Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: Epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 589-603

  Podschun, R ^a   Ullmann, U ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE; BACTERIOCIN; BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; HYPERIMMUNE GLOBULIN; KLEBSIELLA VACCINE; SIDEROPHORE;

BACTERIAL MEMBRANE; BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM PILUS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOXICITY; ENTEROBACTER INFECTION; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; KLEBSIELLA; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENICITY; REVIEW; SERUM BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; TAXONOMY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ENTEROBACTER; KLEBSIELLA; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; NEGIBACTERIA;

EID: 0031792165     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.11.4.589     Document Type: Review

References (261)

1. Aguilar, A., S. Merino, X. Rubires, and J. M. Tomas. 1997. Influence of osmolarity on lipopolysaccharides and virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila serotype O:34 strains grown at 37°C. Infect. Immun. 65:1245-1250.
2. Albertí S., D. Alvarez, S. Merino, M. T. Casado, F. Vivanco, J. M. Tomás, and V. J. Benedí. 1996. Analysis of complement C3 deposition and degradation on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 64:4726-4732.
3. Albertí, S., G. Marqués, S. Camprubi, S. Merino, J. M. Tomás, F. Vivanco, and V. J. Benedí. 1993. C1q binding and activation of the complement classical pathway by Klebsiella pneumoniae outer membrane proteins. Infect. Immun. 61:852-860.
4. Albesa, I. 1989. Klebsiella pneumoniae haemolysin adsorption to red blood cells. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 67:263-266.
5. Albesa, I., L. I. Barberis, M. C. Pájaro, and A. J. Eraso. 1985. Actividad hemolítica de Klebsiella pneumoniae sobre glóbulos rojos de conejo. Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol. 27:83-87.
6. Albesa, I., L. I. Barberis, M. C. Pajaro, M. C. Farnochi, and A. J. Eraso. 1985. A thiol-activated hemolysin in gram-negative bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 31:297-300.
7. Amako, K., Y. Meno, and A. Takade. 1988. Fine structures of the capsules of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli K1. J. Bacteriol. 170:4960-4962.
8. Arlet, G., M. Rouveau, I. Casin, P. J. M. Bouvet, P. H. Lagrange, and A. Philippon. 1994. Molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that produce SHV-4 β-lactamase and which were isolated in 14 french hospitals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:2553-2558.
9. Athamna, A., I. Ofek, Y. Keisari, S. Markowitz, D. G. G. S., and N. Sharon. 1991. Lectinophagocytosis of encapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae mediated by surface lectins of guinea pig alveolar macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Infect. Immun. 59:1673-1682.
10. Avorn, J., M. Monane, J. H. Gruwitz, J. Glynn, I. Choodnovskiy, and L. A. Lipsitz. 1994. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry iuice. JAMA 271:751-754.
11. Ayars, G. H., L. C. Altman, and M. D. Fretwell. 1982. Effect of decreased salivation and pH on the adherence of Klebsiella species to human buccal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 38:179-182.
12. Ayling-Smith, B., and T. L. Pitt. 1990. State of the art in typing: Klebsiella spp. J. Hosp. Infect. 16:287-295.
13. Babu J. P., S. N. Abraham, M. K. Dabbous, and E. H. Beachey. 1986. Interaction of a 60-Kilodalton D-mannose-containing salivary glycoprotein with type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 54:104-108.
14. Bagley, S., R. J. Seidler, and D. J. Brenner. 1981. Klebsiella planticola sp. nov.: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae found primarily in nonclinical environments. Curr. Microbiol. 6:105-109.
15. Bagley, S. T., R. J. Seidler, H. W. J. Talbot, and J. E. Morrow. 1978. Isolation of Klebsiellae from within living wood. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:178-185.
16. Balish, M. J., J. Jensen, and D. T. Uehling. 1982. Bladder mucin: a scanning electron microscopy study in experimental cystitis. J. Urol. 128:1060-1063.
17. Barberis, L. I., A. J. Eraso, M. C. Pájaro, and I. Albesa. 1986. Molecular weight determination and partial characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae hemolysins. Can. J. Microbiol. 32:884-888.
18. Bascomb, S., S. P. Lapage, W. R. Willcox, and M. A. Curtis. 1971. Numerical classification of the tribe Klebsiellae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 66:279-295.
19. Batshon, B. A., H. Baer, and M. F. Shaffer. 1963. Immunologic paralysis produced in mice by Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 polysaccharide. J. Immunol. 90:121-126.
20. Bauernfeind, A. 1984. Epidemiological typing of Klebsiella by bacteriocins. Methods Microbiol. 16:213-224.
21. Bauernfeind, A., C. Petermüller, and R. Schneider. 1981. Bacteriocins as tools in analysis of nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:15-19.
22. Bauernfeind, A., E. Rosenthal, E. Eberlein, M. Holley, and S. Schweighart. 1993. Spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing SHV-5 beta-lactamase among hospitalized patients. Infection 21:18-22.
23. Benjamin, W. H., C. L. Turnbough, B. S. Posey, and D. E. Briles. 1985. The ability of Salmonella typhimurium to produce the siderophore enterobactin is not a virulence factor in mouse typhoid. Infect. Immun. 50:392-397.
24. Bennet, R., M. Eriksson, B. Melen, and R. Zetterström. 1985. Changes in the incidence and spectrum of neonatal septicemia during a fifteen-year period. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 74:687-690.
25. Bennett, C. J., M. N. Young, and H. Darrington. 1995. Differences in urinary tract infection in male and female spinal cord injury patients on intermittent catheterization. Paraplegia 33:69-72.
26. Bergogne-Berezin, E. 1995. Nosocomial pathogens: new pathogens, incidence, prevention. Presse Med. 24:89-97.
27. Bingen, E. H., E. Denamur, and J. Elion. 1994. Use of ribotyping in epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial outbreaks. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7: 311-327.
28. Bingen, E. H., P. Desjardins, G. Arlet, F. Bourgeois, P. Marianikurkdjian, N. Y. Lambertzechovsky, E. Denamur, A. Philippon, and J. Elion. 1993. Molecular epidemiology of plasmid spread among extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a pediatric hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:179-184.
29. Björkstén, B., and B. Kaijser. 1978. Interaction of human serum and neutrophils with Escherichia coli strains: differences between strains isolated from urine of patients with pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. Infect. Immun. 22:308-311.
30. Bradford, P. A., C. Urban, N. Mariano, S. J. Projan, J. J. Rahal, and K. Bush. 1997. Imipenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with the combination of ACT-1, a plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase, and the loss of an outer membrane protein. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:563-569.
31. Brenner, D. J., J. J. Farmer III, F. W. Hickman, M. A. Asbury, and A. G. Steigerwalt. 1977. Taxonomic and nomenclature changes in Enterobacteriaceae. HEW publication (CDC) 79-8356. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
32. Brock, J. H., P. H. Williams, J. Licéaga, and K. G. Wooldridge. 1991. Relative availability of transferrin-bound iron and cell-derived iron to aerobactin-producing and enterobactin-producing strains of Escherichia coli and to other microorganisms. Infect. Immun. 59:3185-3190.
33. Brown, C., and R. J. Seidler. 1973. Potential pathogens in the environment: Klebsiella pneumoniae, a taxonomic and ecological enigma. Appl. Microbiol. 25:900-904.
34. Bryan, C. S., C. A. Hornung, K. L. Reynolds, and E. R. Brenner. 1986. Endemic bacteremia in Columbia, South Carolina. Am. J. Epidemiol. 123: 113-127.
35. Bryan, C. S., K. L. Reynolds, and E. R. Brenner. 1983. Analysis of 1,186 episodes of gram-negative bacteremia in non-university hospitals: the effects of antimicrobial therapy. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5:629-638.
36. Buffenmeyer, C. L., R. R. Rychek, and R. B. Yee. 1976. Bacteriocin (klebocin) sensitivity typing of Klebsiella. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4:239-244.
37. Bullen, J. J., H. J. Rogers, and E. Griffiths. 1978. Role of iron in bacterial infection. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 80:1-35.
38. Burwen, D. R., S. N. Banerjee, and R. P. Gaynes. 1994. Ceftazidime resistance among selected nosocomial gram-negative bacilli in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 170:1622-1625.
39. Campbell, W. N., E. Hendrix, S. Cryz, and A. S. Cross. 1996. Immunogenicity of a 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas O-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine administered to victims of acute trauma. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23:179-181.
40. Carpenter, J. L. 1990. Klebsiella pulmonary infections: occurrence at one medical center and review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12:672-682.
41. Casewell, M., and H. G. Talsania. 1979. Predominance of certain klebsiella capsular types in hospitals in the United Kingdom. J. Infect. 1:77-79.
42. Casewell, M. W., and I. Phillips. 1978. Epidemiological patterns of klebsiella colonization and infection in an intensive care ward. J. Hyg. Camb. 80: 295-300.
43. Casewell, M. W., and I. Phillips. 1977. Hands as a route of transmission for Klebsiella species. Br. Med. J. 2:1315-1317.
44. Centers for Disease Control. 1985. National nosocomial infections study report. Annual Summary 1983, p. 9SS-21SS. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
45. Centers for Disease Control. 1977. National nosocomial infections study report. Annual Summary 1975. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
46. Centers for Disease Control. 1982. National nosocomial infections study report. Annual Summary 1979. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
47. Centers for Disease Control. 1984. Nosocomial infection surveillance, 1983. CDC Surveillance Summaries 33:955-22SS.
48. Christensen, S. C., and B. Korner. 1972. An endemic caused by multiresistant Klebsiella in an urological unit. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 6:232-238.
49. Ciurana, B., and J. M. Tomás. 1987. Role of lipopolysaccharide and complement in susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae to nonimmune serum. Infect. Immun. 55:2741-2746.
50. Clegg, S., and G. F. Gerlach. 1987. Enterobacterial fimbriae. J. Bacteriol. 169:934-938.
51. Combe, M. L., J. L. Pons, R. Sesboue, and J. P. Martin. 1994. Electrophoretic transfer from polyacrylamide gel to nitrocellulose sheets: a new method to characterize multilocus enzyme genotypes of Klebsiella strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:26-30.
52. Cooke, E. M., R. Pool, J. C. Brayson, A. S. Edmondson, M. E. Munro, and R. Shinebaum. 1979. Further studies on the source of Klebsiella aerogenes in hospital patients. J. Hyg. Camb. 83:391-395.
53. Coovadia, Y. M., A. P. Johnson, R. H. Bhana, G. R. Hutchinson, R. C. George, and I. E. Hafferjee. 1992. Multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal nursery: the importance of maintenance of infection control policies and procedures in the prevention of outbreaks. J. Hosp. Infect. 22:197-205.
54. Cowan, S. T., K. J. Steel, C. Shaw, and J. P. Duguid. 1960. A classification of the Klebsiella group. J. Gen. Microbiol. 23:601-612.
55. Cryz, S. J. 1983. Progress in immunization against Klebsiella infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2:523-528.
56. Cryz, S. J., E. Fürer, and R. Germanier. 1984. Experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae burn wound sepsis: role of capsular polysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 43:440-441.
57. Cryz, S. J., Jr., E. Fürer, and R. Germanier. 1985. Safety and immunogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 capsular polysaccharide vaccine in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 151:665-671.
58. Cryz, S. J., Jr., P. Mortimer, A. S. Cross, E. Fürer, and R. Germanier. 1986. Safety and immunogenicity of a polyvalent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine in humans. Vaccine 4:15-20.
59. Cryz, S. J., P. M. Mortimer, V. Mansfield, and R. Germanier. 1986. Seroepidemiology of Klebsiella bacteremic isolates and implications for vaccine development. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:687-690.
60. Curie, K., D. C. E. Speller, R. A. Simpson, M. Stephens, and D. I. Cooke. 1978. A hospital epidemic caused by a gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes. J. Hyg. Camb. 80:115-123.
61. Darfeuille-Michaud, A., C. Jallat, D. Aubel, D. Sirot, C. Rich, J. Sirot, and B. Joly. 1992. R-plasmid-encoded adhesive factor in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains responsible for human nosocomial infections. Infect. Immun. 60:44-45.
62. Davis, T. J., and J. M. Matsen. 1974. Prevalence and characteristics of Klebsiella species: relation to association with a hospital environment. J. Infect. Dis. 130:402-405.
63. De Champs, C., D. Rouby, D. Guelon, J. Sirot, D. Sirot, D. Beytout, and J. M. Gourgand. 1991. A case-control study of an outbreak of infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing CTX-1 (TEM-3) beta-lactamase. J. Hosp. Infect. 18:5-13.
64. de la Torre, M. G., J. Romero-Vivas, J. Martinez-Beltran, A. Guerrero, M. Meseguer, and E. Bouza. 1985. Klebsiella bacteremia: an analysis of 100 episodes. Rev. Infect. Dis. 7:143-150.
65. de Lorenzo, V., and J. L. Martinez. 1988. Aerobactin production as a virulence factor: a reevaluation. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7:621-629.
66. Di Martino, P., Y. Bertin, P. Girardeau, V. Livrelli, B. Joly, and A. Darfeuille-Michaud. 1995. Molecular characterization and adhesive properties of CF29K, an adhesin of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains involved in nosocomial infections. Infect. Immun. 63:4336-4344.
67. Di Martino, P., V. Livrelli, D. Sirot, B. Joly, and A. Darfeuille-Michaud. 1996. A new fimbrial antigen harbored by CAZ-5/SHV-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains involved in nosocomial infections. Infect. Immun. 64:2266-2273.
68. Doebbeling, B. N. 1993. Epidemics: identification and management, p. 177-206. In R. P. Wenzel (ed.), Prevention and control of nosocomial infections, 2nd ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.
69. Domenico, P., W. G. Johanson, and D. C. Straus. 1982. Lobar pneumonia in rats produced by clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 37:327-335.
70. Duggan, J. M., G. S. Oldfield, and H. K. Ghosh. 1985. Septicaemia as a hospital hazard. J. Hosp. Infect. 6:406-412.
71. Edberg, S. C., V. Piscitelli, and M. Cartter. 1986. Phenotypic characteristics of coliform and noncoliform bacteria from a public water supply compared with regional and national clinical species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52: 474-478.
72. Edelman, R., D. N. Taylor, S. S. Wasserman, J. B. Mcclain, A. S. Cross, J. C. Sadoff, J. U. Que, and S. J. Cryz. 1994. Phase 1 trial of a 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas O-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine administered simultaneously. Vaccine 12:1288-1294.
73. Edmondson, A. S., and E. M. Cooke. 1979. The development and assessment of a bacteriocin typing method for Klebsiella. J. Hyg. Camb. 82:207-233.
74. Edmondson, A. S., E. M. Cooke, A. P. D. Wilcock, and R. Shinebaum. 1980. A comparison of the properties of Klebsiella strains isolated from different sources. J. Med. Microbiol. 13:541-550.
75. Edwards, P. R., and W. H. Ewing. 1986. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 4th ed. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
76. Ehrenwort, L., and H. Baer. 1956. The pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae for mice: the relationship to the quantity and rate of production of type-specific capsular polysaccharide. J. Bacteriol. 72:713-717.
77. Fader, R. C., and C. P. Davis. 1980. Effect of piliation on Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in rat bladders. Infect. Immun. 30:554-561.
78. Fader, R. C., and C. P. Davis. 1982. Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced experimental pyelitis: the effect of piliation on infectivity. J. Urol. 128:197-201.
79. Farmer J. J., III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, G. P. Huntley-Carter, M. A. Asbury, C. Riddle, H. G. Wathen-Grady, C. Elias, G. R. Fanning, A. G. Steigerwalt, C. M. O'Hara, G. K. Morris, P. B. Smith, and D. J. Brenner. 1985. Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:46-76.
80. Favre-Bonte, S., A. Darfeuille-Michaud, and C. Forestier. 1995. Aggregative adherence of Klebsiella pneumoniae to human Intestine-407 cells. Infect. Immun. 63:1318-1328.
81. Felson, B., L. S. Rosenberg, and M. J. Hamburger. 1949. Roentgen findings in acute Friedländer's pneumonia. Radiology 53:559-565.
82. Ferragut, C., D. Izard, F. Gavini, K. Kersters, J. De Ley, and H. Leclerc. 1983. Klebsiella trevisanii: a new species from water and soil. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:133-142.
83. Firon, N., I. Ofek, and N. Sharon. 1984. Carbohydrate-binding sites of the mannose-specific fimbrial lectins of enterobacteria. Infect. Immun. 43: 1088-1090.
84. Freedman, R. M., D. L. Ingram, I. Gross, R. A. Ehrenkranz, J. B. Warshaw, and R. S. Baltimore. 1981. A half century of neonatal sepsis at Yale. Am. J. Dis. Child 135:140-144.
85. French, G. L., K. P. Shannon, and N. Simmons. 1996. Hospital outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations by hyperproduction of SHV-5 β-lactamase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:358-363.
86. Gavini, F., D. Izard, P. A. D. Grimont, A. Beji, E. Ageron, and H. Leclerc. 1986. Priority of Klebsiella planticola Bagley, Seidler, and Brenner 1982 over Klebsiella trevisanii Ferragut, Izard, Gavini, Kersters, DeLey, and Leclerc 1983. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:486-488.
87. Gavini, F., H. Leclerc, B. Lefèbvre, C. Ferragut, and D. Izard. 1977. Etude taxonomique d'entérobactéries appartenant ou apparentées au genre Klebsiella. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst Pasteur). 128B:45-49.
88. Gerlach, G. F., B. L. Allen, and S. Clegg. 1989. Type 3 fimbriae among enterobacteria and the ability of spermidine to inhibit MR/K hemagglutination. Infect. Immun. 57:219-224.
89. Goetz, A. M., J. D. Rihs, J. W. Chow, N. Singh, and R. R. Muder. 1995. An outbreak of infusion-related Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia in a liver transplantation unit. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:1501-1503.
90. Gotoff, S. P. 1992. Sepsis in the newborn, p. 402-418. In S. Krugman, S. L. Katz, A. A. Gershon, and C. M. Wilfert (ed.), Infectious diseases of children, 9th ed. Mosby - Year Book, St. Louis, Mo.
91. Gouby, A., C. Neuwirth, G. Bourg, N. Bouziges, M. J. Carlesnurit, E. Despaux, and M. Ramuz. 1994. Epidemiological study by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a geriatric hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 301-305.
92. Gower, P. E., P. W. Taylor, K. G. Koutsaimanis, and A. P. Roberts. 1972. Serum bactericidal activity in patients with upper and lower urinary tract infections. Clin. Sci. 43:13-22.
93. Griffiths, E. 1987. The iron-uptake systems of pathogenic bacteria, p. 69-137. In J. J. Bullen and E. Griffiths (ed.), Iron and infection. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
94. Griffiths, E., H. Chart, and P. Stevenson. 1988. High-affinity iron uptake systems and bacterial virulence, p. 121-137. In J. A. Roth (ed.), Virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
95. Guarino, A., S. Guandalini, M. Alessio, F. Gentile, L. Tarallo, G. Capano, M. Migliavacca, and A. Rubino. 1989. Characteristics and mechanism of action of a heat-stable enterotoxin produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae from infants with secretory diarrhea. Pediatr. Res. 25:514-518.
96. Gür, D., T. L. Pitt, L. M. C. Hall, H. Erdal Akalin, and D. M. Livermore. 1992. Diversity of klebsiellae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases at a turkish university hospital. J. Hosp. Infect. 22:163-178.
97. Hall, F. A. 1971. Bacteriocine typing of Klebsiella spp. J. Clin. Pathol. 24: 712-716.
98. Hart, C. A. 1993. Klebsiellae and neonates. J. Hosp. Infect. 23:83-86.
99. Hartstein, A. I., V. H. Morthland, J. W. Rourke, R. Sykes, and A. L. Rashad. 1993. Plasmid DNA analysis, biotyping, and antimicrobic susceptibility as subtyping tests for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16:35-41.
100. Haverkorn, M. L., and M. F. Michel. 1979. Nosocomial klebsiellas I. Colonization of hospitalized patients. J. Hyg. Camb. 82:177-193.
101. Hibbertrogers, L. C. F., J. Heritage, D. M. Gascoynebinzi, P. M. Hawkey, N. Todd, I. J. Lewis, and C. Bailey. 1995. Molecular epidemiology of ceftazidime resistant Enterobacteriaceae from patients on a paediatric oncology ward. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 36:65-82.
102. Higaki, M., T. Chida, H. Takano, and R. Nakaya. 1990. Cytotoxic component(s) of Klebsiella oxytoca on HEp-2 cells. Microbiol. Immunol. 34:147-151.
103. Highsmith, A. K., and W. R. Jarvis. 1985. Klebsiella pneumoniae: selected virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity. Infect. Control 6:75-77.
104. Horan, T., D. Culver, W. Jarvis, G. Emori, S. Banerjee, W. Martone, and C. Thornsberry. 1988. Pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Antimicrobic Newsl. 5:65-67.
105. Hornick, D. B., B. L. Allen, M. A. Horn, and S. Clegg. 1992. Adherence to respiratory epithelia by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae type 3 fimbrial gene products. Infect. Immun. 60:1577-1588.
106. Iwahi, T., Y. Abe, M. Nakao, A. Imada, and K. Tsuchiya. 1983. Role of type 1 fimbriae in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infection induced by Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 39:1307-1315.
107. Izard, D., C. Ferragut, F. Gavini, K. Kersters, J. De Ley, and H. Leclerc. 1981. Klebsiella terrigena, a new species from soil and water. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31:116-127.
108. Jacoby, G. A. 1996. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in the 1990s. Annu. Rev. Med. 47:169-179.
109. Jacoby, G. A., and P. Han. 1996. Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:908-911.
110. Jain, K., K. Radsak, and W. Mannheim. 1974. Differentiation of the oxytocum group from Klebsiella by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 24:402-407.
111. Jarlier, V., M. H. Nicolas, G. Fournier, and A. Philippon. 1988. Extended broad-spectrum β-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer β-lactam agents in Enterobacleriaceae: hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:867-878.
112. Johanson, W. G., A. K. Pierce, and J. P. Sanford. 1969. Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients. Emergence of gram-negative bacilli. N. Engl. J. Med. 281:1137-1140.
113. Johnson, A. P., M. J. Weinbren, B. Ayling-Smith, S. K. Du Bois, S. G. B. Amyes, and R. C. George. 1992. Outbreak of infection in two UK hospitals caused by a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime. J. Hosp. Infect. 20:97-103.
114. Joiner, K. A. 1988. Complement evasion by bacteria and parasites. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 42:201-230.
115. Jones, G. W., and R. E. Isaacson. 1983. Proteinaceous bacterial adhesins and their receptors. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 10:229-260.
116. Jumaa, P., and B. Chattopadhyay. 1992. Pseudobacteraemia with multiply-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae resulting from contamination from the blood gas machine on a neonatal unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 22:251-255.
117. Kabha, K., L. Nissimov, A. Athamna, Y. Keisari, H. Parolis, L. A. S. Parolis, R. M. Grue, J. Schlepper-Shafer, A. R. B. Ezekowitz, D. E. Ohman, and I. Ofek. 1995. Relationships among capsular structure, phagocytosis, and mouse virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 63:847-852.
118. Kabha, K., J. Schmegner, Y. Keisari, H. Parolis, J. Schlepper-Schaefer, and I. Ofek. 1997. SP-A enhances phagocytosis of Klebsiella by interaction with capsular polysaccharides and alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 272: L344-L352.
119. Katsanis, G. P., J. Spargo, M. J. Ferraro, L. Sutton, and G. A. Jacoby. 1994. Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:691-696.
120. Kauffmann, F. 1949. On the serology of the Klebsiella group. Acta Pathol. Scand. 26:381-406.
121. Khimji, P. L., and A. A. Miles. 1978. Microbial iron-chelators and their action on Klebsiella infections in the skin of guinea-pigs. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 59:137-147.
122. Klipstein, F. A., and R. F. Engert. 1975. Enterotoxigenic intestinal bacteria in tropical sprue. III. Preliminary characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae enterotoxin. J. Infect. Dis. 132:200-203.
123. Klipstein, F. A., and R. F. Engert. 1977. Immunological interrelationships between cholera toxin and the heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins of coliform bacteria. Infect. Immun. 18:110-117.
124. Klipstein, F. A., and R. F. Engert. 1976. Purification and properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 13:373-381.
125. Klipstein, F. A., R. F. Engert, and R. A. Houghten. 1983. Immunological properties of purified Klebsiella pneumoniae heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 42:838-841.
126. Kloos, W. E., and M. S. Musselwhite. 1975. Distribution and persistence of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species and other aerobic bacteria on human skin. Appl. Microbiol. 30:381-395.
127. Koo, F. C. W., and M. D. Stein. 1986. Detection of an extracellular toxin produced by burn isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Curr. Microbiol. 13:23-27.
128. Korhonen, T. K., E. Tarkka, H. Ranta, and K. Haahtela. 1983. Type 3 fimbriae of Klebsiella sp.: molecular characterization and role in bacterial adhesion to plant roots. J. Bacteriol. 155:860-865.
129. Kühn, I., B. Ayling-Smith, K. Tullus, and L. G. Burman. 1993. The use of colonization rate and epidemic index as tools to illustrate the epidemiology of faecal Enterobacteriaceae strains in Swedish neonatal wards. J. Hosp. Infect. 23:287-297.
130. Legakis, N. J., A. Maniatis, and L. S. Tzouvelekis. 1995. Prevalent mechanisms of resistance among common enterobacterial isolates in Greek hospitals. Microb. Drug Resist. 1:331-333.
131. Lock, R., C. Dahlgren, M. Lindén, O. Stendahl, A. Svensbergh, and L. Öhman. 1990. Neutrophil killing of two type 1 fimbria-bearing Escherichia coli strains: dependence on respiratory burst activation. Infect. Immun. 58: 37-42.
132. Lucet, J. C., S. Chevret, D. Decre, D. Vanjak, A. Macrez, J. P. Bedos, M. Wolff, and B. Regnier. 1996. Outbreak of multiply resistant enterobacteriaceae in an intensive care unit: Epidemiology and risk factors for acquisition. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22:430-436.
133. Lye, W. C., R. K. T. Chan, E. J. C. Lee, and G. Kumarasinghe. 1992. Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. J. Infect. 24:169-174.
134. Maayan, M. C., I. Ofek, O. Medalia, and M. Aronson. 1985. Population shift in mannose-specific fimbriated phase of Klebsiella pneumoniae during experimental urinary tract infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 49:785-789.
135. Maki, D. G. 1981. Epidemic nosocomial bacteremias, p. 371-512. In R. P. Wenzel (ed.), CRC Handbook of hospital acquired infections. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
136. Mandine, E., M. F. Salles, R. Zalisz, M. Guenounou, and P. Smets. 1990, Murine monoclonal antibodies to Klebsiella pneumoniae protect against lethal endotoxemia and experimental infection with capsulated K. pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 58:2828-2833.
137. Mangan, D. F., and I. S. Snyder. 1979. Mannose-sensitive stimulation of human leucocyte chemiluminescence by Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 26: 1014-1019.
138. Martin, C. M., N. S. Ikari, J. Zimmerman, and J. A. Waitz. 1971. A virulent nosocomial Klebsiella with a transferable R factor for gentamicin: emergence and suppression. J. Infect. Dis. 124(Supp).):S24-S29.
139. Martinez, J. L., E. Cercenado, F. Baquero, J. C. Pérez-Díaz, and A. Delgado-Iribarren. 1987. Incidence of aerobactin production in gram-negative hospital isolates. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 43:351-353.
140. Matsen, J. M., J. A. Spindler, and R. O. Blosser. 1974. Characterization of Klebsiella isolates from natural receiving waters and comparison with human isolates. Appl. Microbiol. 28:672-678.
141. Matsumoto, T., Y. Mizunoe, N. Sakamoto, M. Tanaka, and J. Kumazawa. 1990. Increased renal scarring by bacteria with mannose-sensitive pili. Urol. Res. 18:299-303.
142. Mayhall, C. G. 1987. Surgical infections including burns, p. 614-664. In R. P. Wenzel (ed.), Prevention and control of nosocomial infections, 2nd ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.
143. McCallum, K. L., G. Schoenhals, D. Laakso, B. Clarke, and C. Whitfield. 1989. A high-molecular-weight fraction of smooth lipopolysaccharide in Klebsiella serotype O1:K20 contains a unique O-antigen epitope and determines resistance to nonspecific serum killing. Infect. Immun. 57:3816-3822.
144. Medeiros, A. A. 1993. Nosocomial outbreaks of multiresistant bacteria - extended-spectrum beta-lactamases have arrived in North America. Ann. Intern. Med. 119:428-430.
145. Merino, S., S. Camprubí, S. Albertí, V. J. Benedí, and J. M. Tomás. 1992. Mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumonias resistance to complement-mediated killing. Infect. Immun. 60:2529-2535.
146. Meyer, K. S., C. Urban, J. A. Eagan, B. J. Berger, and J. J. Rahal. 1993. Nosocomial outbreak of Klebsiella infection resistant to late-generation cephalosporins. Ann. Intern. Med. 119:353-358.
147. Miles, A. A., and P. L. Khimji. 1975. Enterobacterial chelators of iron: their occurrence, detection, and relation to pathogenicity. J. Med. Microbiol. 8: 477-490.
148. Minami, J., S. I. Katayama, O. Matsushita, H. Sakamoto, and A. Okabe. 1994. Enterotoxic activity of Klebsiella oxytoca cytotoxin in rabbit intestinal loops. Infect. Immun. 62:172-177.
149. Minami, J., A. Okabe, J. Shiode, and H. Hayashi. 1989. Production of a unique cytotoxin by Klebsiella oxytoca. Microb. Pathog. 7:203-211.
150. Minami, J., S. Saito, T. Yoshida, T. Uemura, and A. Okabe. 1992. Biological activities and chemical composition of a cytotoxin of Klebsiella oxytoca. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138:1921-1927.
151. Mizuta, K., M. Ohta, M. Mori, T. Hasegawa, I. Nakashima, and N. Kato. 1983. Virulence for mice of Klebsiella strains belonging to the O1 group: relationship to their capsule (K) types. Infect. Immun. 40:56-61.
152. Mobley, H. L. T., G. R. Chippendale, J. H. Tenney, A. R. Mayrer, L. J. Crisp, J. L. Penner, and J. W. Warren. 1988. MR/K hemagglutination of Providencia stuartii correlates with adherence to catheters and with persistence in catheter-associated bacteriuria. J. Infect. Dis. 157:264-271.
153. Monnet, D., and J. Freney. 1994. Method for differentiating Klebsiella planticola and Klebsiella terrigena from other Klebsiella species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1121-1122.
154. Monnet, D., J. Freney, Y. Brun, J. M. Boeufgras, and J. Fleurette. 1991. Difficulties in identifying Klebsiella strains of clinical origin. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 274:456-464.
155. Montenegro, M. A., D. Bitter-Suermann, J. K. Timmis, M. E. Agüero, F. C. Cabello, S. C. Sanyal, and K. N. Timmis. 1985. TraT gene sequences, serum resistance and pathogenicity-related factors in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:1511-1521.
156. Montgomerie, J. Z. 1979. Epidemiology of Klebsiella and hospital-associated infections. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1:736-753.
157. Montgomerie, J. Z., J. F. John, L. M. Atkins, D. S. Gilmore, and M. A. Ashley. 1993. Increased frequency of large R-plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae colonizing patients with spinal cord injury. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16:25-29.
158. Mori, M., M. Ohta, N. Agata, N. Kido, Y. Arakawa, H. Ito, T. Komatsu, and N. Kato. 1989. Identification of species and capsular types of Klebsiella clinical isolates, with special reference to Klebsiella planticola. Microbiol. Immunol. 33:887-895.
159. Nassif, X., and P. J. Sansonetti. 1986. Correlation of the virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 and K2 with the presence of a plasmid encoding aerobactin. Infect. Immun. 54:603-608.
160. Noriega, E. R., R. E. Leibowitz, A. S. Richmond, E. Rubinstein, S. Schaefler, M. S. Simberkoff, and J. J. Rahal. 1975. Nosocomial infection caused by gentamicin-resistant, streptomycin-sensitive Klebsiella. J. Infect. Dis. 131(Suppl):S45-S50.
161. Nouvellon, M., J. L. Pons, D. Sirot, M. L. Combe, and J. F. Lemeland. 1994. Clonal outbreaks of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrated by antibiotic susceptibility testing, β-lactamase typing, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:2625-2627.
162. Ofek, I., and E. H. Beachey. 1978. Mannose binding and epithelial cell adherence of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 22:247-254.
163. Ofek, I., and R. J. Doyle. 1994. Bacterial adhesion to cells and tissues. Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
164. Ofek, I., J. Goldhar, and Y. Keisari. 1995. Nonopsonic phagocytosis of microorganisms. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49:239-276.
165. Ofek, I., J. Goldhar, D. Zafriri, H. Lis, R. Adar, and N. Sharon. 1991. Anti-Escherichia coli adhesin activity of cranberry and blueberry juices. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:1599.
166. Ofek, I., K. Kabha, A. Athamna, G. Frankel, D. J. Wozniak, D. L. Hasty, and D. E. Ohman. 1993. Genetic exchange of determinants for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis between Klebsiella pneumoniae strains expressing serotypes K2 and K21a. Infect. Immun. 61:4208-4216.
167. Ofek, I., and N. Sharon. 1988. Lectinopnagocytosis: a molecular mechanism of recognition between cell surface sugars and lectins in the phagocytosis of bacteria. Infect. Immun. 56:539-547.
168. Ohlsson, A., T. Bailey, and F. Takieddine. 1986. Changing etiology and outcome of neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 75:540-544.
169. Öhman, L., K.-E. Magnusson, and O. Stendahl. 1985. Mannose-specific and hydrophobic interaction between Escherichia coli and polymorphonuclear leucocytes - influence of bacterial culture period. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B 93:125-131.
170. Old, D. C., and R. A. Adegbola. 1985. Ancigenic relationships among type-3 fimbriae of Enterobacteriaceae revealed by immunoelectronmicroscopy. J. Med. Microbiol. 20:113-121.
171. Old, D. C., A. Tavendale, and B. W. Senior. 1985. A comparative study of the type-3 fimbriae of Klebsiella species. J. Med. Microbiol. 20:203-214.
172. Oiling, S. 1977. Sensitivity of gram-negative bacilli to the serum bactericidal activity: a marker of the host parasite relationship in acute and persisting infections. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 10(Suppl.):1-40.
173. Opal, S., A. Cross, and P. Gemski. 1982. K antigen and serum sensitivity of rough Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 37:956-960.
174. Ørskov, I. 1984. Genus Klebsiella, p. 461-465. In N. R. Krieg and J. G. Holt (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 1. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.
175. Ørskov, I. 1954. O antigens in the Klebsiella group. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 34:145-156.
176. Ørskov, J., and M. A. Fife-Asbury. 1977. New Klebsiella capsular
177. Ørskov, I., and F. Ørskov. 1984. Serotyping of Klebsiella. Methods Microbiol. 14:143-164.
178. Ottow, J. C. G. 1975. Ecology, physiology, and genetics of fimbriae and pili. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 29:79-108.
179. Pagani, L., P. Ronza, E. Giacobone, and E. Romero. 1994. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated at an Italian hospital. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 10:533-540.
180. Pieroni, P., R. P. Rennie, B. Ziola, and H. G. Deneer. 1994. The use of bacteriophages to differentiate serologically cross-reactive isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Med. Microbiol. 41:423-429.
181. Pittet, D., N. Li, and R. P. Wenzel. 1993. Association of secondary and polymicrobial nosocomial bloodstream infections with higher mortality. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12:813-819.
182. Podschun, R. 1990. Phenotypic properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca isolated from different sources. Zentbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 189: 527-535.
183. Podschun, R., A. Fischer, and U. Ullmann. 1992. Siderophore production of Klebsiella species isolated from different sources. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 276: 481-486.
184. Podschun, R., P. Heineken, and H. G. Sonntag. 1987. Hemagglutinins and adherence properties to HeLa and Intestine 407 cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca isolates. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A 263:585-593.
185. Podschun, R., P. Heineken, U. Ullmann, and H. G. Sonntag. 1986. Comparative investigations of Klebsiella species of clinical origin: plasmid patterns, biochemical reactions, antibiotic resistances and serotypes. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A 262:335-345.
186. Podschun, R., I. Penner, and U. Ullmann. 1992. Interaction of Klebsiella capsule type 7 with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Microb. Pathog. 13:371-379.
187. Podschun, R., and U. Ullmann. 1993. Bacteriocin typing of environmental Klebsiella isolates. Zentbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 195:22-26.
188. Podschun, R., and U. Ullmann. 1996. Bacteriocin typing of Klebsiella spp. isolated from different sources. Zentbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 198:258-264.
189. Podschun, R., and U. Ullmann. 1994. Incidence of Klebsiella planticola among clinical Klebsiella isolates. Med. Microbiol. Lett. 3:90-95.
190. Podschun, R., and U. Ullmann. 1992. Isolation of Klebsiella terrigena from clinical specimens. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 11:349-352.
191. Podschun, R., and U. Ullmann. 1992. Klebsiella capsular type K7 in relation to toxicity, susceptibility to phagocytosis and resistance to serum. J. Med. Microbiol. 36:250-254.
192. Poh, C. L., S. C. Yap, and M. Yeo. 1993. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for differentiation of hospital isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Hosp. Infect. 24:123-128.
193. Pollack, M., R. E. Niemann, J. A. Reinhardt, P. Charache, M. P. Jett, and P. H. Hardy, Jr. 1972. Factors influencing colonisation and antibiotic-resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria in hospital patients. Lancet ii: 668-671.
194. Porat, R., M. A. Johns, and W. R. McCabe. 1987. Selective pressures and lipopolysaccharide subunits as determinants of resistance of clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli to human serum. Infect. Immun. 55:320-328.
195. Przondo-Hessek, A., and G. Pulverer. 1983. Hemagglutinins of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A 255:472-478.
196. Przondo-Hessek, A. 1966. Bacteriophages of Klebsiella bacilli. Isolation properties and use in typing. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 14:413-435.
197. Ramm, L. E., M. B. Whitlow, and M. M. Mayer. 1983. Size distribution and stability of the trans-membrane channels formed by complement complex C5b-9. Mol. Immunol. 20:155-160.
198. Ransjö, U., Z. Good, K. Jalakas, I. Kühn, I. Siggelkow, B. Aberg, and E. Anjou. 1992. An outbreak of Klebsiella oxytoca septicemias associated with the use of invasive blood pressure monitoring equipment. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 36:289-291.
199. Reinhardt, H. H., N. Obedeanu, and J. D. Sobel. 1990. Quantitation of Tamm-Horsfall protein binding to uropathogenic Escherichia coli and lectins. J. Infect. Dis. 162:1335-1340.
200. Reish, O., S. Ashkenazi, N. Naor, Z. Samra, and P. Merlob. 1993. An outbreak of multiresistant Klebsiella in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 25:287-291.
201. Reissbrodt, R., and W. Rabsch. 1988. Further differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae by means of siderophore-pattern analysis. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A 268:306-317.
202. Rennie, R. P., and I. B. R. Duncan. 1974. Combined biochemical and serological typing of clinical isolates of Klebsiella. Appl. Microbiol. 28:534-539.
203. Riser, E., and P. Noone. 1981. Klebsiella capsular type versus site of isolation. J. Clin. Pathol. 34:552-555.
204. Roantree, R. J., and L. A. Rantz. 1960. A study of the relationship of the normal bactericidal activity of human serum to bacterial infection. J. Clin. Invest. 39:72-81.
205. Rodriguez-Ortega, M., I. Ofek, and N. Sharon. 1987. Membrane glycoproteins of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes that act as receptors for mannose-specific Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 55:968-973.
206. Rose, H. D., and J. Schreier. 1968. The effect of hospitalization and antibiotic therapy on the gram-negative fecal flora. Am. J. Med. Sci. 255:228-236.
207. Rosebury, T. 1962. Microorganisms indigenous to man. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
208. Rosenthal, S., and I. B. Tager. 1975. Prevalence of gram-negative rods in the normal pharyngeal flora. Ann. Intern. Med. 83:355-357.
209. Rubin, S. J. 1985. Klebsiella marker systems. Infect. Control 6:59-63.
210. Sakazaki, R., K. Tamura, Y. Kosako, and E. Yoshizaki. 1989. Klebsiella ornithinolytica sp. nov., formerly known as ornithine-positive Klebsiella oxytoca. Curr. Microbiol. 18:201-206.
211. Schaberg, D. R., D. H. Culver, and R. P. Gaynes. 1991. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am. J. Med. 91:72S-75S.
212. Schaechter, M., G. Medoff, and B. I. Eisenstein. 1993. Mechanisms of microbial disease, 2nd ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.
213. Schiappa, D. A., M. K. Hayden, M. G. Matushek, F. N. Hashemi, J. Sullivan, K. Y. Smith, D. Miyashiro, J. P. Quinn, R. A. Weinstein, and G. M. Trenholme. 1996. Ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli bloodstream infection: a case-control and molecular epidemiologic investigation. J. Infect. Dis. 174:529-536.
214. Seidler, R. J., M. D. Knittel, and C. Brown. 1975. Potential pathogens in the environment: cultural reactions and nucleic acid studies on Klebsiella pneumoniae from clinical and environmental sources. Appl. Microbiol. 29:819-825.
215. Selden, R., S. Lee, W. L. Wang, J. V. Bennett, and T. C. Eickhoff. 1971. Nosocomial Klebsiella infections: intestinal colonization as a reservoir. Ann. Intern. Med. 74:657-664.
216. Sharon, N., and I. Ofek. 1986. Mannose specific bacterial surface lectins, p. 55-81. In D. Mirelman (ed.), Microbial lectins and agglutinins. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
217. Simoons-Smit, A. M., A. M. J. J. Verweij-van Vught, I. Y. R. Kanis, and D. M. MacLaren. 1985. Biochemical and serological investigations on clinical isolates of klebsiella. J. Hyg. Camb. 95:265-276.
218. Simoons-Smit, A. M., A. M. J. J. Verweij-van Vught, I. Y. R. Kanis, and D. M. MacLaren. 1985. Chemiluminescence of human leucocytes stimulated by clinical isolates of Klebsiella. J. Med. Microbiol. 19:333-338.
219. Simoons-Smit, A. M., A. M. J. J. Verweij-van Vught, and D. M. MacLaren. 1986. The role of K antigens as virulence factors in Klebsiella. J. Med. Microbiol. 21:133-137.
220. Simoons-Smit, A. M., A. M. J. J. Verweij-van Vught, and D. M. MacLaren. 1984. Virulence of Klebsiella strains in experimentally induced skin lesions in the mouse. J. Med. Microbiol. 17:67-77.
221. Sirot, D. 1995. Extended-spectrum plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 36:19-34.
222. Slopek, S. 1978. Phage typing of Klebsiella. Methods Microbiol. 11:193-222.
223. Slopek, S., A. Przondo-Hessek, H. Milch, and S. Deak. 1967. A working scheme for bacteriophage typing of Klebsiella bacilli. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 15:589-599.
224. Smith, J. M. B., and S. T. Chambers. 1995. Klebsiella oxytoca revealing decreased susceptibility to extended spectrum beta-lactams. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 36:265-267.
225. Smith, R. F., S. L. Dayton, D. D. Chipps, and D. Blasi. 1973. Intestinal carriage of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas in burned children and their comparative role in nosocomial infection. Health Lab. Sci. 10:173-179.
226. Spencer, R. C. 1996. Predominant pathogens found in the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care Study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15:281-285.
227. Stamm, W. E., R. A. Weinstein, and R. E. Dixon. 1981. Comparison of endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections, p. 9-13. In R. E. Dixon (ed.), Nosocomial infections. Yorke Medical Books, Atlanta, Ga.
228. Stenzel, W., H. Bürger, and W. Mannheim. 1972. Zur Systematik und Differentialdiagnostik der Klebsiella-Gruppe mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der sogenannten Oxytocum-Typen. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. A 219:193-203.
229. Straus, D. C. 1987. Production of an extracellular toxic complex by various strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 55:44-48.
230. Suerbaum, S., S. Friedrich, H. Leying, and W. Opferkuch. 1994. Expression of capsular polysaccharide determines serum resistance in Escherichia coli K 92. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 281:146-157.
231. Tarkkanen, A.-M., B. Allen, B. Westerlund, H. Holthöfer, P. Kuusela, L. Risteli, S. Clegg, and T. K. Korhonen. 1990. Type V collagen as target for type-3 fimbriae, enterobacterial adherence organelles. Mol. Microbiol. 4: 1353-1361.
232. Tarkkanen, A. M., R. Virkola, S. Clegg, and T. K. Korhonen. 1997. Binding of the type 3 fimbriae of Klebsiella pneumoniae to human endothelial and urinary bladder cells. Infect. Immun. 65:1546-1549.
233. Taylor, P. W. 1983. Bactericidal and bacteriolytic activity of serum against gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 47:46-83.
234. Taylor, P. W., and H.-P. Kroll. 1985. Effect of lethal doses of complement on the functional integrity of target enterobacteria. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 121:135-158.
235. Tessin, I., B. Trollfors, and K. Thiringer. 1990. Incidence and etiology of neonatal septicaemia and meningitis in Western Sweden 1975-1986. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 79:1023-1030.
236. Thom, B. T. 1970. Klebsiella in faeces. Lancet ii:1033.
237. Tomás, J. M., V. J. Benedí, B. Ciurana, and J. Jofre. 1986. Role of capsule and O antigen in resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to serum bactericidal activity. Infect. Immun. 54:85-89.
238. Tomás, J. M., S. Camprubi, and P. Williams. 1988. Surface exposure of the O-antigen in Klebsiella pneumoniae O1:K1 serotype strains. Microb. Pathog. 5:141-147.
239. Tullus, K., B. Berglund, B. Fryklund, I. Kühn, and L. G. Burman. 1988. Epidemiology of fecal strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 22 neonatal wards and influence of antibiotic policy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1166-1170.
240. Tullus, K., B. Olsson-Liljequist, G. Lundström, and L. G. Burman. 1991. Antibiotic susceptibility of 629 bacterial blood and CSF isolates from Swedish infants and the therapeutic implications. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 80:205-212.
241. Ullmann, U. 1983. The distribution of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotypes from different sources and their sensitivity to cephalosporins. Infection 11:S28-S31.
242. Ullmann, U. 1986. Pattern of microbial isolates in hospitalized patients. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. B 183:103-113.
243. Urban, C., and J. J. Rahal. 1997. Klebsiella and extended spectrum β-lactamases. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 8:37-43.
244. Venegas, M. F., E. L. Navas, R. A. Gaffney, J. L. Duncan, B. E. Anderson, and A. J. Schaeffer. 1995. Binding of type 1-piliated Escherichia coli to vaginal mucus. Infect. Immun. 63:416-422.
245. Venezia, R. A., F. J. Scarano, K. E. Preston, L. M. Steele, T. P. Root, R. Limberger W. Archinal, and M. A. Kacica. 1995. Molecular epidemiology of an SHV-5 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in enterobacteriaceae isolated from infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21: 915-923.
246. Vermeulen, C., A. Cross, W. R. Byrne, and W. Zollinger. 1988. Qunatitative relationship between capsular content and killing of K1-encapsulated Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 56:2723-2730.
247. Vesikari, T., E. Isolauri, N. Tuppurainen, M. Renlund, M. Koivisto, M. Janas, R. S. Ikonen, P. Kero, K. Heinonen, R. Nyman, and M. Kunnas. 1989. Neonatal septicaemia in Finland 1981-85. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 78: 44-50.
248. Virkola, R., B. Westerlund, H. Holthöfer, J. Parkkinen, M. Kekomäki, and T. K. Korhonen. 1988. Binding characteristics of Escherichia coli adhesins in human urinary bladder. Infect. Immun. 56:2615-2622.
249. Vosti, K. L., and E. Randall. 1970. Sensitivity of serologically classified strains of Escherichia coli of human origin to the serum bactericidal system. Am. J. Med. Sci. 259:114-119.
250. Walia, S., T. Madhavan, P. Reuman, R. Tewari, and D. Duckworth. 1988. Plasmid profiles and klebocin types in epidemiologic studies of infections by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7:279-284.
251. Williams, P., H. Chart, E. Griffiths, and P. Stevenson. 1987. Expression of high affinity iron uptake systems by clinical isolates of Klebsiella. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 44:407-412.
252. Williams, P., P. A. Lambert, M. R. W. Brown, and R. J. Jones. 1983 The role of the O and K antigens in determining the resistance of Klebsiella aerogenes to serum killing and phagocytosis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:2181-2191.
253. Williams, P., M. A. Smith, P. Stevenson, E. Griffiths, and J. M. T. Tomas. 1989. Novel aerobactin receptor in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:3173-3181.
254. Williams, P., and J. M. Tomas. 1990. The pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 1:196-204.
255. Wooldridge, K. G., and P. H. Williams. 1993. Iron uptake mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 12:325-348.
256. Würker M., J. Beuth, H. L. Ko, A. Przondo-Modarska, and G. Pulverer. 1990. Type of fimbriation determines adherence of Klebsiella bacteria to human epithelial cells. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 274:239-245.
257. Yancey R. J., S. A. L. Breeding, and C. E. Lankford. 1979. Enterochelin (enterobactin): virulence factor for Salmonella typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 24:174-180.
258. Yinnon, A. M., A. Butnaru, D. Raveh, Z. Jerassy, and B. Rudensky. 1996. Klebsiella bacteremia: community versus nosocomial infection. Monthly J. Assoc. Physicians 89:933-941.
259. Yokochi, T., Y. Inoue, Y. Kato, T. Sugiyama, G. Z. Jiang, M. Kawai, M. Fukada, and K. Takahashi. 1995. Strong adjuvant action of Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide and its inhibition of systemic anaphylaxis. FEMS Immunol. Med Microbiol. 10:181-184.
260. Yokochi, T., I. Nakashima, and N. Kato. 1977. Effect of capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae on the differentiation and functional capacity of macrophages cultured in vitro. Microbiol. Immunol. 21:601-610.
261. Yokochi, T., I. Nakashima, and N. Kato. 1979. Further studies on generation of macrophages in in vitro cultures of mouse spleen cells and its inhibition by the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumonie. Microbiol. Immunol. 23:487-499.