Micro-RNAs: The new potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and cancer therapy

Cellular and Molecular Biology

Volumn 61, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 1-10

  Mansoori, B ^a   Mohammadi, A ^a,b   Shirjang, S ^a   Baradaran, Behzad ^a  

^a TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Cancer; Diagnosis; miRNA; Prognosis; Therapy

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; TUMOR MARKER;

ARTICLE; BIOGENESIS; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER STEM CELL; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; HUMAN; METASTASIS; NEOPLASM; ONCOGENE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; DISEASE COURSE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; MORTALITY; NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY; PROGNOSIS;

BIOMARKERS, TUMOR; CARCINOGENESIS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 84963670236     PISSN: 01455680     EISSN: 1165158X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2015.61.5.1     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2014, 64(1):9-29. doi: 10.3322/caac.21208
2. Carninci P, Kasukawa T, Katayama S, Gough J, Frith M, Maeda N, et al. The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science. 2005, 309(5740):1559-63.
3. Mansoori B, Shotorbani SS, Baradaran B. RNA Interference and its Role in Cancer Therapy. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 2014, 4(4):313.
4. Ha M, Kim VN. Regulation of microRNA biogenesis. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2014, 15(8):509-24. doi:10.1038/nrm3838
5. Wightman B, Ha I, Ruvkun G. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene< i> lin-14 by< i> lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell. 1993, 75(5):855-62. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90530-4
6. Grund SE, Polycarpou-Schwarz M, Luo C, Eichmüller SB, Die-derichs S. Rare Drosha splice variants are deficient in microRNA processing but do not affect general microRNA expression in cancer cells. Neoplasia. 2012, 14(3):238-IN26. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1181
7. Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA. microRNAs as on-cogenes and tumor suppressors. Developmental biology. 2007, 302(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.028
8. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regula-tion of miRNAs in cancer. Cancer research. 2013, 73(2):473-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472
9. Chiang HR, Schoenfeld LW, Ruby JG, Auyeung VC, Spies N, Baek D, et al. Mammalian microRNAs: experimental evaluation of novel and previously annotated genes. Genes & development. 2010, 24(10):992-1009. doi: 10.1101/gad.1884710
10. Wang B, Li S, Qi HH, Chowdhury D, Shi Y, Novina CD. Dis-tinct passenger strand and mRNA cleavage activities of human Argonaute proteins. Nature structural & molecular biology. 2009, 16(12):1259-66. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1712
11. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory func-tions. Cell. 2009, 136(2):215-33. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002
12. Li C, Feng Y, Coukos G, Zhang L. Therapeutic microRNA strat-egies in human cancer. The AAPS journal. 2009, 11(4):747-57. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9145-9
13. Garzon R, Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNAs in cancer. An-nual review of medicine. 2009, 60:167-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.59.053006.104707
14. Murray MJ, Raby KL, Saini HK, Bailey S, Wool SV, Tunnacliffe JM, et al. Solid tumors of childhood display specific serum microR-NA profiles. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2015, 24(2):350-60. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965
15. Calin GA, Sevignani C, Dumitru CD, Hyslop T, Noch E, Yenda-muri S, et al. Human microRNA genes are frequently located at frag-ile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004, 101(9):2999-3004. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0307323101
16. Marwah A. Potential Role of miRNA in Oncogenesis. Inter-national Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. 2015, 1(1):13-27.
17. Di Leva G, Garofalo M, Croce CM. MicroRNAs in cancer. Annual review of pathology. 2014, 9:287. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104715
18. Frankel LB, Christoffersen NR, Jacobsen A, Lindow M, Krogh A, Lund AH. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important functional target of the microRNA miR-21 in breast cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2008, 283(2):1026-33. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M707224200
19. Meng F, Henson R, Wehbe-Janek H, Ghoshal K, Jacob ST, Patel T. MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppres-sor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology. 2007, 133(2):647-58. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.022
20. Thorsen SB, Obad S, Jensen NF, Stenvang J, Kauppinen S. The therapeutic potential of microRNAs in cancer. The Cancer Journal. 2012, 18(3):275-84. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0b013e318258b5d6
21. Ota A, Tagawa H, Karnan S, Tsuzuki S, Karpas A, Kira S, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. Cancer research. 2004, 64(9):3087-95. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3773
22. Olive V, Li Q, He L. mir-17-92: a polycistronic oncomir with pleiotropic functions. Immunological reviews. 2013, 253(1):158-66. doi: 10.1111/imr.12054
23. Kong YW, Ferland-McCollough D, Jackson TJ, Bushell M. microRNAs in cancer management. The lancet oncology. 2012, 13(6):e249-e58. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70073-6
24. Bandyopadhyay S, Mitra R, Maulik U, Zhang MQ. Develop-ment of the human cancer microRNA network. Silence. 2010, 1(1):6. doi: 10.1186/1758-907X-1-6
25. Dou J, He X, Cao W, Zhao F, Wang X, Liu Y, et al. Overexpres-sion of microRNA-200c in CD44+ CD133+ CSCS inhibits the cel-lular migratory and invasion as well as tumorigenicity in mice. Cell Mol Biol. 2013, 59:OL1861-OL8.
26. Croce CM, Calin GA, Volinia S. Methods for Diagnosing Breast Cancer Using miR-21, miR-125-1, miR-125b-2 and miR-145. Google Patents; 2012.
27. Babashah S, Soleimani M. The oncogenic and tumour suppres-sive roles of microRNAs in cancer and apoptosis. European journal of cancer. 2011, 47(8):1127-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.02.008
28. Ferracin M, Lupini L. MicroRNA expression profiling and its clinical impact in breast cancer. MicroRNAs: Key Regulators of Oncogenesis: Springer; 2014. p. 355-67. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03725-7_14
29. Cho W. MicroRNAs in cancer-from research to therapy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer. 2010, 1805(2):209-17. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.11.003
30. Lowery AJ, Miller N, McNeill RE, Kerin MJ. MicroRNAs as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets: potential effect on breast cancer management. Clinical Cancer Research. 2008, 14(2):360-5. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0992
31. Guo R, Sherman-Baust C, Abdelmohsen K. miRNA-Based Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. MicroRNA Targeted Cancer Therapy: Springer; 2014. p. 115-27. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-05134-5_6
32. Barbarotto E, Schmittgen TD, Calin GA. MicroRNAs and can-cer: profile, profile, profile. International journal of cancer. 2008, 122(5):969-77. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1936
33. Hayashita Y, Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yamada H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, et al. A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell prolif-eration. Cancer research. 2005, 5(21):9628-32. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2352
34. Xia L, Zhang D, Du R, Pan Y, Zhao L, Sun S, et al. miR-15b and miR-16 modulate multidrug resistance by targeting BCL2 in human gastric cancer cells. International journal of cancer. 2008, 123(2):372-9.
35. Petrocca F, Visone R, Onelli MR, Shah MH, Nicoloso MS, De Martino I, et al. E2F1-regulated microRNAs impair TGFβ-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer. Cancer cell. 2008, 13(3):272-86.
36. Gartel AL, Kandel ES, editors. miRNAs: Little known media-tors of oncogenesis. Seminars in cancer biology; 2008: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.01.008
37. Chen Z, Wang D, Gu C, Liu X, Pei W, Li J, et al. Down-regula-tion of Let-7 microRNA Increased K-ras Expression in Lung Dam-age Induced by Radon. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacol-ogy. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2015.08.009
38. Gottardo F, Liu CG, Ferracin M, Calin GA, Fassan M, Bassi P, et al., editors. Micro-RNA profiling in kidney and bladder cancers. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations; 2007: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.01.019
39. Garzon R, Garofalo M, Martelli MP, Briesewitz R, Wang L, Fernandez-Cymering C, et al. Distinctive microRNA signature of acute myeloid leukemia bearing cytoplasmic mutated nucleo-phosmin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008, 105(10):3945-50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0800135105
40. Zhao H, Wang D, Du W, Gu D, Yang R. MicroRNA and leukemia: tiny molecule, great function. Critical reviews in oncology/hematol-ogy. 2010, 74(3):149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.05.001
41. Zanette D, Rivadavia F, Molfetta G, Barbuzano F, Proto-Siquei-ra R, Falcão R, et al. miRNA expression profiles in chronic lympho-cytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Brazilian Journal of Medi-cal and Biological Research. 2007, 40(11):1435-40. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2007001100003
42. Wu W, Lin Z, Zhuang Z, Liang X. Expression profile of mam-malian microRNAs in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2009, 18(1):50-5. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328305a07a
43. Jiang J, Gusev Y, Aderca I, Mettler TA, Nagorney DM, Brack-ett DJ, et al. Association of MicroRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinomas with hepatitis infection, cirrhosis, and patient survival. Clinical Cancer Research. 2008, 14(2):419-27. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0523
44. Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, et al. A MicroRNA signature associated with progno-sis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005, 353(17):1793-801. doi: 10.1056/NEJ-Moa050995
45. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Pro-ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2002, 99(24):15524-9.
46. Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Shi-mizu M, et al. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005, 102(39):13944-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506654102
47. Fornari F, Gramantieri L, Giovannini C, Veronese A, Ferracin M, Sabbioni S, et al. MiR-122/cyclin G1 interaction modulates p53 activity and affects doxorubicin sensitivity of human hepatocarcino-ma cells. Cancer research. 2009, 69(14):5761-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4797
48. Chen X, Guo X, Zhang H, Xiang Y, Chen J, Yin Y, et al. Role of miR-143 targeting KRAS in colorectal tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 2009, 28(10):1385-92. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.474
49. Su H, Yang J-R, Xu T, Huang J, Xu L, Yuan Y, et al. MicroR-NA-101, down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, promotes apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenicity. Cancer research. 2009, 69(3):1135-42. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2886
50. Zhang Y, Chao T, Li R, Liu W, Chen Y, Yan X, et al. MicroR-NA-128 inhibits glioma cells proliferation by targeting transcription factor E2F3a. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2009, 87(1):43-51. doi: 10.1007/s00109-008-0403-6
51. Saito Y, Suzuki H, Tsugawa H, Nakagawa I, Matsuzaki J, Kanai Y, et al. Chromatin remodeling at Alu repeats by epigenetic treat-ment activates silenced microRNA-512-5p with downregulation of Mcl-1 in human gastric cancer cells. Oncogene. 2009, 28(30):2738-44. doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.140
52. NCI. Biomarker: NCI; 2009. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary/?searchTxt=biomarker.
53. Hayes J, Peruzzi PP, Lawler S. MicroRNAs in cancer: biomark-ers, functions and therapy. Trends in molecular medicine. 2014, 20(8):460-9. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.005
54. Rosenfeld N, Aharonov R, Meiri E, Rosenwald S, Spector Y, Zepeniuk M, et al. MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue ori-gin. Nature biotechnology. 2008, 26(4):462-9. doi: 10.1038/nbt1392
55. Lin S, Gregory RI. MicroRNA biogenesis pathways in cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2015, 15(6):321-33. doi:10.1038/nrc3932
56. Iorio MV, Croce CM. microRNA involvement in human cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2012, 33(6):1126-33. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgs140
57. Mattie MD, Benz CC, Bowers J, Sensinger K, Wong L, Scott GK, et al. Optimized high-throughput microRNA expression pro-filing provides novel biomarker assessment of clinical prostate and breast cancer biopsies. Molecular cancer. 2006, 5(1):24.
58. Blenkiron C, Goldstein LD, Thorne NP, Spiteri I, Chin S-F, Dun-ning MJ, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling of human breast can-cer identifies new markers of tumor subtype. Genome Biol. 2007, 8(10):R214. doi: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r214
59. Yanaihara N, Caplen N, Bowman E, Seike M, Kumamoto K, Yi M, et al. Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diag-nosis and prognosis. Cancer cell. 2006, 9(3):189-98. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.01.025
60. Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ding J, Wu K, Fan D. Survival predic-tion of gastric cancer by a seven-microRNA signature. Gut. 2010, 59(5):579-85. doi: 10.1136/gut.2008.175497
61. Caramuta S, Egyhazi S, Rodolfo M, Witten D, Hansson J, Larsson C, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles associated with mutational status and survival in malignant melanoma. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2010, 130(8):2062-70. doi: 10.1038/jid.2010.63
62. Lawrie CH, Gal S, Dunlop HM, Pushkaran B, Liggins AP, Pul-ford K, et al. Detection of elevated levels of tumour-associated mi-croRNAs in serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. British journal of haematology. 2008, 141(5):672-5.
63. Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proceedings of the Na-tional Academy of Sciences. 2008, 105(30):10513-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804549105
64. Yamamoto Y, Kosaka N, Tanaka M, Koizumi F, Kanai Y, Mizu-tani T, et al. MicroRNA-500 as a potential diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomarkers. 2009, 14(7):529-38. doi: 10.3109/13547500903150771
65. Cocucci E, Racchetti G, Meldolesi J. Shedding microvesicles: artefacts no more. Trends in cell biology. 2009, 19(2):43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.11.003
66. Ghosh AK, Secreto CR, Knox TR, Ding W, Mukhopadhyay D, Kay NE. Circulating microvesicles in B-cell chronic lympho-cytic leukemia can stimulate marrow stromal cells: implications for disease progression. Blood. 2010, 115(9):1755-64. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-242719
67. Lima LG, Chammas R, Monteiro RQ, Moreira MEC, Bar-cinski MA. Tumor-derived microvesicles modulate the establish-ment of metastatic melanoma in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. Cancer letters. 2009, 283(2):168-75. doi: 10.1016/j.can-let.2009.03.041
68. Skog J, Würdinger T, van Rijn S, Meijer DH, Gainche L, Curry WT, et al. Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Na-ture cell biology. 2008, 10(12):1470-6. doi: 10.1038/ncb1800
69. Saleem SN, Abdel-Mageed AB. Tumor-derived exosomes in on-cogenic reprogramming and cancer progression. Cellular and Mo-lecular Life Sciences. 2015, 72(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00018-014-1710-4
70. Burden H, Holmes C, Persad R, Whittington K. Prostasomes-their effects on human male reproduction and fertility. Human repro-duction update. 2006, 12(3):283-92. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmi052
71. Babiker AA, Nilsson B, Ronquist G, Carlsson L, Ekdahl KN. Transfer of functional prostasomal CD59 of metastatic prostatic can-cer cell origin protects cells against complement attack. The Pros-tate. 2005, 62(2):105-14. doi: 10.1002/pros.20102
72. Holmgren L, Szeles A, Rajnavölgyi E, Folkman J, Klein G, Ernberg I, et al. Horizontal transfer of DNA by the uptake of apop-totic bodies. Blood. 1999, 93(11):3956-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2002.tb05323.x
73. Zernecke A, Bidzhekov K, Noels H, Shagdarsuren E, Gan L, Denecke B, et al. Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection. Science signaling. 2009, 2(100):ra81. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2000610
74. Valadi H, Ekström K, Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Lee JJ, Lötvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nature cell biology. 2007, 9(6):654-9. doi: 10.1038/ncb1596
75. Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang K, et al. Characteriza-tion of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diag-nosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell research. 2008, 18(10):997-1006. doi: 10.1038/cr.2008.282
76. Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang K, et al. Characteriza-tion of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diag-nosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell research. 2008, 18(10):997-1006. doi: 10.1038/cr.2008.282
77. Kosaka N, Iguchi H, Ochiya T. Circulating microRNA in body fluid: a new potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and progno-sis. Cancer science. 2010, 101(10):2087-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01650.x
78. Bandres E, Bitarte N, Arias F, Agorreta J, Fortes P, Agirre X, et al. microRNA-451 regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor production and proliferation of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Clinical Cancer Research. 2009, 15(7):2281-90. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1818
79. Childs G, Fazzari M, Kung G, Kawachi N, Brandwein-Gensler M, McLemore M, et al. Low-Level Expression of MicroRNAs< i> let-7d and< i> miR-205 Are Prognostic Markers of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The American journal of pa-thology. 2009, 174(3):736-45. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080731
80. Zenz T, Mohr J, Eldering E, Kater AP, Bühler A, Kienle D, et al. miR-34a as part of the resistance network in chronic lym-phocytic leukemia. Blood. 2009, 113(16):3801-8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-172254
81. Coulouarn C, Factor VM, Andersen JB, Durkin ME, Thorgeirs-son SS. Loss of miR-122 expression in liver cancer correlates with suppression of the hepatic phenotype and gain of metastatic proper-ties. Oncogene. 2009, 28(40):3526-36. doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.211
82. Volinia S, Galasso M, Sana ME, Wise TF, Palatini J, Huebner K, et al. Breast cancer signatures for invasiveness and prognosis defined by deep sequencing of microRNA. Proceedings of the Na-tional Academy of Sciences. 2012, 109(8):3024-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1200010109
83. Shibuya H, Iinuma H, Shimada R, Horiuchi A, Watanabe T. let. Clinicopathological and prognostic value of microRNA-21 and mi-croRNA-155 in colorectal cancer. Oncology. 2011, 79(3-4):313-20. doi: 10.1159/000323283
84. Dyrskjøt L, Ostenfeld MS, Bramsen JB, Silahtaroglu AN, Lamy P, Ramanathan R, et al. Genomic profiling of microRNAs in bladder cancer: miR-129 is associated with poor outcome and promotes cell death in vitro. Cancer research. 2009, 69(11):4851-60.
85. Maru DM, Singh RR, Hannah C, Albarracin CT, Li YX, Abra-ham R, et al. MicroRNA-196a is a potential marker of progression during Barrett's metaplasia-dysplasia-invasive adenocarcinoma sequence in esophagus. The American journal of pathology. 2009, 174(5):1940-8. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080718
86. Ahmad A, Sethi S, Chen W, Ali-Fehmi R, Mittal S, Sarkar FH. Up-regulation of microRNA-10b is associated with the development of breast cancer brain metastasis. American journal of translational research. 2014, 6(4):384.
87. Asangani I, Rasheed S, Nikolova D, Leupold J, Colburn N, Post S, et al. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) post-transcriptionally downregu-lates tumor suppressor Pdcd4 and stimulates invasion, intravasation and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2008, 27(15):2128-36. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210856
88. Zhao H, Shen J, Medico L, Wang D, Ambrosone CB, Liu S. A pilot study of circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers of early stage breast cancer. PLoS One. 2010, 5(10):e13735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013735
89. Berrino F, De Angelis R, Sant M, Rosso S, Lasota MB, Coe-bergh JW, et al. Survival for eight major cancers and all cancers combined for European adults diagnosed in 1995-99: results of the EUROCARE-4 study. The lancet oncology. 2007, 8(9):773-83.
90. Yue J. miRNA and vascular cell movement. Advanced drug de-livery reviews. 2011, 63(8):616-22. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.001
91. Weiler J, Hunziker J, Hall J. Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs): ammunition to target miRNAs implicated in hu-man disease? Gene therapy. 2006, 13(6):496-502. doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302654
92. Elmén J, Lindow M, Schütz S, Lawrence M, Petri A, Obad S, et al. LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature. 2008, 452(7189):896-9.
93. Ebert MS, Neilson JR, Sharp PA. MicroRNA sponges: competi-tive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells. Nature methods. 2007, 4(9):721-6. doi: 10.1038/nmeth1079
94. Xiao J, Yang B, Lin H, Lu Y, Luo X, Wang Z. Retracted: Novel approaches for gene-specific interference via manipulating actions of microRNAs: Examination on the pacemaker channel genes HCN2 and HCN4. Journal of cellular physiology. 2007, 212(2):285-92. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21062
95. Gumireddy K, Young DD, Xiong X, Hogenesch JB, Huang Q, Deiters A. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of MicroRNA miR-21 Func-tion. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2008, 47(39):7482-4.
96. Kong YW, Ferland-McCollough D, Jackson TJ, Bushell M. microRNAs in cancer management. The lancet oncology. 2012, 13(6):e249-e58.
97. Kumar MS, Erkeland SJ, Pester RE, Chen CY, Ebert MS, Sharp PA, et al. Suppression of non-small cell lung tumor development by the let-7 microRNA family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008, 105(10):3903-8.
98. Lee S-T, Chu K, Oh H-J, Im W-S, Lim J-Y, Kim S-K, et al. Let-7 microRNA inhibits the proliferation of human glioblastoma cells. Journal of neuro-oncology. 2011, 102(1):19-24. doi: 10.1007/s11060-010-0286-6
99. Esquela-Kerscher A, Trang P, Wiggins JF, Patrawala L, Cheng A, Ford L, et al. The let-7 microRNA reduces tumor growth in mouse models of lung cancer. CELL CYCLE-LANDES BIOSCI-ENCE-. 2008, 7(6):759.
100. Heegaard NH, Schetter AJ, Welsh JA, Yoneda M, Bowman ED, Harris CC. Circulating micro-RNA expression profiles in early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer. International journal of cancer. 2012, 130(6):1378-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.26153
101. Yang G, Zhang W, Yu C, Ren J, An Z. MicroRNA let-7: Regu-lation, single nucleotide polymorphism, and therapy in lung cancer. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2015, 11(5):1. doi: 10.4103/0973-1482.163830
102. Osaki M, Okada F, Ochiya T. miRNA therapy targeting cancer stem cells: a new paradigm for cancer treatment and prevention of tumor recurrence. 2015. doi: 10.4155/tde.14.122
103. Bonci D, Coppola V, Patrizii M, Addario A, Cannistraci A, Francescangeli F, et al. A microRNA code for prostate cancer metas-tasis. Oncogene. 2015. doi: 10.1038/onc.2015.176
104. Karube Y, Tanaka H, Osada H, Tomida S, Tatematsu Y, Yana-gisawa K, et al. Reduced expression of Dicer associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Cancer science. 2005, 96(2):111-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00015.x
105. Flavin RJ, Smyth PC, Finn SP, Laios A, O'Toole SA, Barrett C, et al. Altered eIF6 and Dicer expression is associated with clinico-pathological features in ovarian serous carcinoma patients. Modern Pathology. 2008, 21(6):676-84. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.33
106. Foulkes WD, Priest JR, Duchaine TF. DICER1: mutations, microRNAs and mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2014. doi: 10.1038/nrc3802
107. Kumar MS, Lu J, Mercer KL, Golub TR, Jacks T. Impaired microRNA processing enhances cellular transformation and tumori-genesis. Nature genetics. 2007, 39(5):673-7. doi: 10.1038/ng2003
108. Yamada Y, Tabata M, Yasuzaki Y, Nomura M, Shibata A, Ibayashi Y, et al. A nanocarrier system for the delivery of nucleic acids targeted to a pancreatic beta cell line. Biomaterials. 2014, 35(24):6430-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.017
109. Thakral S, Ghoshal K. miR-122 is a unique molecule with great potential in diagnosis, prognosis of liver disease, and therapy both as miRNA mimic and antimir. Current gene therapy. 2015, 15(2):142. doi: 10.2174/1566523214666141224095610
110. Guinea-Viniegra J, Jiménez M, Schonthaler HB, Navarro R, Delgado Y, Concha-Garzón MJ, et al. Targeting miR-21 to treat pso-riasis. Science translational medicine. 2014, 6(225):225re1-re1. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008089
111. Hagiwara K, Ochiya T, Kosaka N. A paradigm shift for extra-cellular vesicles as small RNA carriers: from cellular waste elimi-nation to therapeutic applications. Drug delivery and translational research. 2014, 4(1):31-7. doi: 10.1007/s13346-013-0180-9
112. Simonson B, Das S. MicroRNA Therapeutics: the Next Magic Bullet? Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry. 2015, 15(6):467-74. doi: 10.2174/1389557515666150324123208