Emerging pharmacologic targets and treatments for myocarditis

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 161, Issue , 2016, Pages 40-51

  Jensen, Lionel D ^a   Marchant, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; AUTOANTIBODY; COR 1 CYCLOPEPTIDE; CYCLOPEPTIDE; DRUG; HERBACEOUS AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERLEUKIN 17; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PLECONARIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; NEW DRUG; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT;

ADOPTIVE TRANSFER; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CARDIAC PATIENT; CARDIOVASCULAR INFLAMMATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG THERAPY; GIANT CELL MYOCARDITIS; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMMUNOADSORPTION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MYOCARDITIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; TH17 CELL; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; VIRUS MYOCARDITIS; VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION; ANIMAL; CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; DRUG EFFECTS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; PARASITOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; AUTOANTIBODIES; CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; DRUGS, INVESTIGATIONAL; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INFLAMMATION; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; MYOCARDITIS; PLANT PREPARATIONS; T-LYMPHOCYTES, REGULATORY;

EID: 84962696682     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.006     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. R. Adamson, Y. Yazici, E.S. Katz, S.G. Greisman, and D. Steiger Fatal acute necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis temporally related to use of adalimumab in a patient with relapsing polychondritis J Clin Rheumatol 19 2013 386 389
2. M. Afanasyeva, D. Georgakopoulos, D.F. Belardi, D. Bedja, D. Fairweather, and Y. Wang N.R. Rose Impaired up-regulation of CD25 on CD4 + T cells in IFN-gamma knockout mice is associated with progression of myocarditis to heart failure Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 2005 180 185
3. S.R. Alam, A.S. Shah, J. Richards, N.N. Lang, G. Barnes, and N. Joshi S.I. Semple Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in patients with acute myocardial infarction: early clinical experience Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5 2012 559 565
4. S. Ameling, L.R. Herda, E. Hammer, L. Steil, A. Teumer, and C. Trimpert S.B. Felix Myocardial gene expression profiles and cardiodepressant autoantibodies predict response of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy to immunoadsorption therapy Eur Heart J 34 2013 666 675
5. E. Aradottir, E.M. Alonso, and S.T. Shulman Severe neonatal enteroviral hepatitis treated with pleconaril Pediatr Infect Dis J 20 2001 457 459
6. H.T. Aretz Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria Hum Pathol 18 1987 619 624
7. H.T. Aretz, M.E. Billingham, W.D. Edwards, S.M. Factor, J.T. Fallon, and J.J. Fenoglio Jr. F.J. Schoen Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1 1987 3 14
8. S. Bauer, G. Gottesman, L. Sirota, I. Litmanovitz, S. Ashkenazi, and I. Levi Severe Coxsackie virus B infection in preterm newborns treated with pleconaril Eur J Pediatr 161 2002 491 493
9. K.L. Baughman Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria Circulation 113 2006 593 595
10. J.F. Baumgratz, J.H. Vila, J.P. Silva, L. Fonseca, E.A. Rodrigues, and E. Knobel Cardiogenic shock due to cytomegalovirus myocarditis: successful clinical treatment Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 25 2010 149 153
11. P. Boros, G. Gondolesi, and J.S. Bromberg High dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: mechanisms of action Liver Transpl 11 2005 1469 1480
12. N.E. Bowles, P.J. Richardson, E.G. Olsen, and L.C. Archard Detection of Coxsackie-B-virus-specific RNA sequences in myocardial biopsy samples from patients with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy Lancet 1 1986 1120 1123
13. W.J. Brady, J.D. Ferguson, E.A. Ullman, and A.D. Perron Myocarditis: emergency department recognition and management Emerg Med Clin North Am 22 2004 865 885
14. A.L. Caforio, S. Pankuweit, E. Arbustini, C. Basso, J. Gimeno-Blanes, and S.B. Felix Pericardial, D Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases Eur Heart J 34 2013 2636 2648 (2648a-2648d)
15. Y. Cao, W. Xu, and S. Xiong Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells protects against Coxsackievirus B3-induced cardiac fibrosis PLoS One 8 2013 e74955
16. T.Y. Chan Ingestion of medicated oils by adults: the risk of severe salicylate poisoning is related to the packaging of these products Hum Exp Toxicol 21 2002 171 174
17. F.S. Cheever, J.B. Daniels, and E.F. Hersey A viral agent isolated from a case of "non-paralytic poliomyelitis" and pathogenic for suckling mice: its possible relation to the coxsackie group of viruses J Exp Med 92 1950 153 167
18. H.S. Chen, W. Wang, S.N. Wu, and J.P. Liu Corticosteroids for viral myocarditis Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10 2013 CD004471
19. C. Cheung, H. Luo, B. Yanagawa, H.S. Leong, D. Samarasekera, and J.C. Lai B.M. McManus Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis Cardiovasc Pathol 15 2006 63 74
20. C. Cheung, D. Marchant, E.K. Walker, Z. Luo, J. Zhang, and B. Yanagawa B.M. McManus Ablation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 increases severity of viral myocarditis in mice Circulation 117 2008 1574 1582
21. D. Cihakova, J.G. Barin, M. Afanasyeva, M. Kimura, D. Fairweather, and M. Berg N.R. Rose Interleukin-13 protects against experimental autoimmune myocarditis by regulating macrophage differentiation Am J Pathol 172 2008 1195 1208
22. M. Cobas, L. Abbo, M. Santos, C. Baccini-Jauregui, and S. Pham Successful management of fulminant influenza A subtype H1N1 myocarditis BMJ Case Rep 2010 2010
23. L.T. Cooper Jr., G.J. Berry, and R. Shabetai Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis-natural history and treatment. Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators N Engl J Med 336 1997 1860 1866
24. L.T. Cooper Jr., J.M. Hare, H.D. Tazelaar, W.D. Edwards, R.C. Starling, and M.C. Deng Giant Cell Myocarditis Treatment Trial, I Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis Am J Cardiol 102 2008 1535 1539
25. L.M. Coussens, B. Fingleton, and L.M. Matrisian Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: trials and tribulations Science 295 2002 2387 2392
26. L. Daliento, F. Calabrese, F. Tona, A.L. Caforio, G. Tarsia, A. Angelini, and G. Thiene Successful treatment of enterovirus-induced myocarditis with interferon-alpha J Heart Lung Transplant 22 2003 214 217
27. R.A. Dean, J.H. Cox, C.L. Bellac, A. Doucet, A.E. Starr, and C.M. Overall Macrophage-specific metalloelastase (MMP-12) truncates and inactivates ELR + CXC chemokines and generates CCL2, - 7, - 8, and - 13 antagonists: potential role of the macrophage in terminating polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx Blood 112 2008 3455 3464
28. H. Deguchi, T. Hayashi, M. Kotaka, Y. Nakayama, Y. Kitaura, and K. Kawamura In situ analysis with monoclonal antibodies of lymphocyte subsets in myocardial biopsies from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and idiopathic (viral) myocarditis Jpn Circ J 51 1987 1365 1372
29. R. Dennert, S. Velthuis, S. Schalla, L. Eurlings, R.J. van Suylen, and P. van Paassen S. Heymans Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial biopsy-proven high PVB19 viral load Antivir Ther 15 2010 193 201
30. R. Dennert, S. Velthuis, D. Westermann, D. Donker, S. Schalla, R.J. van Suylen, and S. Heymans Parvovirus-B19-associated fulminant myocarditis successfully treated with immunosuppressive and antiviral therapy Antivir Ther 15 2010 681 685
31. N.A. Drucker, S.D. Colan, A.B. Lewis, A.S. Beiser, D.L. Wessel, and M. Takahashi J.W. Newburger Gamma-globulin treatment of acute myocarditis in the pediatric population Circulation 89 1994 252 257
32. T. Eguchi, S. Kubota, K. Kawata, Y. Mukudai, J. Uehara, and T. Ohgawara M. Takigawa Novel transcription-factor-like function of human matrix metalloproteinase 3 regulating the CTGF/CCN2 gene Mol Cell Biol 28 2008 2391 2413
33. A.E. Eleftheriou, and S.F. Stamatelopoulos Rapid recovery from acute, potentially lethal myocarditis J Int Med Res 37 2009 1522 1525
34. D. Fairweather, S. Frisancho-Kiss, S.A. Yusung, M.A. Barrett, S.E. Davis, and R.A. Steele N.R. Rose IL-12 protects against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis by increasing IFN-gamma and macrophage and neutrophil populations in the heart J Immunol 174 2005 261 269
35. D. Fairweather, K.A. Stafford, and Y.K. Sung Update on coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis Curr Opin Rheumatol 24 2012 401 407
36. Y. Fan, P. Ji, A. Leonard-Segal, and C.G. Sahajwalla An overview of the pediatric medications for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis, cough, and cold J Pharm Sci 102 2013 4213 4229
37. Y. Fan, W. Weifeng, Y. Yuluan, K. Qing, P. Yu, and H. Yanlan Treatment with a neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17 antibody after the onset of coxsackievirus b3-induced viral myocarditis reduces myocardium inflammation Virol J 8 2011 17
38. H. Fechner, S. Pinkert, A. Geisler, W. Poller, and J. Kurreck Pharmacological and biological antiviral therapeutics for cardiac coxsackievirus infections Molecules 16 2011 8475 8503
39. S.B. Felix, D. Beug, and M. Dorr Immunoadsorption therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 13 2015 145 152
40. S.B. Felix, A. Staudt, W.V. Dorffel, V. Stangl, K. Merkel, and M. Pohl G. Baumann Hemodynamic effects of immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin substitution in dilated cardiomyopathy: three-month results from a randomized study J Am Coll Cardiol 35 2000 1590 1598
41. S.B. Felix, A. Staudt, M. Landsberger, Y. Grosse, V. Stangl, and T. Spielhagen K. Stangl Removal of cardiodepressant antibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy by immunoadsorption J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 646 652
42. V.M. Ferreira, S.K. Piechnik, E. Dall'Armellina, T.D. Karamitsos, J.M. Francis, and N. Ntusi S. Neubauer Native T1-mapping detects the location, extent and patterns of acute myocarditis without the need for gadolinium contrast agents J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16 2014 36
43. M.G. Friedrich, U. Sechtem, J. Schulz-Menger, G. Holmvang, P. Alakija, and L.T. Cooper International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in, M. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White Paper J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1475 1487
44. G. Friman, L. Wesslen, J. Fohlman, J. Karjalainen, and C. Rolf The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy Eur Heart J 16 Suppl. O 1995 36 41
45. A. Frustaci, C. Chimenti, F. Calabrese, M. Pieroni, G. Thiene, and A. Maseri Immunosuppressive therapy for active lymphocytic myocarditis: virological and immunologic profile of responders versus nonresponders Circulation 107 2003 857 863
46. A. Frustaci, M.A. Russo, and C. Chimenti Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study Eur Heart J 30 2009 1995 2002
47. D.L. Gang, L.V. Barrett, E.J. Wilson, R.H. Rubin, and D.N. Medearis Myopericarditis and enhanced dystrophic cardiac calcification in murine cytomegalovirus infection Am J Pathol 124 1986 207 215
48. M.C. Genovese, F. Van den Bosch, S.A. Roberson, S. Bojin, I.M. Biagini, P. Ryan, and J. Sloan-Lancaster LY2439821, a humanized anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study Arthritis Rheum 62 2010 929 939
49. F. Ginsberg, and J.E. Parrillo Fulminant myocarditis Crit Care Clin 29 2013 465 483
50. E.K. Godeny, and C.J. Gauntt In situ immune autoradiographic identification of cells in heart tissues of mice with coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis Am J Pathol 129 1987 267 276
51. S. Goland, L.S. Czer, R.J. Siegel, S. Tabak, S. Jordan, and D. Luthringer A. Trento Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for acute fulminant inflammatory cardiomyopathy: series of six patients and review of literature Can J Cardiol 24 2008 571 574
52. J. Gross, and C.M. Lapiere Collagenolytic activity in amphibian tissues: a tissue culture assay Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 48 1962 1014 1022
53. I.M. Grumbach, A. Heim, P. Pring-Akerblom, S. Vonhof, W.J. Hein, G. Muller, and H.R. Figulla Adenoviruses and enteroviruses as pathogens in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy Acta Cardiol 54 1999 83 88
54. N. Hakacova, K. Klingel, R. Kandolf, E. Engdahl, A. Fogdell-Hahn, and T. Higgins First therapeutic use of Artesunate in treatment of human herpesvirus 6B myocarditis in a child J Clin Virol 57 2013 157 160
55. A. Heim, M. Stille-Siegener, R. Kandolf, H. Kreuzer, and H.R. Figulla Enterovirus-induced myocarditis: hemodynamic deterioration with immunosuppressive therapy and successful application of interferon-alpha Clin Cardiol 17 1994 563 565
56. L.R. Herda, C. Trimpert, U. Nauke, M. Landsberger, A. Hummel, and D. Beug A. Staudt Effects of immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin G substitution on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy Am Heart J 159 2010 809 816
57. S. Heymans, F. Lupu, S. Terclavers, B. Vanwetswinkel, J.M. Herbert, and A. Baker L. Moons Loss or inhibition of uPA or MMP-9 attenuates LV remodeling and dysfunction after acute pressure overload in mice Am J Pathol 166 2005 15 25
58. S. Heymans, A. Luttun, D. Nuyens, G. Theilmeier, E. Creemers, and L. Moons P. Carmeliet Inhibition of plasminogen activators or matrix metalloproteinases prevents cardiac rupture but impairs therapeutic angiogenesis and causes cardiac failure Nat Med 5 1999 1135 1142
59. S. Heymans, M. Pauschinger, A. De Palma, A. Kallwellis-Opara, S. Rutschow, and M. Swinnen Y.M. Pinto Inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator or matrix metalloproteinases prevents cardiac injury and dysfunction during viral myocarditis Circulation 114 2006 565 573
60. S.A. Huber, A.M. Feldman, and D. Sartini Coxsackievirus B3 induces T regulatory cells, which inhibit cardiomyopathy in tumor necrosis factor-alpha transgenic mice Circ Res 99 2006 1109 1116
61. W. Im, H. Kim, D. Yun, S.Y. Seo, S.H. Park, R.M. Locksley, and S. Hong Cytokine reporter mouse system for screening novel IL12/23 p40-inducing compounds Mol Cells 20 2005 288 296
62. I.I. Ivanov, B.S. McKenzie, L. Zhou, C.E. Tadokoro, A. Lepelley, and J.J. Lafaille D.R. Littman The orphan nuclear receptor RORgammat directs the differentiation program of proinflammatory IL-17 + T helper cells Cell 126 2006 1121 1133
63. T. Izumi, M. Kodama, and A. Shibata Experimental giant cell myocarditis induced by cardiac myosin immunization Eur Heart J 12 Suppl. D 1991 166 168
64. R. Jahns, V. Boivin, L. Hein, S. Triebel, C.E. Angermann, G. Ertl, and M.J. Lohse Direct evidence for a beta 1-adrenergic receptor-directed autoimmune attack as a cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy J Clin Invest 113 2004 1419 1429
65. R. Jahns, V. Boivin, and M.J. Lohse Beta 1-adrenergic receptor-directed autoimmunity as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in rats Int J Cardiol 112 2006 7 14
66. S. Kalimuddin, O.M. Sessions, Y. Hou, E.E. Ooi, D. Sim, and S. Cumaraswamy C.Y. Low Successful clearance of human parainfluenza virus type 2 viraemia with intravenous ribavirin and immunoglobulin in a patient with acute myocarditis J Clin Virol 56 2013 37 40
67. M.H. Kaplan, S.W. Klein, J. McPhee, and R.G. Harper Group B coxsackievirus infections in infants younger than three months of age: a serious childhood illness Rev Infect Dis 5 1983 1019 1032
68. M.G. Karas, and J.R. Kizer Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle and associated hemodynamics Prog Cardiovasc Dis 55 2012 144 160
69. H.S. Kim, S. Sohn, J.Y. Park, and J.W. Seo Fulminant myocarditis successfully treated with high-dose immunoglobulin Int J Cardiol 96 2004 485 486
70. C. Kishimoto, K. Shioji, T. Hashimoto, H. Nonogi, J.D. Lee, and S. Kato S.I. Morimoto Therapy with immunoglobulin in patients with acute myocarditis and cardiomyopathy: analysis of leukocyte balance Heart Vessels 29 2014 336 342
71. C. Kishimoto, K. Shioji, M. Kinoshita, T. Iwase, S. Tamaki, and M. Fujii T. Hashimoto Treatment of acute inflammatory cardiomyopathy with intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorates left ventricular function associated with suppression of inflammatory cytokines and decreased oxidative stress Int J Cardiol 91 2003 173 178
72. F. Knebel, M. Bohm, A. Staudt, A.C. Borges, M. Tepper, and N. Jochmann G. Baumann Reduction of morbidity by immunoadsorption therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy Int J Cardiol 97 2004 517 520
73. M. Kodama, Y. Matsumoto, and M. Fujiwara In vivo lymphocyte-mediated myocardial injuries demonstrated by adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune myocarditis Circulation 85 1992 1918 1926
74. M. Kodama, Y. Matsumoto, M. Fujiwara, F. Masani, T. Izumi, and A. Shibata A novel experimental model of giant cell myocarditis induced in rats by immunization with cardiac myosin fraction Clin Immunol Immunopathol 57 1990 250 262
75. U. Kuhl, M. Pauschinger, P.L. Schwimmbeck, B. Seeberg, C. Lober, and M. Noutsias H.P. Schultheiss Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction Circulation 107 2003 2793 2798
76. V. Kyto, J. Sipila, and P. Rautava Rate and patient features associated with recurrence of acute myocarditis Eur J Intern Med 25 2014 946 950
77. C.L. Leonardi, A.B. Kimball, K.A. Papp, N. Yeilding, C. Guzzo, and Y. Wang investigators, P. s. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1) Lancet 371 2008 1665 1674
78. M.K. Levings, R. Sangregorio, and M.G. Roncarolo Human cd25(+)cd4(+) t regulatory cells suppress naive and memory T cell proliferation and can be expanded in vitro without loss of function J Exp Med 193 2001 1295 1302
79. M.K. Levings, R. Sangregorio, C. Sartirana, A.L. Moschin, M. Battaglia, P.C. Orban, and M.G. Roncarolo Human CD25 + CD4 + T suppressor cell clones produce transforming growth factor beta, but not interleukin 10, and are distinct from type 1 T regulatory cells J Exp Med 196 2002 1335 1346
80. J. Li, P.L. Schwimmbeck, C. Tschope, S. Leschka, L. Husmann, and S. Rutschow M. Pauschinger Collagen degradation in a murine myocarditis model: relevance of matrix metalloproteinase in association with inflammatory induction Cardiovasc Res 56 2002 235 247
81. Y. Li, T. Bourlet, L. Andreoletti, J.F. Mosnier, T. Peng, and Y. Yang H. Zhang Enteroviral capsid protein VP1 is present in myocardial tissues from some patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy Circulation 101 2000 231 234
82. Y. Li, J.S. Heuser, S.D. Kosanke, M. Hemric, and M.W. Cunningham Protection against experimental autoimmune myocarditis is mediated by interleukin-10-producing T cells that are controlled by dendritic cells Am J Pathol 167 2005 5 15
83. Y.Y. Li, Y. Feng, C.F. McTiernan, W. Pei, C.S. Moravec, and P. Wang A.M. Feldman Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and reduction in collagen damage in the failing human heart after support with left ventricular assist devices Circulation 104 2001 1147 1152
84. Z.L. Liu, Z.J. Liu, J.P. Liu, and J.S. Kwong Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8 2013 CD003711
85. C. Lu, F. Qin, Y. Yan, T. Liu, J. Li, and H. Chen Immunosuppressive treatment for myocarditis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2014 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000134 (Epub ahead of print)
86. J.A. Luetkens, J. Doerner, D.K. Thomas, D. Dabir, J. Gieseke, and A.M. Sprinkart C.P. Naehle Acute myocarditis: multiparametric cardiac MR imaging Radiology 273 2014 383 392
87. D. Marchant, Y. Dou, H. Luo, F.S. Garmaroudi, J.E. McDonough, and X. Si B.M. McManus Bosentan enhances viral load via endothelin-1 receptor type-A-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation while improving cardiac function during coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis Circ Res 104 2009 813 821
88. D.J. Marchant, C.L. Bellac, T.J. Moraes, S.J. Wadsworth, A. Dufour, and G.S. Butler C.M. Overall A new transcriptional role for matrix metalloproteinase-12 in antiviral immunity Nat Med 20 2014 493 502
89. J.W. Mason, J.B. O'Connell, A. Herskowitz, N.R. Rose, B.M. McManus, M.E. Billingham, and T.E. Moon A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators N Engl J Med 333 1995 269 275
90. J.J. McMurray, S. Adamopoulos, S.D. Anker, A. Auricchio, M. Bohm, and K. Dickstein Guidelines, E. S. C. C. f. P. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC Eur Heart J 33 2012 1787 1847
91. D.M. McNamara, R. Holubkov, R.C. Starling, G.W. Dec, E. Loh, and G. Torre-Amione A.M. Feldman Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy Circulation 103 2001 2254 2259
92. V.V. Menghini, V. Savcenko, L.J. Olson, H.D. Tazelaar, G.W. Dec, A. Kao, and L.T. Cooper Jr. Combined immunosuppression for the treatment of idiopathic giant cell myocarditis Mayo Clin Proc 74 1999 1221 1226
93. C. Monaco, J. Nanchahal, P. Taylor, and M. Feldmann Anti-TNF therapy: past, present and future Int Immunol 27 2015 55 62
94. G. Munch, V. Boivin-Jahns, H.P. Holthoff, K. Adler, M. Lappo, and S. Truol M. Ungerer Administration of the cyclic peptide COR-1 in humans (phase I study): ex vivo measurements of anti-beta1-adrenergic receptor antibody neutralization and of immune parameters Eur J Heart Fail 14 2012 1230 1239
95. I. Nelissen, E. Martens, P.E. Van den Steen, P. Proost, I. Ronsse, and G. Opdenakker Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 cleaves interferon-beta and is a target for immunotherapy Brain 126 2003 1371 1381
96. N. Neu, and B. Ploier Experimentally-induced autoimmune myocarditis: production of heart myosin-specific autoantibodies within the inflammatory infiltrate Autoimmunity 8 1991 317 322
97. N. Okamoto, T. Noma, Y. Ishihara, Y. Miyauchi, W. Takabatake, and S. Oomizu M. Kohno Prognostic value of circulating regulatory T cells for worsening heart failure in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction Int Heart J 55 2014 271 277
98. Y. Okura, K. Takeda, S. Honda, H. Hanawa, H. Watanabe, and M. Kodama T. Abo Recombinant murine interleukin-12 facilitates induction of cardiac myosin-specific type 1 helper T cells in rats Circ Res 82 1998 1035 1042
99. M. Ono, J. Shimizu, Y. Miyachi, and S. Sakaguchi Control of autoimmune myocarditis and multiorgan inflammation by glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein(high), Foxp3-expressing CD25 + and CD25- regulatory T cells J Immunol 176 2006 4748 4756
100. B. Oppmann, R. Lesley, B. Blom, J.C. Timans, Y. Xu, and B. Hunte R.A. Kastelein Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12 Immunity 13 2000 715 725
101. C.M. Overall, and O. Kleifeld Tumour microenvironment - opinion: validating matrix metalloproteinases as drug targets and anti-targets for cancer therapy Nat Rev Cancer 6 2006 227 239
102. S. Pankuweit, and K. Klingel Viral myocarditis: from experimental models to molecular diagnosis in patients Heart Fail Rev 18 2013 683 702
103. H.B. Park, D.J. Paik, E. Jang, S. Hong, and J. Youn Acquisition of anergic and suppressive activities in transforming growth factor-beta-costimulated CD4 + CD25- T cells Int Immunol 16 2004 1203 1213
104. D. Parker, C. Martinez, C. Stanley, J. Simmons, and I.M. McIntyre The analysis of methyl salicylate and salicylic acid from Chinese herbal medicine ingestion J Anal Toxicol 28 2004 214 216
105. M.G. Petrillo, S. Ronchetti, E. Ricci, A. Alunno, R. Gerli, G. Nocentini, and C. Riccardi GITR regulatory T cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases Autoimmun Rev 14 2015 117 126
106. J. Pirhonen, S. Matikainen, and I. Julkunen Regulation of virus-induced IL-12 and IL-23 expression in human macrophages J Immunol 169 2002 5673 5678
107. U.K. Radunski, G.K. Lund, C. Stehning, B. Schnackenburg, S. Bohnen, and G. Adam K. Muellerleile CMR in patients with severe myocarditis: diagnostic value of quantitative tissue markers including extracellular volume imaging JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7 2014 667 675
108. M. Rangachari, N. Mauermann, R.R. Marty, S. Dirnhofer, M.O. Kurrer, and V. Komnenovic U. Eriksson T-bet negatively regulates autoimmune myocarditis by suppressing local production of interleukin 17 J Exp Med 203 2006 2009 2019
109. H.A. Rotbart, A.D. Webster, and Pleconaril Treatment Registry, G. Treatment of potentially life-threatening enterovirus infections with pleconaril Clin Infect Dis 32 2001 228 235
110. L. Sailler Rituximab off label use for difficult-to-treat auto-immune diseases: reappraisal of benefits and risks Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 34 2008 103 110
111. H. Samaranayake, T. Wirth, D. Schenkwein, J.K. Raty, and S. Yla-Herttuala Challenges in monoclonal antibody-based therapies Ann Med 41 2009 322 331
112. Y. Seko, S. Ishiyama, T. Nishikawa, T. Kasajima, M. Hiroe, N. Kagawa, K. Osada, S. Suzuki, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, and et al. Restricted usage of T cell receptor V alpha-V beta genes in infiltrating cells in the hearts of patients with acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy J Clin Invest 96 1995 1035 1041
113. Y. Seko, Y. Shinkai, A. Kawasaki, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, F. Takaku, and Y. Yazaki Expression of perforin in infiltrating cells in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 Circulation 84 1991 788 795
114. Y. Seko, E. Yoshifumi, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, and Y. Yazaki Restricted usage of T-cell receptor V alpha genes in infiltrating cells in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackie virus B3 J Pathol 178 1996 330 334
115. A.L. Sellier-Leclerc, E. Belli, V. Guerin, P. Dorfmuller, and G. Deschenes Fulminant viral myocarditis after rituximab therapy in pediatric nephrotic syndrome Pediatr Nephrol 28 2013 1875 1879
116. Y. Shi, M. Fukuoka, G. Li, Y. Liu, M. Chen, and M. Konviser P.P. Liu Regulatory T cells Protect against Coxsackievirus-Induced Myocarditis through the TGFbeta-CAR Pathway Circulation 121 2010 2624 2634
117. R. Shimizu-Hirota, W. Xiong, B.T. Baxter, S.L. Kunkel, I. Maillard, and X.W. Chen S.J. Weiss MT1-MMP regulates the PI3Kdelta.Mi-2/NuRD-dependent control of macrophage immune function Genes Dev 26 2012 395 413
118. R.K. Siegel Herbal intoxication. Psychoactive effects from herbal cigarettes, tea, and capsules JAMA 236 1976 473 476
119. I. Sonderegger, T.A. Rohn, M.O. Kurrer, G. Iezzi, Y. Zou, and R.A. Kastelein M. Kopf Neutralization of IL-17 by active vaccination inhibits IL-23-dependent autoimmune myocarditis Eur J Immunol 36 2006 2849 2856
120. X. Song, Z. Liu, H. Wang, Y. Xin, X. Wang, and J. Chen R. Hui QiHong prevents death in coxsackievirus B3 induced murine myocarditis through inhibition of virus attachment and penetration Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 232 2007 1441 1448
121. A. Staudt, Y. Staudt, M. Dorr, M. Bohm, F. Knebel, and A. Hummel S.B. Felix Potential role of humoral immunity in cardiac dysfunction of patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 829 836
122. Y. Staudt, C. Trimpert, K. Birkenmeier, T. Krieg, T. Bemmann, and D. Beug A. Staudt Effects of antibodies obtained from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy on the function of isolated rat hearts Eur J Clin Invest 36 2006 85 90
123. L. Steinman A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage Nat Med 13 2007 139 145
124. M. Stille-Siegener, A. Heim, and H.R. Figulla Subclassification of dilated cardiomyopathy and interferon treatment Eur Heart J 16 Suppl. O 1995 147 149
125. M.L. Tarrio, N. Grabie, D.X. Bu, A.H. Sharpe, and A.H. Lichtman PD-1 protects against inflammation and myocyte damage in T cell-mediated myocarditis J Immunol 188 2012 4876 4884
126. R. Teschke, A. Wolff, C. Frenzel, and J. Schulze Review article: Herbal hepatotoxicity-an update on traditional Chinese medicine preparations Aliment Pharmacol Ther 40 2014 32 50
127. C. Trimpert, L.R. Herda, L.G. Eckerle, S. Pohle, C. Muller, and M. Landsberger A. Staudt Immunoadsorption in dilated cardiomyopathy: long-term reduction of cardiodepressant antibodies Eur J Clin Invest 40 2010 685 691
128. A. Vaknin-Dembinsky, K. Balashov, and H.L. Weiner IL-23 is increased in dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis and down-regulation of IL-23 by antisense oligos increases dendritic cell IL-10 production J Immunol 176 2006 7768 7774
129. P.E. Van Den Steen, A. Wuyts, S.J. Husson, P. Proost, J. Van Damme, and G. Opdenakker Gelatinase B/MMP-9 and neutrophil collagenase/MMP-8 process the chemokines human GCP-2/CXCL6, ENA-78/CXCL5 and mouse GCP-2/LIX and modulate their physiological activities Eur J Biochem 270 2003 3739 3749
130. D.A. Vignali, L.W. Collison, and C.J. Workman How regulatory T cells work Nat Rev Immunol 8 2008 523 532
131. H. Wang, Y. Ding, J. Zhou, X. Sun, and S. Wang The in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of salidroside from Rhodiola rosea L. against coxsackievirus B3 Phytomedicine 16 2009 146 155
132. Y.F. Wang, X.Y. Wang, Z. Ren, C.W. Qian, Y.C. Li, and K. Kaio Y.F. Wang Phyllaemblicin B inhibits Coxsackie virus B3 induced apoptosis and myocarditis Antiviral Res 84 2009 150 158
133. H. Weremeichik, A. Moraska, M. Herzum, A. Weller, and S.A. Huber Naturally occurring anti-idiotypic antibodies-mechanisms for autoimmunity and immunoregulation? Eur Heart J 12 Suppl. D 1991 154 157
134. R. Wessely Coxsackieviral replication and pathogenicity: lessons from gene modified animal models Med Microbiol Immunol 193 2004 71 74
135. D. Westermann, K. Savvatis, D. Lindner, C. Zietsch, P.M. Becher, and E. Hammer C. Tschope Reduced degradation of the chemokine MCP-3 by matrix metalloproteinase-2 exacerbates myocardial inflammation in experimental viral cardiomyopathy Circulation 124 2011 2082 2093
136. F.M. Wilson, Q.R. Miranda, J.L. Chason, and A.M. Lerner Residual pathologic changes following murine coxsackie A and B myocarditis Am J Pathol 55 1969 253 265
137. L.H. Young, S.V. Joag, L.M. Zheng, C.P. Lee, Y.S. Lee, and J.D. Young Perforin-mediated myocardial damage in acute myocarditis Lancet 336 1990 1019 1021
138. Z.X. Yu, M. Sekiguchi, M. Hiroe, M. Take, and K. Hirosawa Histopathological findings of acute and convalescent myocarditis obtained by serial endomyocardial biopsy Jpn Circ J 48 1984 1368 1374
139. H. Zhang, Y. Li, D.R. McClean, P.J. Richardson, R. Florio, and M. Sheppard L.C. Archard Detection of enterovirus capsid protein VP1 in myocardium from cases of myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy by immunohistochemistry: further evidence of enterovirus persistence in myocytes Med Microbiol Immunol 193 2004 109 114
140. Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, G. Ye, C. Huang, Y. Yang, and R. Chen X. Cui Antiviral effects of sophoridine against coxsackievirus B3 and its pharmacokinetics in rats Life Sci 78 2006 1998 2005
141. H. Zhu, Y. Zhang, G. Ye, Z. Li, P. Zhou, and C. Huang In vivo and in vitro antiviral activities of calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside against coxsackie virus B3 Biol Pharm Bull 32 2009 68 73
142. O. Zimmermann, C. Rodewald, M. Radermacher, M. Vetter, J.M. Wiehe, and M. Bienek-Ziolkowski J. Torzewski Interferon beta-1b therapy in chronic viral dilated cardiomyopathy-is there a role for specific therapy? J Card Fail 16 2010 348 356
143. X. Zuo, W. Pan, T. Feng, X. Shi, and J. Dai Matrix metalloproteinase 3 promotes cellular anti-dengue virus response via interaction with transcription factor NFkappaB in cell nucleus PLoS One 9 2014 e84748