Bacterial Capsules

Molecular Medical Microbiology

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 33-53

  Wen, Zhensong ^a   Zhang, Jing Ren ^a  

^a Tsinghua University School of Medicine ^*  (China)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Capsule; Gene regulation; Microbiology; Pathogen; Polysaccharide; Vaccine; Virulence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961116259     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00003-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (237)

1. J. Wang., S. Lory., R. Ramphal., S. Jin Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes inducible by respiratory mucus derived from cystic fibrosis patients Mol Microbiol 22 1996 1005-1012.
2. T.B. May., D. Shinabarger., R. Maharaj., J. Kato., L. Chu., J.D. DeVault., et al. Alginate synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a key pathogenic factor in chronic pulmonary infections of cystic fibrosis patients Clin Microbiol Rev 4 1991 191-206.
3. F. Griffiths The significance of pneumococal types J Hyg 27 1928 113-159.
4. I. Gilbert Dissociation in an encapsulated staphylococcus J Bacteriol 21 1931 157-160.
5. B. White The Biology of Pneumococcus 1938 The Commonwealth Fund Cambridge, MA.
6. R. Heffron., B. White Pneumonia, with Special Reference to Pneumococcus Lobar Pneumonia 1939 The Commonwealth Fund Cambridge, MA.
7. P. Xue., D. Corbett., M. Goldrick., C. Naylor., I.S. Roberts Regulation of expression of the region 3 promoter of the Escherichia coli K5 capsule gene cluster involves H-NS, SlyA, and a large 5′ untranslated region J Bacteriol 191 2009 1838-1846.
8. N. Majdalani., M. Heck., V. Stout., S. Gottesman Role of RcsF in signaling to the Rcs phosphorelay pathway in Escherichia coli J Bacteriol 187 2005 6770-6778.
9. L. Pasteur., C.E. Chamberlands., E. Roux Sur une maladie nouvelle, provoquee par la salive dun enfant mort de la rage Compt rend Acad d sc 92 1881 159.
10. C. Friedländer Notiz, die Farbung der Kapselmicrococcen betreffend Fortschr d Med 3 1885 757.
11. P.H. Hiss Jr. A contribution to the physiological differentiation of Pneumococcus and Streptococcus and to methods of staining capsules J Exp Med 6 1905 317-345.
12. W. Kruse., S. Pansini Untersuchungen unber den Diplococcus pneumoniae und verywandte Streptokokken Ztschr f Hyg u Infektionskr 11 1891 279.
13. P.H. Makela., J.C. Butler History of pneumococcal immunization G.R. Siber., K.P. Klugman. P.H. Makela Pneumococcal Vaccines: The Impact of Conjugate Vaccine. 6th ed 2008 ASM Press Washington, DC 19-29.
14. B.H. Rehm Bacterial polymers: biosynthesis, modifications and applications Nat Rev Microbiol 8 2010 578-592.
15. O.T. Avery., C.M. MacLeod., M. McCarty Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types J Exp Med 79 1944 137-158.
16. J.J. Kenyon., R.M. Hall Variation in the complex carbohydrate biosynthesis loci of Acinetobacter baumannii genomes PLoS One 8 2013 e62160.
17. E. Fregolino., V. Gargiulo., R. Lanzetta., M. Parrilli., O. Holst., C.D. Castro Identification and structural determination of the capsular polysaccharides from two Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, MG1 and SMAL Carbohydr Res 346 2011 973-977.
18. A.V. Karlyshev., J.M. Ketley., B.W. Wren The Campylobacter jejuni glycome FEMS Microbiol Rev 29 2005 377-390.
19. P. Guerry., F. Poly., M. Riddle., A.C. Maue., Y.H. Chen., M.A. Monteiro Campylobacter polysaccharide capsules: virulence and vaccines Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2 2012 7.
20. C. Whitfield Biosynthesis and assembly of capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli Annu Rev Biochem 75 2006 39-68.
21. A. Preston., M. Apicella The genetics of capsule and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Haemophilus influenzae J.B. Goldberg. Genetics of Bacterial Polysaccharides 1999 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 91-110.
22. R. Podschun., U. Ullmann Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors Clin Microbiol Rev 11 1998 589-603.
23. O.B. Harrison., H. Claus., Y. Jiang., J.S. Bennett., H.B. Bratcher., K.A. Jolley., et al. Description and nomenclature of Neisseria meningitidis capsule locus Emerg Infect Dis 19 2013 566-573.
24. G.R. Carter Studies on Pasteurella multocida. I. A hemagglutination test for the identification of serological types Am J Vet Res 16 1955 481-484.
25. J.B. Goldberg Genetics of Pesudomonas aeruginosa polysaccharides J.B. Goldberg. Genetics of Bacterial Polysaccharides 1999 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 1-22.
26. D. Pickard., J. Wain., S. Baker., A. Line., S. Chohan., M. Fookes., et al. Composition, acquisition, and distribution of the Vi exopolysaccharide-encoding Salmonella enterica pathogenicity island SPI-7 J Bacteriol 185 2003 5055-5065.
27. J. Yother Capsules of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria: paradigms for polysaccharide biosynthesis and regulation Annu Rev Microbiol 65 2011 563-581.
28. J.J. Calix., R.J. Porambo., A.M. Brady., T.R. Larson., J. Yother., C. Abeygunwardana., et al. Biochemical, genetic, and serological characterization of two capsule subtypes among Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 20 strains: discovery of a new pneumococcal serotype J Biol Chem 287 2012 27885-27894.
29. L.C. Madoff., L.C. Paoletti., D.L. Kasper Surface structures of group B streptococci important in human immunology V.A. Fischetti., R.P. Novick. J.J. Ferretti., D.A. Portnoy., J.I. Rood Gram-Positive Pathogens. 2nd ed 2006 ASM Press Washington, DC 169-185.
30. M.R. Wessels Capsular polysaccharide of group A streptococci V.A. Fischetti., R.P. Novick. J.J. Ferretti., D.A. Portnoy., J.I. Rood Gram-Positive Pathogens 2nd ed 2006 ASM Press Washington, DC 37-46.
31. M. Okura., D. Takamatsu., F. Maruyama., T. Nozawa., I. Nakagawa., M. Osaki., et al. Genetic analysis of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters from all serotypes of Streptococcus suis: potential mechanisms for generation of capsular variation Appl Environ Microbiol 79 2013 2796-2806.
32. K. O’Riordan., J.C. Lee Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides Clin Microbiol Rev 17 2004 218-234.
33. S. Flahaut., E. Vinogradov., K.A. Kelley., S. Brennan., K. Hiramatsu., J.C. Lee Structural and biological characterization of a capsular polysaccharide produced by Staphylococcus haemolyticus J Bacteriol 190 2008 1649-1657.
34. T. Candela., A. Fouet Poly-gamma-glutamate in bacteria Mol Microbiol 60 2006 1091-1098.
35. M.E. Bayer Visualization of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 150 1990 129-157.
36. T.J. Beveridge., J.R. Lawrence., R.G.E. Murray Sampling and staining for light microscopy C.A. Reddy., T.J. Beveridge. J.A. Breznak., G.A. Marzluf., T.M. Schmidt., L.R. Snyder Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology. 3rd ed 2007 ASM Press Washington, DC 19-33.
37. E.E. Anthony Jr. A note on capsule staining Science 73 1931 319-320.
38. J.P. Duguid., J.F. Wilkinson The influence of cultural conditions on polysaccharide production by Aerobacter aerogenes J Gen Microbiol 9 1953 174-189.
39. F. Neufeld Ueber die Agglutination der Pneumokokken und uber die Theorien der Agglutination Zeitschrift fur Hygiene Infektionskrankheiten 40 1902 54-72.
40. S. Hammerschmidt., S. Wolff., A. Hocke., S. Rosseau., E. Muller., M. Rohde Illustration of pneumococcal polysaccharide capsule during adherence and invasion of epithelial cells Infect Immun 73 2005 4653-4667.
41. N. Majdalani., S. Gottesman The Rcs phosphorelay: a complex signal transduction system Annu Rev Microbiol 59 2005 379-405.
42. C. Jones Revised structures for the capsular polysaccharides from Staphylococcus aureus Types 5 and 8, components of novel glycoconjugate vaccines Carbohydr Res 340 2005 1097-1106.
43. F.C. Fang., S. Rimsky New insights into transcriptional regulation by H-NS Curr Opin Microbiol 11 2008 113-120.
44. K. Jann., B. Jann Capsular polysaccharides M. Sussman. Molecular Medical Microbiology 2001 Academic Press London 47-77.
45. L. Cuthbertson., I.L. Mainprize., J.H. Naismith., C. Whitfield Pivotal roles of the outer membrane polysaccharide export and polysaccharide copolymerase protein families in export of extracellular polysaccharides in gram-negative bacteria Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73 2009 155-177.
46. E.C. Gotschlich., B.A. Fraser., O. Nishimura., J.B. Robbins., T.Y. Liu Lipid on capsular polysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria J Biol Chem 256 1981 8915-8921.
47. M.A. Schmidt., K. Jann Structure of the 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-manno-octonic-acid-containing capsular polysaccharide (K12 antigen) of the urinary-tract-infective Escherichia coli O4:K12:H Eur J Biochem 131 1983 509-517.
48. J.S. Kuo., V.W. Doelling., J.F. Graveline., D.W. McCoy Evidence for covalent attachment of phospholipid to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b J Bacteriol 163 1985 769-773.
49. L.M. Willis., J. Stupak., M.R. Richards., T.L. Lowary., J. Li., C. Whitfield Conserved glycolipid termini in capsular polysaccharides synthesized by ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent pathways in Gram-negative pathogens Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013.
50. W.E. Hanby., H.N. Rydon The capsular substance of Bacillus anthracis Biochem J 40 1946 297-309.
51. J.R. Brisson., H. Baumann., A. Imberty., S. Perez., H.J. Jennings Helical epitope of the group B meningococcal α(2-8)-linked sialic acid polysaccharide Biochemistry 31 1992 4996-5004.
52. J.R. Brisson., S. Uhrinova., R.J. Woods., M. van der Zwan., H.C. Jarrell., L.C. Paoletti., et al. NMR and molecular dynamics studies of the conformational epitope of the type III group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide and derivatives Biochemistry 36 1997 3278-3292.
53. H.J. Jennings., C. Lugowski., D.L. Kasper Conformational aspects critical to the immunospecificity of the type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide Biochemistry 20 1981 4511-4518.
54. H.J. Jennings., C.W. Lugowski., F.E. Ashton., J.A. Ryan The structure of the capsular polysaccharide obtained from a new serogroup (L) of Neisseria meningitidis Carbohydr Res 112 1983 105-111.
55. M.R. Wessels., V. Pozsgay., D.L. Kasper., H.J. Jennings Structure and immunochemistry of an oligosaccharide repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus. A revised structure for the type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide antigen J Biol Chem 262 1987 8262-8267.
56. M.R. Wessels., C.E. Rubens., V.J. Benedi., D.L. Kasper Definition of a bacterial virulence factor: sialylation of the group B streptococcal capsule Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 1989 8983-8987.
57. K.A. Joiner., L.F. Fries., M.A. Schmetz., M.M. Frank IgG bearing covalently bound C3b has enhanced bactericidal activity for Escherichia coli 0111 J Exp Med 162 1985 877-889.
58. U. Krallmann-Wenzel., G. Schmidt A simple procedure to demonstrate the presence of the O-antigen capsule in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Zentralbl Bakteriol 281 1994 140-145.
59. D. Uhrin., J.R. Brisson., L.L. MacLean., J.C. Richards., M.B. Perry Application of 1D and 2D NMR techniques to the structure elucidation of the O-polysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis O:57 J Biomol NMR 4 1994 615-630.
60. M.B. Perry., L.L. MacLean The structure of the polysaccharide produced by Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 49990) Carbohydr Res 253 1994 257-263.
61. L.M. Beynon., A.J. Dumanski., R.J. McLean., L.L. MacLean., J.C. Richards., M.B. Perry Capsule structure of Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 49565) J Bacteriol 174 1992 2172-2177.
62. B. Jann., K. Jann., G. Schmidt., F. Orskov., I. Orskov Comparative immunochemical studies of the surface antigens of Escherichia coli strains 08:K87(B?)H19 and (O32):K87(B?):H45 Eur J Biochem 23 1971 515-522.
63. D.E. Briles., J.C. Paton., M.J. Crain Pneumococcal vaccines V.A. Fischetti., R.P. Novick. J.J. Ferretti., D.A. Portnoy., J.I. Rood Gram-Positive Pathogens. 2nd ed 2006 ASM Press Washington, DC 289-298.
64. D.M. Weinberger., R. Malley., M. Lipsitch Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination Lancet 378 2011 1962-1973.
65. F. Orskov., V. Sharma., I. Orskov Influence of growth temperature on the development of Escherichia coli polysaccharide K antigens J Gen Microbiol 130 1984 2681-2684.
66. S.D. Bentley., D.M. Aanensen., A. Mavroidi., D. Saunders., E. Rabbinowitsch., M. Collins., et al. Genetic analysis of the capsular biosynthetic locus from all 90 pneumococcal serotypes PLoS Genet 2 2006 e31.
67. C. Pazzani., C. Rosenow., G.J. Boulnois., D. Bronner., K. Jann., I.S. Roberts Molecular analysis of region 1 of the Escherichia coli K5 antigen gene cluster: a region encoding proteins involved in cell surface expression of capsular polysaccharide J Bacteriol 175 1993 5978-5983.
68. M. Frosch., U. Edwards., K. Bousset., B. Krausse., C. Weisgerber Evidence for a common molecular origin of the capsule gene loci in gram-negative bacteria expressing group II capsular polysaccharides Mol Microbiol 5 1991 1251-1263.
69. S.K. Hoiseth., E.R. Moxon., R.P. Silver Genes involved in Haemophilus influenzae type b capsule expression are part of an 18-kilobase tandem duplication Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 1986 1106-1110.
70. J.S. Kroll., B.M. Loynds., E.R. Moxon The Haemophilus influenzae capsulation gene cluster: a compound transposon Mol Microbiol 5 1991 1549-1560.
71. P.G. Corn., J. Anders., A.K. Takala., H. Kayhty., S.K. Hoiseth Genes involved in Haemophilus influenzae type b capsule expression are frequently amplified J Infect Dis 167 1993 356-364.
72. E.M. Johnson., B. Krauskopf., L.S. Baron Genetic mapping of Vi and somatic antigenic determinants in Salmonella J Bacteriol 90 1965 302-308.
73. H.S. Houng., K.F. Noon., J.T. Ou., L.S. Baron Expression of Vi antigen in Escherichia coli K-12: characterization of ViaB from Citrobacter freundii and identity of ViaA with RcsB J Bacteriol 174 1992 5910-5915.
74. Y. Hashimoto., N. Li., H. Yokoyama., T. Ezaki Complete nucleotide sequence and molecular characterization of ViaB region encoding Vi antigen in Salmonella typhi J Bacteriol 175 1993 4456-4465.
75. D. Pickard., R.A. Kingsley., C. Hale., K. Turner., K. Sivaraman., M. Wetter., et al. A genomewide mutagenesis screen identifies multiple genes contributing to Vi capsular expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi J Bacteriol 195 2013 1320-1326.
76. D.M. Young., D. Parke., L.N. Ornston Opportunities for genetic investigation afforded by Acinetobacter baylyi, a nutritionally versatile bacterial species that is highly competent for natural transformation Annu Rev Microbiol 59 2005 519-551.
77. J.P. Dillard., J. Yother Genetic and molecular characterization of capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 Mol Microbiol 12 1994 959-972.
78. E. Garcia., C. Arrecubieta., R. Munoz., M. Mollerach., R. Lopez A functional analysis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae genes involved in the synthesis of type 1 and type 3 capsular polysaccharides Microb Drug Resist 3 1997 73-88.
79. A. Guidolin., J.K. Morona., R. Morona., D. Hansman., J.C. Paton Nucleotide sequence analysis of genes essential for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F Infect Immun 62 1994 5384-5396.
80. R. Munoz., M. Mollerach., R. Lopez., E. Garcia Molecular organization of the genes required for the synthesis of type 1 capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae: formation of binary encapsulated pneumococci and identification of cryptic dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis genes Mol Microbiol 25 1997 79-92.
81. D. Llull., R. Munoz., R. Lopez., E. Garcia A single gene (tts) located outside the cap locus directs the formation of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 37 capsular polysaccharide. Type 37 pneumococci are natural, genetically binary strains J Exp Med 190 1999 241-251.
82. J.C. Paton., J.K. Morona Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide V.A. Fischetti., R.P. Novick. J.J. Ferretti., D.A. Portnoy., J.I. Rood Gram-Positive Pathogens. 2nd ed 2006 ASM Press Washington, DC 241-252.
83. M. Kilian., K. Poulsen., T. Blomqvist., L.S. Havarstein., M. Bek-Thomsen., H. Tettelin., et al. Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its close commensal relatives PLoS One 3 2008 e2683.
84. A.M. Griffin., V.J. Morris., M.J. Gasson The cpsABCDE genes involved in polysaccharide production in Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus strain NCBF 2393 Gene 183 1996 23-27.
85. M.H. Bender., R.T. Cartee., J. Yother Positive correlation between tyrosine phosphorylation of CpsD and capsular polysaccharide production in Streptococcus pneumoniae J Bacteriol 185 2003 6057-6066.
86. J.K. Morona., J.C. Paton., D.C. Miller., R. Morona Tyrosine phosphorylation of CpsD negatively regulates capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae Mol Microbiol 35 2000 1431-1442.
87. J.K. Morona., R. Morona., D.C. Miller., J.C. Paton Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule biosynthesis protein CpsB is a novel manganese-dependent phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase J Bacteriol 184 2002 577-583.
88. M.J. Cieslewicz., D.L. Kasper., Y. Wang., M.R. Wessels Functional analysis in type Ia group B Streptococcus of a cluster of genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide production by diverse species of streptococci J Biol Chem 276 2001 139-146.
89. Y. Kawai., J. Marles-Wright., R.M. Cleverley., R. Emmins., S. Ishikawa., M. Kuwano., et al. A widespread family of bacterial cell wall assembly proteins EMBO J 30 2011 4931-4941.
90. A. Eberhardt., C.N. Hoyland., D. Vollmer., S. Bisle., R.M. Cleverley., O. Johnsborg., et al. Attachment of capsular polysaccharide to the cell wall in Streptococcus pneumoniae Microb Drug Resist 18 2012 240-255.
91. M.H. Bender., J. Yother CpsB is a modulator of capsule-associated tyrosine kinase activity in Streptococcus pneumoniae J Biol Chem 276 2001 47966-47974.
92. J.P. Byrne., J.K. Morona., J.C. Paton., R. Morona Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae Cps2C residues that affect capsular polysaccharide polymerization, cell wall ligation, and Cps2D phosphorylation J Bacteriol 193 2011 2341-2346.
93. M.J. Cieslewicz., D. Chaffin., G. Glusman., D. Kasper., A. Madan., S. Rodrigues., et al. Structural and genetic diversity of group B streptococcus capsular polysaccharides Infect Immun 73 2005 3096-3103.
94. D. Sompolinsky., Z. Samra., W.W. Karakawa., W.F. Vann., R. Schneerson., Z. Malik Encapsulation and capsular types in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from different sources and relationship to phage types J Clin Microbiol 22 1985 828-834.
95. C.Y. Lee., J.C. Lee Staphylococcal capsule. V.A. Fischetti., R.P. Novick. J.J. Ferretti., D.A. Portnoy., J.I. Rood 2006 ASM Press Gram-Positive Pathogens. 2nd ed. Washington, DC 456-463.
96. S. Ouyang., C.Y. Lee Transcriptional analysis of type 1 capsule genes in Staphylococcus aureus Mol Microbiol 23 1997 473-482.
97. S. Ouyang., S. Sau., C.Y. Lee Promoter analysis of the cap8 operon, involved in type 8 capsular polysaccharide production in Staphylococcus aureus J Bacteriol 181 1999 2492-2500.
98. S. Sau., J. Sun., C.Y. Lee Molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of type 8 capsule genes in Staphylococcus aureus J Bacteriol 179 1997 1614-1621.
99. J.C. Lee., S. Takeda., P.J. Livolsi., L.C. Paoletti Effects of in vitro and in vivo growth conditions on expression of type 8 capsular polysaccharide by Staphylococcus aureus Infect Immun 61 1993 1853-1858.
100. A. Typas., M. Banzhaf., C.A. Gross., W. Vollmer From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth and morphology Nat Rev Microbiol 10 2012 123-136.
101. L. Cuthbertson., V. Kos., C. Whitfield ABC transporters involved in export of cell surface glycoconjugates Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74 2010 341-362.
102. C. Schaffer., T. Wugeditsch., P. Messner., C. Whitfield Functional expression of enterobacterial O-polysaccharide biosynthesis enzymes in Bacillus subtilis Appl Environ Microbiol 68 2002 4722-4730.
103. F.A. Troy., F.E. Frerman., E.C. Heath The biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide in Aerobacter aerogenes J Biol Chem 246 1971 118-133.
104. S.R. Bushell., I.L. Mainprize., M.A. Wear., H. Lou., C. Whitfield., J.H. Naismith Wzi is an outer membrane lectin that underpins group 1 capsule assembly in Escherichia coli Structure 21 2013 844-853.
105. C. Dong., K. Beis., J. Nesper., A.L. Brunkan-Lamontagne., B.R. Clarke., C. Whitfield., et al. Wza the translocon for E. coli capsular polysaccharides defines a new class of membrane protein Nature 444 2006 226-229.
106. R.F. Collins., K. Beis., C. Dong., C.H. Botting., C. McDonnell., R.C. Ford., et al. The 3D structure of a periplasm-spanning platform required for assembly of group 1 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 2007 2390-2395.
107. R.F. Collins., J.P. Derrick Wza: a new structural paradigm for outer membrane secretory proteins? Trends Microbiol 15 2007 96-100.
108. A. Wright., M. Dankert., P. Fennessey., P.W. Robbins Characterization of a polyisoprenoid compound functional in O-antigen biosynthesis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 57 1967 1798-1803.
109. R. Woodward., W. Yi., L. Li., G. Zhao., H. Eguchi., P.R. Sridhar., et al. In vitro bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis: defining the functions of Wzy and Wzz Nat Chem Biol 6 2010 418-423.
110. I.T. Paulsen., A.M. Beness., M.H. Saier Jr. Computer-based analyses of the protein constituents of transport systems catalysing export of complex carbohydrates in bacteria Microbiology 143 1997 2685-2699.
111. R.T. Cartee., W.T. Forsee., M.H. Bender., K.D. Ambrose., J. Yother CpsE from type 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae catalyzes the reversible addition of glucose-1-phosphate to a polyprenyl phosphate acceptor, initiating type 2 capsule repeat unit formation J Bacteriol 187 2005 7425-7433.
112. M.A. Kolkman., W. Wakarchuk., P.J. Nuijten., B.A. van der Zeijst Capsular polysaccharide synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14: molecular analysis of the complete cps locus and identification of genes encoding glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide subunit Mol Microbiol 26 1997 197-208.
113. A. Finke., D. Bronner., A.V. Nikolaev., B. Jann., K. Jann Biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli K5 polysaccharide, a representative of group II capsular polysaccharides: polymerization in vitro and characterization of the product J Bacteriol 173 1991 4088-4094.
114. D. Bronner., V. Sieberth., C. Pazzani., I.S. Roberts., G.J. Boulnois., B. Jann., et al. Expression of the capsular K5 polysaccharide of Escherichia coli: biochemical and electron microscopic analyses of mutants with defects in region 1 of the K5 gene cluster J Bacteriol 175 1993 5984-5992.
115. N. Sugiura., Y. Baba., Y. Kawaguchi., T. Iwatani., K. Suzuki., T. Kusakabe., et al. Glucuronyltransferase activity of KfiC from Escherichia coli strain K5 requires association of KfiA: KfiC and KfiA are essential enzymes for production of K5 polysaccharide, N-acetylheparosan J Biol Chem 285 2010 1597-1606.
116. N. Hodson., G. Griffiths., N. Cook., M. Pourhossein., E. Gottfridson., T. Lind., et al. Identification that KfiA, a protein essential for the biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide, is an α-UDP-GlcNAc glycosyltransferase. The formation of a membrane-associated K5 biosynthetic complex requires KfiA, KfiB, and KfiC J Biol Chem 275 2000 27311-27315.
117. M. Chen., A. Bridges., J. Liu Determination of the substrate specificities of N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferase Biochemistry 45 2006 12358-12365.
118. E. Roman., I. Roberts., K. Lidholt., M. Kusche-Gullberg Overexpression of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli results in decreased biosynthesis of K5 polysaccharide Biochem J 374 2003 767-772.
119. G.P. Rigg., B. Barrett., I.S. Roberts The localization of KpsC, S and T, and KfiA, C and D proteins involved in the biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide: evidence for a membrane-bound complex Microbiology 144 1998 2905-2914.
120. A.N. Smith., G.J. Boulnois., I.S. Roberts Molecular analysis of the Escherichia coli K5 kps locus: identification and characterization of an inner-membrane capsular polysaccharide transport system Mol Microbiol 4 1990 1863-1869.
121. M.S. Pavelka Jr., L.F. Wright., R.P. Silver Identification of two genes, kpsM and kpsT, in region 3 of the polysialic acid gene cluster of Escherichia coli K1 J Bacteriol 173 1991 4603-4610.
122. J.M. Bliss., R.P. Silver Coating the surface: a model for expression of capsular polysialic acid in Escherichia coli K1 Mol Microbiol 21 1996 221-231.
123. C.J. Nsahlai., R.P. Silver Purification and characterization of KpsT, the ATP-binding component of the ABC-capsule exporter of Escherichia coli K1 FEMS Microbiol Lett 224 2003 113-118.
124. J.M. Bliss., R.P. Silver Evidence that KpsT, the ATP-binding component of an ATP-binding cassette transporter, is exposed to the periplasm and associates with polymer during translocation of the polysialic acid capsule of Escherichia coli K1 J Bacteriol 179 1997 1400-1403.
125. K.D. Kroncke., G. Boulnois., I. Roberts., D. Bitter-Suermann., J.R. Golecki., B. Jann., et al. Expression of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular antigen: immunoelectron microscopic and biochemical studies with recombinant E. coli J Bacteriol 172 1990 1085-1091.
126. C. McNulty., J. Thompson., B. Barrett., L. Lord., C. Andersen., I.S. Roberts The cell surface expression of group 2 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli: the role of KpsD, RhsA and a multi-protein complex at the pole of the cell Mol Microbiol 59 2006 907-922.
127. C. Whitfield., F.A. Troy Biosynthesis and assembly of the polysialic acid capsule in Escherichia coli K1. Activation of sialyl polymer synthesis in inactivate sialyltransferase complexes requires protein synthesis J Biol Chem 259 1984 12776-12780.
128. F.A. Troy 2nd Polysialylation: from bacteria to brains Glycobiology 2 1992 5-23.
129. Y.L. Tzeng., A.K. Datta., C.A. Strole., M.A. Lobritz., R.W. Carlson., D.S. Stephens Translocation and surface expression of lipidated serogroup B capsular polysaccharide in Neisseria meningitidis Infect Immun 73 2005 1491-1505.
130. L. Masson., B.E. Holbein Role of lipid intermediate(s) in the synthesis of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide J Bacteriol 161 1985 861-867.
131. H.H. Hannesson., A. Hagner-McWhirter., K. Tiedemann., U. Lindahl., A. Malmstrom Biosynthesis of dermatan sulphate. Defructosylated Escherichia coli K4 capsular polysaccharide as a substrate for the d-glucuronyl C-5 epimerase, and an indication of a two-base reaction mechanism Biochem J 313 1996 589-596.
132. K. Lidholt., M. Fjelstad Biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli K4 capsule polysaccharide. A parallel system for studies of glycosyltransferases in chondroitin formation J Biol Chem 272 1997 2682-2687.
133. P. Prehm., A. Mausolf Isolation of streptococcal hyaluronate synthase Biochem J 235 1986 887-889.
134. B.A. Dougherty., I. van de Rijn Molecular characterization of hasA from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci J Biol Chem 269 1994 169-175.
135. B.A. Dougherty., I. van de Rijn Molecular characterization of hasB from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci. Demonstration of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity J Biol Chem 268 1993 7118-7124.
136. T.B. May., A.M. Chakrabarty Pseudomonas aeruginosa: genes and enzymes of alginate synthesis Trends Microbiol 2 1994 151-157.
137. N. Muhammadi, Ahmed Genetics of bacterial alginate: alginate genes distribution, organization and biosynthesis in bacteria Curr Genomics 8 2007 191-202.
138. C. Arrecubieta., R. Lopez., E. Garcia Type 3-specific synthase of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Cap3B) directs type 3 polysaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and in pneumococcal strains of different serotypes J Exp Med 184 1996 449-455.
139. T. Candela., A. Fouet Bacillus anthracis CapD, belonging to the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase family, is required for the covalent anchoring of capsule to peptidoglycan Mol Microbiol 57 2005 717-726.
140. L. Deng., D.L. Kasper., T.P. Krick., M.R. Wessels Characterization of the linkage between the type III capsular polysaccharide and the bacterial cell wall of group B Streptococcus J Biol Chem 275 2000 7497-7504.
141. D.O. Chaffin., L.M. Mentele., C.E. Rubens Sialylation of group B streptococcal capsular polysaccharide is mediated by cpsK and is required for optimal capsule polymerization and expression J Bacteriol 187 2005 4615-4626.
142. S. Gottesman., V. Stout Regulation of capsular polysaccharide synthesis in Escherichia coli K12 Mol Microbiol 5 1991 1599-1606.
143. A.S. Bayer., F. Eftekhar., J. Tu., C.C. Nast., D.P. Speert Oxygen-dependent up-regulation of mucoid exopolysaccharide (alginate) production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immun 58 1990 1344-1349.
144. R.D. Waite., J.K. Struthers., C.G. Dowson Spontaneous sequence duplication within an open reading frame of the pneumococcal type 3 capsule locus causes high-frequency phase variation Mol Microbiol 42 2001 1223-1232.
145. R.D. Waite., D.W. Penfold., J.K. Struthers., C.G. Dowson Spontaneous sequence duplications within capsule genes cap8E and tts control phase variation in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 8 and 37 Microbiology 149 2003 497-504.
146. R. Hilse., S. Hammerschmidt., W. Bautsch., M. Frosch Site-specific insertion of IS1301 and distribution in Neisseria meningitidis strains J Bacteriol 178 1996 2527-2532.
147. S. Hammerschmidt., R. Hilse., J.P. van Putten., R. Gerardy-Schahn., A. Unkmeir., M. Frosch Modulation of cell surface sialic acid expression in Neisseria meningitidis via a transposable genetic element EMBO J 15 1996 192-198.
148. S. Hammerschmidt., A. Muller., H. Sillmann., M. Muhlenhoff., R. Borrow., A. Fox., et al. Capsule phase variation in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B by slipped-strand mispairing in the polysialyltransferase gene (siaD): correlation with bacterial invasion and the outbreak of meningococcal disease Mol Microbiol 20 1996 1211-1220.
149. T.F. Meyer., C.P. Gibbs., R. Haas Variation and control of protein expression in Neisseria Annu Rev Microbiol 44 1990 451-477.
150. J.N. Weiser., J.M. Love., E.R. Moxon The molecular mechanism of phase variation of H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide Cell 59 1989 657-665.
151. T. Tannaes., N. Dekker., G. Bukholm., J.J. Bijlsma., B.J. Appelmelk Phase variation in the Helicobacter pylori phospholipase A gene and its role in acid adaptation Infect Immun 69 2001 7334-7340.
152. G.J. Noel., A. Brittingham., A.A. Granato., D.M. Mosser Effect of amplification of the Cap b locus on complement-mediated bacteriolysis and opsonization of type b Haemophilus influenzae Infect Immun 64 1996 4769-4775.
153. H. Nicoloff., V. Perreten., S.B. Levy Increased genome instability in Escherichia coli lon mutants: relation to emergence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) mutants caused by insertion sequence elements and large tandem genomic amplifications Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 1293-1303.
154. P.R. Matthews., P.R. Stewart Amplification of a section of chromosomal DNA in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following growth in high concentrations of methicillin J Gen Microbiol 134 1988 1455-1464.
155. A. Markovitz Genetics and regulation of bacterial capsular polysaccharide synthesis and radiation sensitivity I. Sutherland. Surface Carbohydrates of the Prokaryotic Cell 1977 Academic Press London 415-462.
156. A.S. Torres-Cabassa., S. Gottesman Capsule synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12 is regulated by proteolysis J Bacteriol 169 1987 981-989.
157. P. Trisler., S. Gottesman Ion transcriptional regulation of genes necessary for capsular polysaccharide synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12 J Bacteriol 160 1984 184-191.
158. S. Gottesman., P. Trisler., A. Torres-Cabassa Regulation of capsular polysaccharide synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12: characterization of three regulatory genes J Bacteriol 162 1985 1111-1119.
159. T. Atlung., H. Ingmer H-NS: a modulator of environmentally regulated gene expression Mol Microbiol 24 1997 7-17.
160. D. Sledjeski., S. Gottesman A small RNA acts as an antisilencer of the H-NS-silenced rcsA gene of Escherichia coli Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 1995 2003-2007.
161. P. Jayaratne., W.J. Keenleyside., P.R. MacLachlan., C. Dodgson., C. Whitfield Characterization of rcsB and rcsC from Escherichia coli O9:K30:H12 and examination of the role of the rcs regulatory system in expression of group I capsular polysaccharides J Bacteriol 175 1993 5384-5394.
162. W.J. Keenleyside., P. Jayaratne., P.R. MacLachlan., C. Whitfield The rcsA gene of Escherichia coli O9:K30:H12 is involved in the expression of the serotype-specific group I K (capsular) antigen J Bacteriol 174 1992 8-16.
163. K.L. McCallum., C. Whitfield The rcsA gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1:K20 is involved in expression of the serotype-specific K (capsular) antigen Infect Immun 59 1991 494-502.
164. R. Wacharotayankun., Y. Arakawa., M. Ohta., T. Hasegawa., M. Mori., T. Horii., et al. Involvement of rcsB in Klebsiella K2 capsule synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12 J Bacteriol 174 1992 1063-1067.
165. D.W. Martin., M.J. Schurr., M.H. Mudd., J.R. Govan., B.W. Holloway., V. Deretic Mechanism of conversion to mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infecting cystic fibrosis patients Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 1993 8377-8381.
166. F.H. Damron., H.D. Yu Pseudomonas aeruginosa MucD regulates the alginate pathway through activation of MucA degradation via MucP proteolytic activity J Bacteriol 193 2011 286-291.
167. F.H. Damron., D. Qiu., H.D. Yu The Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensor kinase KinB negatively controls alginate production through AlgW-dependent MucA proteolysis J Bacteriol 191 2009 2285-2295.
168. F.H. Damron., J.P. Owings., Y. Okkotsu., J.J. Varga., J.R. Schurr., J.B. Goldberg., et al. Analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa regulon controlled by the sensor kinase KinB and sigma factor RpoN J Bacteriol 194 2012 1317-1330.
169. J.B. Goldberg., T. Dahnke Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgB, which modulates the expression of alginate, is a member of the NtrC subclass of prokaryotic regulators Mol Microbiol 6 1992 59-66.
170. V. Deretic., J.F. Gill., A.M. Chakrabarty Gene algD coding for GDPmannose dehydrogenase is transcriptionally activated in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Bacteriol 169 1987 351-358.
171. S. Ma., U. Selvaraj., D.E. Ohman., R. Quarless., D.J. Hassett., D.J. Wozniak Phosphorylation-independent activity of the response regulators AlgB and AlgR in promoting alginate biosynthesis in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Bacteriol 180 1998 956-968.
172. M. Hobbs., P.R. Reeves The JUMPstart sequence: a 39 bp element common to several polysaccharide gene clusters Mol Microbiol 12 1994 855-856.
173. A. Rahn., C. Whitfield Transcriptional organization and regulation of the Escherichia coli K30 group 1 capsule biosynthesis (cps) gene cluster Mol Microbiol 47 2003 1045-1060.
174. C. Wandersman., S. Letoffe Involvement of lipopolysaccharide in the secretion of Escherichia coli alpha-haemolysin and Erwinia chrysanthemi proteases Mol Microbiol 7 1993 141-150.
175. M.P. Stevens., P. Hanfling., B. Jann., K. Jann., I.S. Roberts Regulation of Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide expression: evidence for involvement of RfaH in the expression of group II capsules FEMS Microbiol Lett 124 1994 93-98.
176. M.P. Stevens., B.R. Clarke., I.S. Roberts Regulation of the Escherichia coli K5 capsule gene cluster by transcription antitermination Mol Microbiol 24 1997 1001-1012.
177. M.J. Bailey., C. Hughes., V. Koronakis RfaH and the ops element, components of a novel system controlling bacterial transcription elongation Mol Microbiol 26 1997 845-851.
178. G. Nagy., V. Danino., U. Dobrindt., M. Pallen., R. Chaudhuri., L. Emody., et al. Down-regulation of key virulence factors makes the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium rfaH mutant a promising live-attenuated vaccine candidate Infect Immun 74 2006 5914-5925.
179. J.C. Levin., M.R. Wessels Identification of csrR/csrS, a genetic locus that regulates hyaluronic acid capsule synthesis in group A Streptococcus Mol Microbiol 30 1998 209-219.
180. 2+ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 2003 4227-4232.
181. 2 and a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two promoters J Bacteriol 176 1994 586-595.
182. M.H. Nahm., J. Katz Immunity to extracellular bacteria W.E. Paul. Fundamental Immunology. 7th ed 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 1001-1015.
183. L.E. Comstock., D.L. Kasper Bacterial glycans: key mediators of diverse host immune responses Cell 126 2006 847-850.
184. C. Taylor., I.S. Roberts The regulation of capsule expression M. Wilson. Bacterial Adhesion to Host Tissues: Mechanisms and Consequences 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 115-138.
185. T. Foster Surface protein adhesins of staphylococci M. Wilson. Bacterial Adhesion to Host Tissues: Mechanisms and Consequences 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 3-26.
186. J.R. Gilsdorf Role of pili in Haemophilus influenzae adherence, colonization and disease M. Wilson. Bacterial Adhesion to Host Tissues: Mechanisms and Consequences 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 139-162.
187. M. Virji Mechanisms of utilization of host signalling molecules by respiratory mucosal pathogens M. Wilson. Bacterial Adhesion to Host Tissues: Mechanisms and Consequences 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 27-58.
188. R. McNab., P.S. Handley., H. HJenkinson Adhesive surface structures of oral streptococci M. Wilson. Bacterial Adhesion to Host Tissues: Mechanisms and Consequences 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 59-88.
189. A.D. Magee., J. Yother Requirement for capsule in colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae Infect Immun 69 2001 3755-3761.
190. D.M. Musher Streptococcus pneumoniae G.L. Mandell., J.E. Bennett. R.D. Dolin Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. vol. 2 2010 Elsevier Churchill Livingstone New York 2623-2642.
191. D.E. Briles., M.J. Crain., B.M. Gray., C. Forman., J. Yother Strong association between capsular type and virulence for mice among human isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infect Immun 60 1992 111-116.
192. F. Kauffmann On the serology of the Klebsiella group Acta Pathol Scand 26 1949 381-406.
193. K. Mizuta., M. Ohta., M. Mori., T. Hasegawa., I. Nakashima., N. Kato Virulence for mice of Klebsiella strains belonging to the O1 group: relationship to their capsular (K) types Infect Immun 40 1983 56-61.
194. E.J. Brown., H.D. Gresham Phagocytosis W.E. Paul. Fundamental Immunology. 7th ed 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 1105-1127.
195. W.M. Prodinger., R. Wurzner., H. Stoiber., M.P. Dierich Complement W.E. Paul. Fundamental Immunology. 7th ed 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 1077-1104.
196. Y.S. Kang., Y. Do., H.K. Lee., S.H. Park., C. Cheong., R.M. Lynch., et al. A dominant complement fixation pathway for pneumococcal polysaccharides initiated by SIGN-R1 interacting with C1q Cell 125 2006 47-58.
197. M.S. Edwards., D.L. Kasper., H.J. Jennings., C.J. Baker., A. Nicholson-Weller Capsular sialic acid prevents activation of the alternative complement pathway by type III, group B streptococci J Immunol 128 1982 1278-1283.
198. S. Ram., L.A. Lewis., S. Agarwal Meningococcal group W-135 and Y capsular polysaccharides paradoxically enhance activation of the alternative pathway of complement J Biol Chem 286 2011 8297-8307.
199. C. Hyams., J. Yuste., K. Bax., E. Camberlein., J.N. Weiser., J.S. Brown Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to complement-mediated immunity is dependent on the capsular serotype Infect Immun 78 2010 716-725.
200. C. Hyams., E. Camberlein., J.M. Cohen., K. Bax., J.S. Brown The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement activity and neutrophil phagocytosis by multiple mechanisms Infect Immun 78 2010 704-715.
201. S.R. de Cordoba., A. Ferreira., V. Nussenzweig., P. Rubinstein Genetic polymorphism of human C4-binding protein J Immunol 131 1983 1565-1569.
202. M.K. Pangburn., H.J. Muller-Eberhard Complement C3 convertase: cell surface restriction of beta1H control and generation of restriction on neuraminidase-treated cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75 1978 2416-2420.
203. G.A. Jarvis., N.A. Vedros Sialic acid of group B Neisseria meningitidis regulates alternative complement pathway activation Infect Immun 55 1987 174-180.
204. J. Finne Occurrence of unique polysialosyl carbohydrate units in glycoproteins of developing brain J Biol Chem 257 1982 11966-11970.
205. W.F. Vann., M.A. Schmidt., B. Jann., K. Jann The structure of the capsular polysaccharide (K5 antigen) of urinary-tract-infective Escherichia coli 010:K5:H4. A polymer similar to desulfo-heparin Eur J Biochem 116 1981 359-364.
206. U. Lindahl., G. Backstrom., A. Malmstrom., L.A. Fransson Biosynthesis of L-iduronic acid in heparin: epimerization of D-glucuronic acid on the polymer level Biochem Biophys Res Commun 46 1972 985-991.
207. R.B. Markham., A. Nicholson-Weller., G. Schiffman., D.L. Kasper The presence of sialic acid on two related bacterial polysaccharides determines the site of the primary immune response and the effect of complement depletion on the response in mice J Immunol 128 1982 2731-2733.
208. H.K. Guttormsen., L.C. Paoletti., K.G. Mansfield., W. Jachymek., H.J. Jennings., D.L. Kasper Rational chemical design of the carbohydrate in a glycoconjugate vaccine enhances IgM-to-IgG switching Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 2008 5903-5908.
209. T. Francis., W.S. Tillett Cutaneous reactions in pneumonia. The development of antibodies following the intradermal injection of type-specific polysaccharide J Exp Med 52 1930 573-585.
210. E.C. Gotschlich., R. Austrian., B. Cvjetanovic., J.B. Robbins Prospects for the prevention of bacterial meningitis with polysaccharide vaccines Bull World Health Organ 56 1978 509-518.
211. S.J. Cryz Jr., E. Furer., R. Germanier Safety and immunogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 capsular polysaccharide vaccine in humans J Infect Dis 151 1985 665-671.
212. J.C. Lee Capsule and vaccine development A.L. Honeyman., H. Friedman. M. Bendinelli Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Disease 2001 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York 39-47.
213. G.B. Pier., D. DesJardin., M. Grout., C. Garner., S.E. Bennett., G. Pekoe., et al. Human immune response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucoid exopolysaccharide (alginate) vaccine Infect Immun 62 1994 3972-3979.
214. C.J. Baker., M.S. Edwards., D.L. Kasper Immunogenicity of polysaccharides from type III, group B Streptococcus J Clin Invest 61 1978 1107-1110.
215. B.A. Batshon., H. Baer., M.F. Shaffer Immunologic paralysis produced in mice by Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 polysaccharide J Immunol 90 1963 121-126.
216. Q. Vos., A. Lees., Z.Q. Wu., C.M. Snapper., J.J. Mond B-cell activation by T-cell-independent type 2 antigens as an integral part of the humoral immune response to pathogenic microorganisms Immunol Rev 176 2000 154-170.
217. J.A. Berzofsky., I.J. Berkower Immunogenicity and antigen structure W.E. Paul. Fundamental Immunology. 7th ed 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 631-683.
218. L.A. Jackson., G.R. Siber Immunogenicity and safety in adults G.R. Siber., K.P. Klugman. P.H. Makela Pneumococcal Vaccines: The Impact of Conjugate Vaccine. 6th ed 2008 ASM Press Washington, DC 245-259.
219. R. Yogev., M. Arditi., E.G. Chadwick., M.D. Amer., P.A. Sroka Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (meningococcal protein conjugate): immunogenicity and safety at various doses Pediatrics 85 1990 690-693.
220. M.K. Hassan-King., R.A. Wall., B.M. Greenwood Meningococcal carriage, meningococcal disease and vaccination J Infect 16 1988 55-59.
221. K.P. Klugman., I.T. Gilbertson., H.J. Koornhof., J.B. Robbins., R. Schneerson., D. Schulz., et al. Protective activity of Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever Lancet 2 1987 1165-1169.
222. R. Edelman., D.N. Taylor., S.S. Wasserman., J.B. McClain., A.S. Cross., J.C. Sadoff., et al. Phase 1 trial of a 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas O-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine administered simultaneously Vaccine 12 1994 1288-1294.
223. H. Peltola., H. Makela., H. Kayhty., H. Jousimies., E. Herva., K. Hallstrom., et al. Clinical efficacy of meningococcus group A capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children three months to five years of age N Engl J Med 297 1977 686-691.
224. H. Peltola., H. Kayhty., M. Virtanen., P.H. Makela Prevention of Hemophilus influenzae type b bacteremic infections with the capsular polysaccharide vaccine N Engl J Med 310 1984 1561-1566.
225. H. Kayhty., S. Lockhart., L. Schuermman Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of pneumococcal conjuage vaccine in infants and children G.R. Siber., K.P. Klugman. P.H. Makela Pneumococcal Vaccines: The Impact of Conjugate Vaccine. 6th ed 2008 ASM Press Washington, DC 227-243.
226. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases Policy statement: recommendations for the prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and antibiotic prophylaxis Pediatrics 106 2000 362-366.
227. A.A. Palmu., J. Jokinen., D. Borys., H. Nieminen., E. Ruokokoski., L. Siira., et al. Effectiveness of the ten-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) against invasive pneumococcal disease: a cluster randomised trial Lancet 381 2013 214-222.
228. W.C. Gruber., D.A. Scott., E.A. Emini Development and clinical evaluation of Prevnar 13, a 13-valent pneumocococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine Ann NY Acad Sci 1263 2012 15-26.
229. L.K. McNeil., R.J. Zagursky., S.L. Lin., E. Murphy., G.W. Zlotnick., S.K. Hoiseth., et al. Role of factor H binding protein in Neisseria meningitidis virulence and its potential as a vaccine candidate to broadly protect against meningococcal disease Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 77 2013 234-252.
230. C.M. Perry Meningococcal groups C and Y and Haemophilus b tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (HibMenCY-TT; MenHibrix(R)): a review Drugs 73 2013 703-713.
231. M.S. Edwards., H.J. Lane., S.L. Hillier., M.A. Rench., C.J. Baker Persistence of functional antibodies to group B streptococcal capsular polysaccharides following immunization with glycoconjugate vaccines Vaccine 30 2012 4123-4126.
232. L.C. Paoletti., D.L. Kasper Glycoconjugate vaccines to prevent group B streptococcal infections Expert Opin Biol Ther 3 2003 975-984.
233. C. Hale., F. Bowe., D. Pickard., S. Clare., J.F. Haeuw., U. Powers., et al. Evaluation of a novel Vi conjugate vaccine in a murine model of salmonellosis Vaccine 24 2006 4312-4320.
234. S.C. Szu., A.L. Stone., J.D. Robbins., R. Schneerson., J.B. Robbins Vi capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates for prevention of typhoid fever. Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity in laboratory animals J Exp Med 166 1987 1510-1524.
235. F. Micoli., S. Rondini., I. Pisoni., D. Proietti., F. Berti., P. Costantino., et al. Vi-CRM 197 as a new conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi Vaccine 29 2011 712-720.
236. A. Fattom., R. Schneerson., S.C. Szu., W.F. Vann., J. Shiloach., W.W. Karakawa., et al. Synthesis and immunologic properties in mice of vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides conjugated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A Infect Immun 58 1990 2367-2374.
237. A.I. Fattom., G. Horwith., S. Fuller., M. Propst., R. Naso Development of StaphVAX, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against S. aureus infection: from the lab bench to phase III clinical trials Vaccine 22 2004 880-887.