Poly-gamma-glutamate in bacteria

Molecular Microbiology

Volumn 60, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 1091-1098

  Candela, Thomas ^a,b   Fouet, Agnès ^a  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; DNA; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTAMIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HYDROLASE; MAGNESIUM ION; POLY GAMMA GLUTAMATE; POLYGLUTAMATE SYNTHASE; POLYMER; SYNTHETASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BACILLUS; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CAPA GENE; CAPB GENE; CAPC GENE; CAPE GENE; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOOD INDUSTRY; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PGSAA GENE; PGSB GENE; PGSC GENE; PGSE GENE; PLANOCOCCUS (BACTERIUM); PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY; SPOROSARCINA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS;

BACILLUS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; POLYGLUTAMIC ACID;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA; POSIBACTERIA;

EID: 33745289074     PISSN: 0950382X     EISSN: 13652958     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05179.x     Document Type: Short Survey

References (49)

1. Ashiuchi, M., Soda, K. Misono, H. ( 1999) A poly-γ-glutamate synthetic system of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336: gene cloning and biochemical analysis of poly-γ-glutamate produced by Escherichia coli clone cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263 : 6 12.
2. Ashiuchi, M., Nawa, C., Kamei, T., Song, J.J., Hong, S.P., Sung, M.H., et al. ( 2001) Physiological and biochemical characteristics of poly γ-glutamate synthetase complex of Bacillus subtilis. Eur J Biochem 268 : 5321 5328. Corrigendum: the authors of this paper wish to omit Toshiharu Yagi from the author list. Eur J Biochem268: 6003.
3. Ashiuchi, M., Nakamura, H., Yamamoto, T., Kamei, T., Soda, K., Park, C., et al. ( 2003) Poly-γ-glutamate depolymerase of Bacillus subtilis: production, simple purification and substrate selectivity. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 23 : 249 255.
4. Ashiuchi, M., Shimanouchi, K., Nakamura, H., Kamei, T., Soda, K., Park, C., et al. ( 2004) Enzymatic synthesis of high-molecular-mass poly-γ-glutamate and regulation of its stereochemistry. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 : 4249 4255.
5. Bruckner, V. Ivánovics, G. ( 1937) Über das natürliche Vorkommen und über eine einfache biologische Gewinnungsart der 1(-)-Glutaminsäure. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 247 : 281 284.
6. Candela, T. Fouet, A. ( 2005) Bacillus anthracis CapD, belonging to the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase family, is required for the covalent anchoring of capsule to peptidoglycan. Mol Microbiol 57 : 717 726.
7. Candela, T., Mock, M. Fouet, A. ( 2005a) CapE, a 47-amino-acid peptide, is necessary for Bacillus anthracis polyglutamate capsule synthesis. J Bacteriol 187 : 7765 7772.
8. Candela, T., Mignot, T., Hagnerelle, X., Haustant, M. Fouet, A. ( 2005b) Genetic analysis of Bacillus anthracis Sap S-layer protein crystallization domain. Microbiology 151 : 1485 1490.
9. Eveland, S.S., Pompliano, D.L. Anderson, M.S. ( 1997) Conditionally lethal Escherichia coli murein mutants contain point defects that map to regions conserved among murein and folyl poly-γ-glutamate ligases: identification of a ligase superfamily. Biochemistry 36 : 6223 6229.
10. Gardner, J.M. Troy, F.A. ( 1979) Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly (γ-d-glutamyl) capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. Activation, racemization, and polymerization of glutamic acid by a membranous polyglutamyl synthetase complex. J Biol Chem 254 : 6262 6269.
11. Green, B.D., Battisti, L., Koehler, T.M., Thorne, C.B. Ivins, B.E. ( 1985) Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 49 : 291 297.
12. Hanby, W.E. Rydon, H.N. ( 1946) The capsular substance of Bacillus anthracis. Biochem J 40 : 297 309.
13. Haurowitz, F. Bursa, F. ( 1949) The linkage of glutamic acid in protein molecules. Biochem J (London) 40 : 297 307.
14. Haurowitz, F. Horowitz, J. ( 1956) Condensation of gamma-glutamyl peptides with thiocyanate. Biochim Biophys Acta 20 : 574 575.
15. He, L.M., Neu, M.P. Vanderberg, L.A. ( 2000) Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyl exopolymer: physicochemical characterization and U(VI) interaction. Environ Sci Technol 34 : 1694 1701.
16. Hezayen, F.F., Rehm, B.H., Tindall, B.J., Steinbuchel, A. Eberhardt, R. ( 2001) Transfer of Natrialba asiatica B1T to Natrialba taiwanensis sp. nov. and description of Natrialba aegyptiaca sp. nov., a novel extremely halophilic, aerobic, non-pigmented member of the Archaea from Egypt that produces extracellular poly (glutamic acid). Polymer production by two newly isolated extremely halophilic archaea: application of a novel corrosion-resistant bioreactor. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51 : 1133 1142.
17. Joyce, J.G., Cook, J., Chabot, D., Hepler, R., Shoop, W., Xu, Q., et al. ( 2006) Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Bacillus anthracis poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid capsule covalently coupled to a protein carrier using a novel triazine-based conjugation strategy. J Biol Chem 281 : 4831 4843.
18. Kada, S., Nanamiya, H., Kawamura, F. Horinouchi, S. ( 2004) Glr, a glutamate racemase, supplies d-glutamate to both peptidoglycan synthesis and poly-gamma-glutamate production in gamma-PGA-producing Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 236 : 13 20.
19. Kandler, O., König, H., Wiegel, J. Claus, D. ( 1983) Occurrence of poly-γ-d-glutamic acid and poly-α-l-glutamine in the genera Xanthobacter, Flexithrix, Sporosarcina and Planococcus. Syst Appl Microbiol 4 : 34 41.
20. Kimura, K. Itoh, Y. ( 2003) Characterization of poly-γ-glutamate hydrolase encoded by a bacteriophage genome: possible role in phage infection of Bacillus subtilis encapsulated with poly-γ-glutamate. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 : 2491 2497.
21. Kimura, K., Tran, L.S.P., Uchida, I. Itoh, Y. ( 2004a) Characterization of Bacillus subtilis gamma-glutamyltransferase and its involvement in the degradation of capsule poly-gamma-glutamate. Microbiology-Sgm 150 : 4115 4123.
22. Kimura, K., Tran, L.S. Itoh, Y. ( 2004b) Roles and regulation of the glutamate racemase isogenes, racE and yrpC, in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 150 : 2911 2920.
23. King, E.C., Blacker, A.J. Bugg, T.D.H. ( 2000) Enzymatic breakdown of poly-γ-d glutamic acid in Bacillus licheniformis: identification of a polyglutamyl γ-hydrolase enzyme. Biomacromolecules 1 : 75 83.
24. Kocianova, S., Vuong, C., Yao, Y., Voyich, J.M., Fischer, E.R., DeLeo, F.R. Otto, M. ( 2005) Key role of poly-gamma-dl-glutamic acid in immune evasion and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Clin Invest 115 : 688 694.
25. Leonard, C.G. Housewright, R.D. ( 1963) Polyglutamic acid synthesis by cell-free extracts of Bacillus licheniformis. Biochim Biophys Acta 73 : 530 532.
26. Leonard, C.G., Housewright, R.D. Thorne, C.B. ( 1958) Effects of some metallic ions on glutamyl polypeptide synthesis by Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 76 : 499 503.
27. McCloy, E.W. ( 1951) Studies on a lysogenic Bacillus strain. I. A bacteriophage specific for Bacillus anthracis. J Hyg 49 : 114 125.
28. McLean, R.J., Beauchemin, D., Clapham, L. Beveridge, T.J. ( 1990) Metal-binding characteristics of the gamma-glutamyl capsular polymer of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 : 3671 3677.
29. Mesnage, S., Tosi-Couture, E., Gounon, P., Mock, M. Fouet, A. ( 1998) The capsule and S-layer: two independent and yet compatible macromolecular structures in Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 180 : 52 58.
30. Mock, M. Fouet, A. ( 2001) Anthrax. Annu Rev Microbiol 55 : 647 671.
31. Persson, B. Argos, P. ( 1994) Prediction of transmembrane segments in proteins utilising multiple sequence alignments. J Mol Biol 237 : 182 192.
32. Schneerson, R., Kubler-Kielb, J., Liu, T.Y., Dai, Z.D., Leppla, S.H., Yergey, A., et al. ( 2003) Poly(gamma-d-glutamic acid) protein conjugates induce IgG antibodies in mice to the capsule of Bacillus anthracis: a potential addition to the anthrax vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 : 8945 8950.
33. Schreier, H.J. ( 1993) Biosynthesis of glutamine and glutamate and the assimilation of ammonia. In Bacillus subtilis and Other Gram-positive Bacteria. Sonenshein, A.L., Hoch, J.A. Losick, R.eds). Washington, DC : American Society for Microbiology, pp. 281 298.
34. Shih, I.L. Van, Y.T. ( 2001) The production of poly-(gamma-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresour Technol 79 : 207 225.
35. Suzuki, T. Tahara, Y. ( 2003) Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis ywtD gene, whose product is involved in γ-polyglutamic acid degradation. J Bacteriol 185 : 2379 2382.
36. Tanaka, T., Hiruta, O., Futamura, T., Uotani, K., Satoh, A., Taniguchi, M. Oi, S. ( 1993) Purification and characterisation of poly (gama-glutamic acid) hydrolase from a filamentous fungus, Myrothecium sp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57 : 2148 2153.
37. Tanaka, T., Fujita, K.I., Takenishi, S. Taniguchi, M. ( 1997) Existence of an optically heterogeneous peptide unit in poly(gamma-glutamic acid) produced by Bacillus subtilis. J Ferment Bioeng 84 : 361 364.
38. Tarui, Y., Iida, H., Ono, E., Miki, W., Hirasawa, E., Fujita, K., et al. ( 2005) Biosynthesis of poly-gamma-glutamic acid in plants: transient expression of poly-gamma-glutamate synthetase complex in tobacco leaves. J Biosci Bioeng 100 : 443 448.
39. Thorne, C.B. Leonard, C.G. ( 1958) Isolation of d- and l-glutamyl polypeptides from culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 233 : 1109 1112.
40. Tomcsik, J. Szongott, H. ( 1933) Ueber ein spezifisches Protein der Kapsel des Milzbrandbazillus. Zeitschr Immunität-Forsch 78 : 86 99.
41. Torii, M. ( 1959) Paper electrophoresis and detection on paper of glutamyl polypeptide. Biken J 2 : 259 263.
42. Troy, F.A. ( 1973a) Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly (γ-d-glutamyl) capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. I. Properties of the membrane mediated biosynthetic reaction. J Biol Chem 248 : 305 315.
43. Troy, F.A. ( 1973b) Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly (γ-d-glutamyl) capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. II. Characterization and structural properties of the enzymatically synthesis polymer. J Biol Chem 248 : 316 324.
44. Uchida, I., Sekizaki, T., Hashimoto, K. Terakado, N. ( 1985) Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60-megadalton plasmid. J Gen Microbiol 131 : 363 367.
45. Urushibata, Y., Tokuyama, S. Tahara, Y. ( 2002) Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis ywsC gene, involved in γ-polyglutamic acid production. J Bacteriol 184 : 337 343.
46. Volcani, B.E. Margalith, P. ( 1957) A new species (Flavobacterium polyglutamicum) which hydrolyzes the gamma-l-glutamyl bond in polypeptides. J Bacteriol 74 : 646 655.
47. Weber, J. ( 1990) Poly(gamma-glutamic acid)s are the major constituents of nematocysts in Hydra (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). J Biol Chem 265 : 9664 9669.
48. Zanuy, D. Aleman, C. ( 2001) Poly(gamma-glutamic acid) in aqueous solution: molecular dynamics simulations of 10- and 20-residue chains at different temperatures. Biomacromolecules 2 : 651 657.
49. Zwartouw, H.T. Smith, H. ( 1956) Polyglutamic acid from Bacillus anthracis grown in vivo: structure and aggressin activity. Biochem J 63 : 437 454.