
24. Nelson R.L., and Bridges W.P. Legalizing Gender Inequality (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
25. Petersen T., and Morgan L.A. Separate and unequal: occupation-establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap. American Journal of Sociology 101 2 (1995) 329-365
26. Pfeffer J., and Davis-Blake A. The effect of the proportion of women on salaries: the case of college administrators. Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (1987) 1-24
27. Reskin B.F., and Roos P. Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations (1990), Temple University Press, Philadelphia
28. Rosen S. The theory of equalizing differences. Handbook of Labor Economics 1 (1986) 641-692
29. Semyonov M., and Lewin-Epstein N. Segregation and competition in occupational labor markets. Social Forces 68 (1989) 379-396
30. Snyder D., and Hudis P.M. Occupational income and the effects of minority competition and segregation: a reanalysis and some new evidence. American Sociological Review 41 (1976) 209-234
31. Sorensen E. Comparable Worth: Is It a Worthy Policy? (1994), Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ
32. Steinberg R.J. Comparable worth in gender studies. In: Smelser N.J., and Baltes P.B. (Eds). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences vol. 4 (2001), Cambridge University Press, Oxford 2393-2397
33. Stinchcombe A.L. Social structure and organizations. In: March J. (Ed). Handbook of Organizations (1965), Rand-McNally, Chicago 142-193
34. Strober M.H. Toward a general theory of occupational sex segregation: the case of public school teaching. In: Reskin B.F. (Ed). Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies (1984), National Academy Press, Washington, DC 144-156
35. Strober M.H., and Arnold C.L. The dynamics of occupational segregation among bank tellers. In: Brown C., and Pechman J.A. (Eds). Gender in the Workplace (1987), Brookings Institution, Washington, DC 107-148
36. Strober, M.H., L.M. Catanzarite, 1994. The relative attractiveness theory of occupational segregation by gender. In: Women's Employment, Special Issue of Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt-und Berufsforschung. (Labor Market and Occupational Research.) Germany, v. 179, pp. 116-139.
37. Taeuber A.F., Taeuber K.E., and Cain G.G. Occupational assimilation and the competitive process: a reanalysis. American Journal of Sociology 72 3 (1966) 273-285
38. Tam T. Sex segregation and occupational gender inequality in the united states: devaluation or specialized training?. American Journal of Sociology 102 (1997) 1652-1692
39. Tam T. Occupational wage inequality and devaluation: a cautionary tale of measurement error. American Journal of Sociology 105 (2000) 1752-1760
40. Tomaskovic-Devey D., and Skaggs S. Sex segregation, labor process organization, and gender earnings inequality. American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002) 102-128
41. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1983-1991. Current Population Survey: Annual Demographic File, 1983-1991 [Computer file.] Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census [producer] Ann Arbor, Michigan: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
42. Wooldridge J.M. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2002), MIT Press