메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 426-435

Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract

Author keywords

Bile acids; DPP 4; GLP 1; Gut intestine; Lactate; Metformin; Microbiome; OCT1; Review; Serotonin; Uptake

Indexed keywords

BILE ACID; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HISTAMINE; LACTIC ACID; METFORMIN; ORGANIC CATION TRANSPORTER 1; SEROTONIN;

EID: 84957440490     PISSN: 0012186X     EISSN: 14320428     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3844-9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (512)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 0024330279 scopus 로고
    • Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL1MznslCiuw%3D%3D, PID: 2673695
    • Bailey CJ, Day C (1989) Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care 12:553–564
    • (1989) Diabetes Care , vol.12 , pp. 553-564
    • Bailey, C.J.1    Day, C.2
  • 2
    • 2342424434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin: its botanical background
    • Bailey CJ, Day C (2004) Metformin: its botanical background. Pract Diabetes Int 21:115–117
    • (2004) Pract Diabetes Int , vol.21 , pp. 115-117
    • Bailey, C.J.1    Day, C.2
  • 3
    • 84925489733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
    • PID: 25583541
    • Inzucchi SI, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB et al (2015) Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 58:429–442
    • (2015) Diabetologia , vol.58 , pp. 429-442
    • Inzucchi, S.I.1    Bergenstal, R.M.2    Buse, J.B.3
  • 4
    • 78751500357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjtFCnt7o%3D, PID: 21241070
    • Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M et al (2011) Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet 50:81–98
    • (2011) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.50 , pp. 81-98
    • Graham, G.G.1    Punt, J.2    Arora, M.3
  • 5
    • 84920025605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review
    • Innzucchi SE, Lipska KJ, Mayo H, Bailey CJ, McGuire DK (2014) Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review. JAMA 312:2668–2675
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.312 , pp. 2668-2675
    • Innzucchi, S.E.1    Lipska, K.J.2    Mayo, H.3    Bailey, C.J.4    McGuire, D.K.5
  • 6
    • 0032511566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)
    • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352:854–865
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 854-865
  • 7
    • 84964693539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of organic cation transporter 1 with intolerance to metformin in type 2 diabetes: a GoDARTS study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXotFKrs7g%3D, PID: 25510240
    • Dujic T, Zhou K, Donnelly LA, Tavendale R, Palmer CN, Pearson ER (2015) Association of organic cation transporter 1 with intolerance to metformin in type 2 diabetes: a GoDARTS study. Diabetes 64:1786–1793
    • (2015) Diabetes , vol.64 , pp. 1786-1793
    • Dujic, T.1    Zhou, K.2    Donnelly, L.A.3    Tavendale, R.4    Palmer, C.N.5    Pearson, E.R.6
  • 8
    • 84901638712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heritability of variation in glycaemic response to metformin: a genome-wide complex trait analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXptVaru7w%3D, PID: 24731673
    • Zhou K, Donnelly L, Yang J et al (2014) Heritability of variation in glycaemic response to metformin: a genome-wide complex trait analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2:481–487
    • (2014) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , vol.2 , pp. 481-487
    • Zhou, K.1    Donnelly, L.2    Yang, J.3
  • 9
    • 0029933886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjvVegt7w%3D, PID: 8743335
    • Scheen AJ (1996) Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet 30:359–371
    • (1996) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.30 , pp. 359-371
    • Scheen, A.J.1
  • 10
    • 0019467428 scopus 로고
    • Metformin kinetics in healthy subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXls1Wltbc%3D, PID: 7306436
    • Tucker GT, Casey C, Phillips PJ, Connor H, Ward JD, Woods HF (1981) Metformin kinetics in healthy subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus. Br J Clin Pharmacol 12:235–246
    • (1981) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 235-246
    • Tucker, G.T.1    Casey, C.2    Phillips, P.J.3    Connor, H.4    Ward, J.D.5    Woods, H.F.6
  • 11
    • 0033775109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of altered gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility on metformin absorption
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvV2gsb4%3D, PID: 11012555
    • Marathe PH, Wen Y, Norton J, Greene DS, Barbhaiya RH, Wilding IR (2000) Effect of altered gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility on metformin absorption. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50:325–332
    • (2000) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 325-332
    • Marathe, P.H.1    Wen, Y.2    Norton, J.3    Greene, D.S.4    Barbhaiya, R.H.5    Wilding, I.R.6
  • 12
    • 0028158709 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of metformin by tissues of the normal and diabetic mouse
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhsFaqsbo%3D, PID: 8165821
    • Wilcock C, Bailey CJ (1994) Accumulation of metformin by tissues of the normal and diabetic mouse. Xenobiotica 24:49–57
    • (1994) Xenobiotica , vol.24 , pp. 49-57
    • Wilcock, C.1    Bailey, C.J.2
  • 13
    • 48149086916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin and the intestine
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvnslensw%3D%3D, PID: 18528677
    • Bailey CJ, Wilcock C, Scarpello JHB (2008) Metformin and the intestine. Diabetologia 51:1552–1553
    • (2008) Diabetologia , vol.51 , pp. 1552-1553
    • Bailey, C.J.1    Wilcock, C.2    Scarpello, J.H.B.3
  • 14
    • 4444273085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New prolonged-release metformin improves gastrointestinal tolerability
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXosVWgur4%3D
    • Davidson J, Howlett H (2004) New prolonged-release metformin improves gastrointestinal tolerability. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 4:273–277
    • (2004) Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis , vol.4 , pp. 273-277
    • Davidson, J.1    Howlett, H.2
  • 15
    • 84962094356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The primary glucose-lowering effect of metformin resides in the gut, not the circulation. Results from short-term pharmacokinetic and 12-week dose-ranging studies. Diabetes Care
    • Buse JB, DeFronzo RA, Rosenstock J et al (2015) The primary glucose-lowering effect of metformin resides in the gut, not the circulation. Results from short-term pharmacokinetic and 12-week dose-ranging studies. Diabetes Care. doi:10.2337/dc15-0488
    • (2015) doi:10.2337/dc15-0488
    • Buse, J.B.1    DeFronzo, R.A.2    Rosenstock, J.3
  • 16
    • 47949130628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying saturable intestinal absorption of metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptlamsrc%3D, PID: 18458049
    • Proctor WR, Bourdet DL, Thakker DR (2008) Mechanisms underlying saturable intestinal absorption of metformin. Drug Metab Dispos 36:1650–1658
    • (2008) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.36 , pp. 1650-1658
    • Proctor, W.R.1    Bourdet, D.L.2    Thakker, D.R.3
  • 17
    • 0031410948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The two human organic cation transporter genes SLC22A1 and SLC22A2 are located on chromosome 6q26
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjslGqsb4%3D, PID: 9605850
    • Koehler MR, Wissinger B, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Schmid M (1997) The two human organic cation transporter genes SLC22A1 and SLC22A2 are located on chromosome 6q26. Cytogenet Cell Genet 79:198–200
    • (1997) Cytogenet Cell Genet , vol.79 , pp. 198-200
    • Koehler, M.R.1    Wissinger, B.2    Gorboulev, V.3    Koepsell, H.4    Schmid, M.5
  • 18
    • 1242295185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The SLC22 drug transporter family
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVygtro%3D, PID: 12883891
    • Koepsell H, Endou H (2004) The SLC22 drug transporter family. Pflugers Arch 447:666–676
    • (2004) Pflugers Arch , vol.447 , pp. 666-676
    • Koepsell, H.1    Endou, H.2
  • 19
    • 27744454598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug specificity and intestinal membrane localization of human organic cation transporters (OCT)
    • PID: 16263091
    • Müller J, Lips KS, Metzner L, Neubert RH, Koepsell H, Brandsch M (2005) Drug specificity and intestinal membrane localization of human organic cation transporters (OCT). Biochem Pharmacol 70:1851–1860
    • (2005) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.70 , pp. 1851-1860
    • Müller, J.1    Lips, K.S.2    Metzner, L.3    Neubert, R.H.4    Koepsell, H.5    Brandsch, M.6
  • 20
    • 84921464438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four cation-selective transporters contribute to apical uptake and accumulation of metformin in Caco-2 cell monolayers
    • PID: 25563903
    • Han TK, Proctor WR, Costales CL, Cai H, Everett RS, Thakker DR (2015) Four cation-selective transporters contribute to apical uptake and accumulation of metformin in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 352:519–528
    • (2015) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.352 , pp. 519-528
    • Han, T.K.1    Proctor, W.R.2    Costales, C.L.3    Cai, H.4    Everett, R.S.5    Thakker, D.R.6
  • 21
    • 84880597876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1/mOct1) is localized in the apical membrane of Caco-2 cell monolayers and enterocytes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFOjsLbN, PID: 23680637
    • Han TK, Everett RS, Proctor WR et al (2013) Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1/mOct1) is localized in the apical membrane of Caco-2 cell monolayers and enterocytes. Mol Pharmacol 84:182–189
    • (2013) Mol Pharmacol , vol.84 , pp. 182-189
    • Han, T.K.1    Everett, R.S.2    Proctor, W.R.3
  • 22
    • 84907588564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taste of a pill: organic cation transporter-3 (OCT3) mediates metformin accumulation and secretion in salivary glands
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1eiurvE, PID: 25107910
    • Lee N, Duan H, Hebert MF, Liang CJ, Rice KM, Wang J (2014) Taste of a pill: organic cation transporter-3 (OCT3) mediates metformin accumulation and secretion in salivary glands. J Biol Chem 289:27055–27064
    • (2014) J Biol Chem , vol.289 , pp. 27055-27064
    • Lee, N.1    Duan, H.2    Hebert, M.F.3    Liang, C.J.4    Rice, K.M.5    Wang, J.6
  • 23
    • 9644268195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of a novel monoamine transporter in the human brain
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVWjs7rF, PID: 15448143
    • Engel K, Zhou M, Wang J (2004) Identification and characterization of a novel monoamine transporter in the human brain. J Biol Chem 279:50042–50049
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , pp. 50042-50049
    • Engel, K.1    Zhou, M.2    Wang, J.3
  • 24
    • 27544453846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of organic cations with a newly identified plasma membrane monoamine transporter
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtF2it7jN, PID: 16099839
    • Engel K, Wang J (2005) Interaction of organic cations with a newly identified plasma membrane monoamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 68:1397–1407
    • (2005) Mol Pharmacol , vol.68 , pp. 1397-1407
    • Engel, K.1    Wang, J.2
  • 25
    • 34748922537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin transport by a newly cloned proton-stimulated organic cation transporter (plasma membrane monoamine transporter) expressed in human intestine
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFantr7N, PID: 17600084
    • Zhou M, Xia L, Wang J (2007) Metformin transport by a newly cloned proton-stimulated organic cation transporter (plasma membrane monoamine transporter) expressed in human intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 35:1956–1962
    • (2007) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.35 , pp. 1956-1962
    • Zhou, M.1    Xia, L.2    Wang, J.3
  • 26
    • 84937973340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive review of drug-drug interactions with metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXht1amtrbO, PID: 25943187
    • Stage TB, Brøsen K, Christensen MM (2015) A comprehensive review of drug-drug interactions with metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet 54:811–824
    • (2015) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.54 , pp. 811-824
    • Stage, T.B.1    Brøsen, K.2    Christensen, M.M.3
  • 27
    • 84953356353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin is independent of the OCT1 genotype in healthy volunteers
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXotlWmt74%3D, PID: 25939711
    • Christensen MM, Højlund K, Hother-Nielsen O et al (2015) Steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin is independent of the OCT1 genotype in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 71:691–697
    • (2015) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.71 , pp. 691-697
    • Christensen, M.M.1    Højlund, K.2    Hother-Nielsen, O.3
  • 28
    • 81055140250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacogenetics of metformin and its impact on plasma metformin steady-state levels and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVamsL3K, PID: 21989078
    • Christensen MM, Brasch-Andersen C, Green H et al (2011) The pharmacogenetics of metformin and its impact on plasma metformin steady-state levels and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Pharmacogenet Genomics 21:837–850
    • (2011) Pharmacogenet Genomics , vol.21 , pp. 837-850
    • Christensen, M.M.1    Brasch-Andersen, C.2    Green, H.3
  • 29
    • 84992042346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacogenetics of metformin and its impact on plasma metformin steady-state levels and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c: corrigendum
    • Corrigendum
    • Christensen MM, Brasch-Andersen C, Green H (2015) The pharmacogenetics of metformin and its impact on plasma metformin steady-state levels and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c: corrigendum. Pharmacogenet Genomics 25:48–50, Corrigendum
    • (2015) Pharmacogenet Genomics , vol.25 , pp. 48-50
    • Christensen, M.M.1    Brasch-Andersen, C.2    Green, H.3
  • 30
    • 84891294952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetic variation and metformin response
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXit1GrtQ%3D%3D, PID: 24329113
    • Chen S, Zhou J, Xi M et al (2013) Pharmacogenetic variation and metformin response. Curr Drug Metab 14:1070–1082
    • (2013) Curr Drug Metab , vol.14 , pp. 1070-1082
    • Chen, S.1    Zhou, J.2    Xi, M.3
  • 31
    • 66649121405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced-function SLC22A1 polymorphisms encoding organic cation transporter 1 and glycemic response to metformin: a GoDARTS study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntFanu7s%3D, PID: 19336679
    • Zhou K, Donnelly LA, Kimber CH et al (2009) Reduced-function SLC22A1 polymorphisms encoding organic cation transporter 1 and glycemic response to metformin: a GoDARTS study. Diabetes 58:1434–1439
    • (2009) Diabetes , vol.58 , pp. 1434-1439
    • Zhou, K.1    Donnelly, L.A.2    Kimber, C.H.3
  • 32
    • 0036717382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmslanu7c%3D, PID: 12209157
    • Gambhir SS (2002) Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography. Nat Rev Cancer 2:683–693
    • (2002) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.2 , pp. 683-693
    • Gambhir, S.S.1
  • 33
    • 78649723342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of medication discontinuation on increased intestinal FDG accumulation in diabetic patients treated with metformin
    • PID: 21098202
    • Oh JR, Song HC, Chong A et al (2010) Impact of medication discontinuation on increased intestinal FDG accumulation in diabetic patients treated with metformin. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:1404–1410
    • (2010) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.195 , pp. 1404-1410
    • Oh, J.R.1    Song, H.C.2    Chong, A.3
  • 34
    • 84943818216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin and cancer: technical and clinical implications for FDG-PET imaging
    • PID: 25825634
    • Capitanio S, Marini C, Sambuceti G, Morbelli S (2015) Metformin and cancer: technical and clinical implications for FDG-PET imaging. World J Radiol 7:57–60
    • (2015) World J Radiol , vol.7 , pp. 57-60
    • Capitanio, S.1    Marini, C.2    Sambuceti, G.3    Morbelli, S.4
  • 35
    • 36849091871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18F-FDG bowel uptake in patients treated with metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVSmtLnF, PID: 17786437
    • 18F-FDG bowel uptake in patients treated with metformin. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35:95–99
    • (2008) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging , vol.35 , pp. 95-99
    • Gontier, E.1    Fourme, E.2    Wartski, M.3
  • 37
    • 84555186977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +-d-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 is pivotal for intestinal glucose absorption and glucose-dependent incretin secretion
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XltFSnsrk%3D, PID: 22124465
    • +-d-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 is pivotal for intestinal glucose absorption and glucose-dependent incretin secretion. Diabetes 61:187–196
    • (2012) Diabetes , vol.61 , pp. 187-196
    • Gorboulev, V.1    Schürmann, A.2    Vallon, V.3
  • 38
    • 77957035562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin-induced regulation of the intestinal D-glucose transporters
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpvVelsb8%3D, PID: 20610860
    • Sakar Y, Meddah B, Faouzi MA, Cherrah Y, Bado A, Ducroc R (2010) Metformin-induced regulation of the intestinal D-glucose transporters. J Physiol Pharmacol 61:301–307
    • (2010) J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.61 , pp. 301-307
    • Sakar, Y.1    Meddah, B.2    Faouzi, M.A.3    Cherrah, Y.4    Bado, A.5    Ducroc, R.6
  • 39
    • 12944252812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) enhances GLUT2-dependent jejunal glucose transport: a possible role for AMPK
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvVCmtw%3D%3D, PID: 15367103
    • Walker J, Jijon HB, Diaz H, Salehi P, Churchill T, Madsen KL (2005) 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) enhances GLUT2-dependent jejunal glucose transport: a possible role for AMPK. Biochem J 385:485–491
    • (2005) Biochem J , vol.385 , pp. 485-491
    • Walker, J.1    Jijon, H.B.2    Diaz, H.3    Salehi, P.4    Churchill, T.5    Madsen, K.L.6
  • 40
    • 84923673913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does apical membrane GLUT2 have a role in intestinal glucose uptake
    • PID: 25671087
    • Naftalin RJ (2014) Does apical membrane GLUT2 have a role in intestinal glucose uptake. F1000Res 3:304
    • (2014) F1000Res , vol.3 , pp. 304
    • Naftalin, R.J.1
  • 41
    • 80053407853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GLUT2 accumulation in enterocyte apical and intracellular membranes: a study in morbidly obese human subjects and ob/ob and high fat-fed mice
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtl2is73P, PID: 21852673
    • Ait-Omar A, Monteiro-Sepulveda M, Poitou C et al (2011) GLUT2 accumulation in enterocyte apical and intracellular membranes: a study in morbidly obese human subjects and ob/ob and high fat-fed mice. Diabetes 60:2598–2607
    • (2011) Diabetes , vol.60 , pp. 2598-2607
    • Ait-Omar, A.1    Monteiro-Sepulveda, M.2    Poitou, C.3
  • 42
    • 84903524608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpslGitLg%3D, PID: 24847880
    • Madiraju AK, Erion DM, Rahimi Y et al (2014) Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nature 510:542–546
    • (2014) Nature , vol.510 , pp. 542-546
    • Madiraju, A.K.1    Erion, D.M.2    Rahimi, Y.3
  • 43
    • 0034833443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between metformin therapy and the fasting plasma lactate in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtFelu7k%3D, PID: 11488769
    • Davis TM, Jackson D, Davis WA, Bruce DG, Chubb P (2001) The relationship between metformin therapy and the fasting plasma lactate in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52:137–144
    • (2001) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.52 , pp. 137-144
    • Davis, T.M.1    Jackson, D.2    Davis, W.A.3    Bruce, D.G.4    Chubb, P.5
  • 44
    • 0026606805 scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin on glucose metabolism in the splanchnic bed
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xit1yjs7k%3D, PID: 1504710
    • Bailey CJ, Wilcock C, Day C (1992) Effect of metformin on glucose metabolism in the splanchnic bed. Br J Pharmacol 105:1009–1013
    • (1992) Br J Pharmacol , vol.105 , pp. 1009-1013
    • Bailey, C.J.1    Wilcock, C.2    Day, C.3
  • 45
    • 0023551820 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of metformin action in non-insulin-dependent diabetes
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ptFCnsg%3D%3D, PID: 3552795
    • Jackson RA, Hawa MI, Jaspan JB et al (1987) Mechanism of metformin action in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes 36:632–640
    • (1987) Diabetes , vol.36 , pp. 632-640
    • Jackson, R.A.1    Hawa, M.I.2    Jaspan, J.B.3
  • 46
    • 0024385058 scopus 로고
    • Hypoglycaemic effect of metformin in genetically obese (fa/fa) rats results from an increased utilization of blood glucose by intestine
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXlsVKlsL0%3D, PID: 2686622
    • Penicaud L, Hitier Y, Ferre P, Girard J (1989) Hypoglycaemic effect of metformin in genetically obese (fa/fa) rats results from an increased utilization of blood glucose by intestine. Biochem J 262:881–885
    • (1989) Biochem J , vol.262 , pp. 881-885
    • Penicaud, L.1    Hitier, Y.2    Ferre, P.3    Girard, J.4
  • 47
    • 0028232519 scopus 로고
    • Importance of the intestine as a site of metformin-stimulated glucose utilization
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXksV2rtLY%3D, PID: 8075887
    • Bailey CJ, Mynett KJ, Page T (1994) Importance of the intestine as a site of metformin-stimulated glucose utilization. Br J Pharmacol 112:671–675
    • (1994) Br J Pharmacol , vol.112 , pp. 671-675
    • Bailey, C.J.1    Mynett, K.J.2    Page, T.3
  • 48
    • 0029044687 scopus 로고
    • Role of metformin accumulation in metformin-associated lactic acidosis
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2Fgt1KrtA%3D%3D, PID: 7555503
    • Lalau JD, Lacroix C, Compagnon P et al (1995) Role of metformin accumulation in metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Diabetes Care 18:779–784
    • (1995) Diabetes Care , vol.18 , pp. 779-784
    • Lalau, J.D.1    Lacroix, C.2    Compagnon, P.3
  • 49
  • 50
    • 0035097211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and leptin levels in obese non-diabetic subjects
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXit1erur0%3D, PID: 11289473
    • Mannucci E, Ognibene A, Cremasco F et al (2001) Effect of metformin on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and leptin levels in obese non-diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 24:489–494
    • (2001) Diabetes Care , vol.24 , pp. 489-494
    • Mannucci, E.1    Ognibene, A.2    Cremasco, F.3
  • 51
    • 33748531290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity by metformin enhances the antidiabetic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xps1Omtbo%3D, PID: 16945366
    • Green BD, Irwin N, Duffy NA, Gault VA, O’Harte FP, Flatt PR (2006) Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity by metformin enhances the antidiabetic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1. Eur J Pharmacol 547:192–199
    • (2006) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.547 , pp. 192-199
    • Green, B.D.1    Irwin, N.2    Duffy, N.A.3    Gault, V.A.4    O’Harte, F.P.5    Flatt, P.R.6
  • 52
    • 17844374375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity by oral metformin in type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkslKluro%3D, PID: 15842525
    • Lindsay JR, Duffy NA, McKillop AM, Ardill J, O'Harte FP, Flatt PR, Bell PM (2005) Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity by oral metformin in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 22:654–657
    • (2005) Diabet Med , vol.22 , pp. 654-657
    • Lindsay, J.R.1    Duffy, N.A.2    McKillop, A.M.3    Ardill, J.4    O'Harte, F.P.5    Flatt, P.R.6    Bell, P.M.7
  • 53
    • 66449129517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the effect of oral metformin on dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity in type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXovFSiu7k%3D, PID: 19538242
    • Cuthbertson J, Patterson S, O’Harte FP, Bell PM (2009) Investigation of the effect of oral metformin on dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 26:649–654
    • (2009) Diabet Med , vol.26 , pp. 649-654
    • Cuthbertson, J.1    Patterson, S.2    O’Harte, F.P.3    Bell, P.M.4
  • 54
    • 84863998110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic treatment with metformin on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity, glucagon-like peptide 1 and ghrelin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38rjtlKqtg%3D%3D, PID: 22486277
    • Thondam SK, Cross A, Cuthbertson DJ, Wilding JP, Daousi C (2012) Effects of chronic treatment with metformin on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity, glucagon-like peptide 1 and ghrelin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 29:e205–e210
    • (2012) Diabet Med , vol.29 , pp. e205-e210
    • Thondam, S.K.1    Cross, A.2    Cuthbertson, D.J.3    Wilding, J.P.4    Daousi, C.5
  • 55
    • 84893035432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sitagliptin and metformin treatment on incretin hormone and insulin secretory responses to oral and “isoglycemic” intravenous glucose
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVSrsLY%3D, PID: 24186866
    • Vardarli I, Arndt E, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Nauck MA (2014) Effects of sitagliptin and metformin treatment on incretin hormone and insulin secretory responses to oral and “isoglycemic” intravenous glucose. Diabetes 63:663–674
    • (2014) Diabetes , vol.63 , pp. 663-674
    • Vardarli, I.1    Arndt, E.2    Deacon, C.F.3    Holst, J.J.4    Nauck, M.A.5
  • 56
    • 84907970634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of increase in plasma intact GLP-1 by metformin in type 2 diabetes: stimulation of GLP-1 secretion or reduction in plasma DPP-4 activity?
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlOlt77N, PID: 25172519
    • Wu T, Thazhath SS, Bound MJ, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK (2014) Mechanism of increase in plasma intact GLP-1 by metformin in type 2 diabetes: stimulation of GLP-1 secretion or reduction in plasma DPP-4 activity? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 106:e3–e6
    • (2014) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.106 , pp. e3-e6
    • Wu, T.1    Thazhath, S.S.2    Bound, M.J.3    Jones, K.L.4    Horowitz, M.5    Rayner, C.K.6
  • 57
    • 84860252744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The increased dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity is not counteracted by optimized glucose control in type 2 diabetes, but is lower in metformin-treated patients
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVSgsr3F, PID: 22171692
    • Fadini GP, Albiero M, Menegazzo L, de Kreutzenberg SV, Avogaro A (2012) The increased dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity is not counteracted by optimized glucose control in type 2 diabetes, but is lower in metformin-treated patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 14:518–522
    • (2012) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.14 , pp. 518-522
    • Fadini, G.P.1    Albiero, M.2    Menegazzo, L.3    de Kreutzenberg, S.V.4    Avogaro, A.5
  • 59
    • 0036435607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 by biguanide compounds
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xot12kt7g%3D, PID: 12419322
    • Yasuda N, Inoue T, Nagakura T et al (2002) Enhanced secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 by biguanide compounds. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 298:779–784
    • (2002) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.298 , pp. 779-784
    • Yasuda, N.1    Inoue, T.2    Nagakura, T.3
  • 60
    • 82355165097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying metformin-induced secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 from the intestinal L cell
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1GrtrrF, PID: 21971158
    • Mulherin AJ, Oh AH, Kim H, Grieco A, Lauffer LM, Brubaker PL (2011) Mechanisms underlying metformin-induced secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 from the intestinal L cell. Endocrinology 152:4610–4619
    • (2011) Endocrinology , vol.152 , pp. 4610-4619
    • Mulherin, A.J.1    Oh, A.H.2    Kim, H.3    Grieco, A.4    Lauffer, L.M.5    Brubaker, P.L.6
  • 61
    • 78449274342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors administered in combination with metformin result in an additive increase in the plasma concentration of active GLP-1
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVensr7N, PID: 21048706
    • Migoya EM, Bergeron R, Miller JL et al (2010) Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors administered in combination with metformin result in an additive increase in the plasma concentration of active GLP-1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 88:801–808
    • (2010) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.88 , pp. 801-808
    • Migoya, E.M.1    Bergeron, R.2    Miller, J.L.3
  • 62
    • 84903759811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel gut-based pharmacology of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • PID: 24988476
    • Napolitano A, Miller S, Nicholls AW et al (2014) Novel gut-based pharmacology of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 9, e100778
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9
    • Napolitano, A.1    Miller, S.2    Nicholls, A.W.3
  • 63
    • 84893058002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin enhances glucagon-like peptide 1 via cooperation between insulin and Wnt signaling
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjtlSlsL4%3D, PID: 24233023
    • Kim MH, Jee JH, Park S, Lee MS, Kim KW, Lee MK (2014) Metformin enhances glucagon-like peptide 1 via cooperation between insulin and Wnt signaling. J Endocrinol 220:117–128
    • (2014) J Endocrinol , vol.220 , pp. 117-128
    • Kim, M.H.1    Jee, J.H.2    Park, S.3    Lee, M.S.4    Kim, K.W.5    Lee, M.K.6
  • 64
    • 77957881269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in insulin resistant patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel liver disease biomarker
    • PID: 20805868
    • Firneisz G, Varga T, Lengyel G et al (2010) Serum dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in insulin resistant patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel liver disease biomarker. PLoS One 5, e12226
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5
    • Firneisz, G.1    Varga, T.2    Lengyel, G.3
  • 65
    • 42449134942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross talk between the insulin and Wnt signaling pathways: evidence from intestinal endocrine L cells
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1GmsLbM, PID: 18258680
    • Yi F, Sun J, Lim GE, Fantus IG, Brubaker PL, Jin T (2008) Cross talk between the insulin and Wnt signaling pathways: evidence from intestinal endocrine L cells. Endocrinology 149:2341–2351
    • (2008) Endocrinology , vol.149 , pp. 2341-2351
    • Yi, F.1    Sun, J.2    Lim, G.E.3    Fantus, I.G.4    Brubaker, P.L.5    Jin, T.6
  • 66
    • 84896769099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin interferes with bile acid homeostasis through AMPK–FXR crosstalk
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXkt1Wrs7k%3D, PID: 24531544
    • Lien F, Berthier A, Bouchaert E et al (2014) Metformin interferes with bile acid homeostasis through AMPK–FXR crosstalk. J Clin Invest 124:1037–1051
    • (2014) J Clin Invest , vol.124 , pp. 1037-1051
    • Lien, F.1    Berthier, A.2    Bouchaert, E.3
  • 67
    • 69149083245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVChtLnM, PID: 19723493
    • Thomas C, Gioiello A, Noriega L et al (2009) TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 10:167–177
    • (2009) Cell Metab , vol.10 , pp. 167-177
    • Thomas, C.1    Gioiello, A.2    Noriega, L.3
  • 69
    • 84942502698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction and validation of enzyme and transporter off-targets for metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVKlurfF, PID: 26335661
    • Yee SW, Lin L, Merski M et al (2015) Prediction and validation of enzyme and transporter off-targets for metformin. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 42:463–475
    • (2015) J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn , vol.42 , pp. 463-475
    • Yee, S.W.1    Lin, L.2    Merski, M.3
  • 70
    • 84929177057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin activates a duodenal AMPK-dependent pathway to lower hepatic glucose production in rats
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXmtlKktLw%3D, PID: 25849133
    • Duca FA, Côté CD, Rasmussen BA et al (2015) Metformin activates a duodenal AMPK-dependent pathway to lower hepatic glucose production in rats. Nat Med 21:506–511
    • (2015) Nat Med , vol.21 , pp. 506-511
    • Duca, F.A.1    Côté, C.D.2    Rasmussen, B.A.3
  • 71
    • 0036323871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of the glucose-lowering effect of metformin in diabetic rats reveals first-pass pharmacodynamic effect
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslWiu78%3D, PID: 12124302
    • Stepensky D, Friedman M, Raz I, Hoffman A (2002) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of the glucose-lowering effect of metformin in diabetic rats reveals first-pass pharmacodynamic effect. Drug Metab Dispos 30:861–868
    • (2002) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.30 , pp. 861-868
    • Stepensky, D.1    Friedman, M.2    Raz, I.3    Hoffman, A.4
  • 72
    • 0031847175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin on bile salt circulation and intestinal motility in type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1czmslyntg%3D%3D, PID: 9702467
    • Scarpello JH, Hodgson E, Howlett HC (1998) Effect of metformin on bile salt circulation and intestinal motility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 15:651–656
    • (1998) Diabet Med , vol.15 , pp. 651-656
    • Scarpello, J.H.1    Hodgson, E.2    Howlett, H.C.3
  • 73
    • 0345268644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of metformin on bile salt absorption from the jejunum and ileum
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXivVCjs7c%3D, PID: 12630937
    • Carter D, Howlett HC, Wiernsperger NF, Bailey CJ (2003) Differential effects of metformin on bile salt absorption from the jejunum and ileum. Diabetes Obes Metab 5:120–125
    • (2003) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.5 , pp. 120-125
    • Carter, D.1    Howlett, H.C.2    Wiernsperger, N.F.3    Bailey, C.J.4
  • 74
    • 0017653672 scopus 로고
    • Alteration of bile acid metabolism and vitamin-B12-absorption in diabetics on biguanides
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXltFWqtbY%3D, PID: 873086
    • Caspary WF, Zavada I, Reimold W, Deuticke U, Emrich D, Willms B (1977) Alteration of bile acid metabolism and vitamin-B12-absorption in diabetics on biguanides. Diabetologia 13:187–193
    • (1977) Diabetologia , vol.13 , pp. 187-193
    • Caspary, W.F.1    Zavada, I.2    Reimold, W.3    Deuticke, U.4    Emrich, D.5    Willms, B.6
  • 75
    • 0036847645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of metformin on bile salt transport by monolayers of human intestinal Caco-2 cells
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpsVChu7w%3D, PID: 12406042
    • Carter D, Howlett HC, Wiernsperger NF, Bailey C (2002) Effects of metformin on bile salt transport by monolayers of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Diabetes Obes Metab 4:424–427
    • (2002) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.4 , pp. 424-427
    • Carter, D.1    Howlett, H.C.2    Wiernsperger, N.F.3    Bailey, C.4
  • 76
    • 84856701167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of bile acid sequestrants on glucose metabolism, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and cholesterol and bile acid kinetics in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1yntbvP, PID: 22134839
    • Beysen C, Murphy EJ, Deines K et al (2012) Effect of bile acid sequestrants on glucose metabolism, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and cholesterol and bile acid kinetics in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study. Diabetologia 55:432–442
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 432-442
    • Beysen, C.1    Murphy, E.J.2    Deines, K.3
  • 77
    • 84873147810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colesevelam hydrochloride: evidence for its use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus with insights into mechanism of action
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVyis77L, PID: 22936894
    • Zema MJ (2012) Colesevelam hydrochloride: evidence for its use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus with insights into mechanism of action. Core Evid 7:61–75
    • (2012) Core Evid , vol.7 , pp. 61-75
    • Zema, M.J.1
  • 78
    • 84867074831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVaqt7fJ, PID: 23023125
    • Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z et al (2012) A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490:55–60
    • (2012) Nature , vol.490 , pp. 55-60
    • Qin, J.1    Li, Y.2    Cai, Z.3
  • 79
    • 84878709716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXotlGls7k%3D, PID: 23719380
    • Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I et al (2013) Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature 498:99–103
    • (2013) Nature , vol.498 , pp. 99-103
    • Karlsson, F.H.1    Tremaroli, V.2    Nookaew, I.3
  • 80
    • 84932602923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut microbiota and metabolic disorders
    • PID: 26124989
    • Hur KY, Lee MS (2015) Gut microbiota and metabolic disorders. Diabetes Metab J 39:198–203
    • (2015) Diabetes Metab J , vol.39 , pp. 198-203
    • Hur, K.Y.1    Lee, M.S.2
  • 81
    • 84905586295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVyitr7P, PID: 24833634
    • Tilg H, Moschen AR (2014) Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship. Gut 63:1513–1521
    • (2014) Gut , vol.63 , pp. 1513-1521
    • Tilg, H.1    Moschen, A.R.2
  • 82
    • 84878465280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFait7rM, PID: 23671105
    • Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L et al (2013) Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:9066–9071
    • (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.110 , pp. 9066-9071
    • Everard, A.1    Belzer, C.2    Geurts, L.3
  • 83
    • 84883181684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVWhsbfP, PID: 24013136
    • Zhang X, Shen D, Fang Z et al (2013) Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance. PLoS One 8, e71108
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8
    • Zhang, X.1    Shen, D.2    Fang, Z.3
  • 84
    • 84949772416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota
    • PID: 26633628
    • Forslund K, Hildebrand F, Nielsen T et al (2015) Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature15766
    • (2015) Nature
    • Forslund, K.1    Hildebrand, F.2    Nielsen, T.3
  • 85
    • 84907021154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin on metabolic improvement and gut microbiota
    • PID: 25038099
    • Lee H, Ko G (2014) Effect of metformin on metabolic improvement and gut microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 80:5935–5943
    • (2014) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.80 , pp. 5935-5943
    • Lee, H.1    Ko, G.2
  • 86
    • 84897960120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpsVSltro%3D, PID: 23804561
    • Shin NR, Lee JC, Lee HY et al (2014) An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Gut 63:727–735
    • (2014) Gut , vol.63 , pp. 727-735
    • Shin, N.R.1    Lee, J.C.2    Lee, H.Y.3
  • 87
    • 85016478565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of a gastrointestinal microbiome modulator to metformin improves metformin tolerance and fasting glucose levels
    • PID: 25802471
    • Burton JH, Johnson M, Johnson J, Hsia DS, Greenway FL, Heiman ML (2015) Addition of a gastrointestinal microbiome modulator to metformin improves metformin tolerance and fasting glucose levels. J Diabetes Sci Technol 9:808–814
    • (2015) J Diabetes Sci Technol , vol.9 , pp. 808-814
    • Burton, J.H.1    Johnson, M.2    Johnson, J.3    Hsia, D.S.4    Greenway, F.L.5    Heiman, M.L.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.