Enhanced Luminescent Stability through Particle Interactions in Silicon Nanocrystal Aggregates

ACS Nano

Volumn 9, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 9772-9782

  Miller, Joseph B ^a,d   Dandu, Naveen ^a   Velizhanin, Kirill A ^b   Anthony, Rebecca J ^c,e   Kortshagen, Uwe R ^c   Kroll, Daniel M ^a   Kilina, Svetlana ^a   Hobbie, Erik K ^a  

^a NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^d RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

energy transfer; fluorescence intermittency; nanocrystal interactions; silicon nanocrystals

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATES; ASSOCIATION REACTIONS; CALCULATIONS; CHARGE TRAPPING; COMPUTATION THEORY; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY; ENERGY TRANSFER; INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS; MONTE CARLO METHODS; OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES; PARTICLE INTERACTIONS; PASSIVATION; SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS; SILICON; SIZE SEPARATION; STABILITY; SURFACE DEFECTS;

AB INITIO COMPUTATIONS; CLOSE-PACKED ASSEMBLY; COLLOIDAL NANOCRYSTALS; FLUORESCENCE INTERMITTENCY; INTER-PARTICLE INTERACTION; RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION; SILICON NANOCRYSTALS; TIME DEPENDENT DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS;

NANOCRYSTALS;

EID: 84946053659     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02676     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Howes, P. D.; Chandrawati, R.; Stevens, M. M. Colloidal Nanoparticles as Advanced Biological Sensors Science 2014, 346, 1247390 10.1126/science.1247390
2. Rakovich, T. Y.; Mahfoud, O. K.; Mohamed, B. M.; Prina-Mello, A.; Crosbie-Staunton, K.; Van den Broeck, T.; De Kimpe, L.; Sukhanova, A.; Baty, D.; Rakovich, A. et al. Highly Sensitive Single Domain Antibody-Quantum Dot Conjugates for Detection of HER2 Biomarker in Lung and Breast Cancer Cells ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5682-5695 10.1021/nn500212h
3. Bruchez, M.; Moronne, M.; Gin, P.; Weiss, S.; Alivisatos, A. P. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels Science 1998, 281, 2013-2016 10.1126/science.281.5385.2013
4. Winnik, F. M.; Maysinger, D. Quantum Dot Cytotoxicity and Ways to Reduce It Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 46, 672-680 10.1021/ar3000585
5. Contreras, E. Q.; Cho, M.; Zhu, H.; Puppala, H. L.; Escalera, G.; Zhong, W.; Colvin, V. L. Toxicity of Quantum Dots and Cadmium Salt to Caenorhabditis Elegans after Multigenerational Exposure Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 47, 1148-1154 10.1021/es3036785
6. Qu, Y.; Li, W.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, L.; Li, Y.-F.; Iida, A.; Tang, Z.; Zhao, Y. et al. Full Assessment of Fate and Physiological Behavior of Quantum Dots Utilizing Caenorhabditis Elegans as a Model Organism Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3174-3183 10.1021/nl201391e
7. Mangolini, L. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Silicon Nanocrystals J. Vac. Sci. & Technol. B 2013, 31, 020801 10.1116/1.4794789
8. Anthony, R. J.; Rowe, D. J.; Stein, M.; Yang, J.; Kortshagen, U. Routes to Achieving High Quantum Yield Luminescence from Gas-Phase-Produced Silicon Nanocrystals Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 4042-4046 10.1002/adfm.201100784
9. Pi, X. D.; Liptak, R. W.; Nowak, J. D.; Wells, N.; Carter, C. B.; Campbell, S.; Kortshagen, U. Air-Stable Full-Visible-Spectrum Emission from Silicon Nanocrystal Ensembles Synthesized by an All-Gas-Phase Plasma Approach Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 245603 10.1088/0957-4484/19/24/245603
10. Mangolini, L.; Kortshagen, U. Plasma-Assisted Synthesis of Silicon Nanocrystal Inks Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2513-2519 10.1002/adma.200700595
11. Jurbergs, D.; Rogojina, E.; Mangolini, L.; Kortshagen, U. Silicon Nanocrystals with Ensemble Quantum Yields Exceeding 60% Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 233116 10.1063/1.2210788
12. Hessel, C. M.; Reid, D.; Panthani, M. G.; Rasch, M. R.; Goodfellow, B. W.; Wei, J.; Fujii, H.; Akhavan, V.; Korgel, B. A. Synthesis of Ligand-Stabilized Silicon Nanocrystals with Size-Dependent Photoluminescence Spanning Visible to Near-Infrared Wavelengths Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 393-401 10.1021/cm2032866
13. Liu, S. M.; Yang, Y.; Sato, S.; Kimura, K. Enhanced Photoluminescence from Si Nano-Organosols by Functionalization with Alkenes and Their Size Evolution Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 637-642 10.1021/cm0519636
14. l4 J. Cluster Sci. 2006, 17, 565-578 10.1007/s10876-006-0082-9
15. Belomoin, G.; Therrien, J.; Nayfeh, M. Oxide and Hydrogen Capped Ultrasmall Blue Luminescent Si Nanoparticles Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 779-782 10.1063/1.1306659
16. 1.5 Sol-Gel Polymer Structure and Composition on the Size and Luminescent Properties of Silicon Nanocrystals Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 5426-5434 10.1021/cm902028q
17. Mastronardi, M. L.; Maier-Flaig, F.; Faulkner, D.; Henderson, E. J.; Kübel, C.; Lemmer, U.; Ozin, G. A. Size-Dependent Absolute Quantum Yields for Size-Separated Colloidally-Stable Silicon Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 337-342 10.1021/nl2036194
18. Locritani, M.; Yu, Y.; Bergamini, G.; Baroncini, M.; Molloy, J. K.; Korgel, B. A.; Ceroni, P. Silicon Nanocrystals Functionalized with Pyrene Units: Efficient Light-Harvesting Antennae with Bright Near-Infrared Emission J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 3325-3329 10.1021/jz501609e
19. Sugimoto, H.; Fujii, M.; Imakita, K. Synthesis of Boron and Phosphorus Codoped All-Inorganic Colloidal Silicon Nanocrystals from Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Nanoscale 2014, 6, 12354-12359 10.1039/C4NR03857F
20. Sugimoto, H.; Fujii, M.; Fukuda, Y.; Imakita, K.; Akamatsu, K. All-Inorganic Water-Dispersible Silicon Quantum Dots: Highly Efficient Near-Infrared Luminescence in a Wide pH Range Nanoscale 2014, 6, 122-126 10.1039/C3NR03863G
21. Miller, J. B.; Van Sickle, A. R.; Anthony, R. J.; Kroll, D. M.; Kortshagen, U. R.; Hobbie, E. K. Ensemble Brightening and Enhanced Quantum yield in Size-Purified Silicon Nanocrystals ACS Nano 2012, 6, 7389-7396 10.1021/nn302524k
22. Miller, J. B.; Harris, J. M.; Hobbie, E. K. Purifying Colloidal Nanoparticles through Ultracentrifugation with Implications for Interfaces and Materials Langmuir 2014, 30, 7936-7946 10.1021/la404675v
23. Miller, J. B.; Hobbie, E. K. Nanoparticles as Macromolecules J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1195-1208 10.1002/polb.23327
24. Mastronardi, M. L.; Hennrich, F.; Henderson, E. J.; Maier-Flaig, F.; Blum, C.; Reichenbach, J.; Lemmer, U.; Kübel, C.; Wang, D.; Kappes, M. M. et al. Preparation of Monodisperse Silicon Nanocrystals Using Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 11928-11931 10.1021/ja204865t
25. Erogbogbo, F.; Yong, K.-T.; Roy, I.; Xu, G.; Prasad, P. N.; Swihart, M. T. Biocompatible Luminescent Silicon Quantum Dots for Imaging of Cancer Cells ACS Nano 2008, 2, 873-878 10.1021/nn700319z
26. Fujioka, K.; Hiruoka, M.; Sato, K.; Manabe, N.; Miyasaka, R.; Hanada, S.; Hoshino, A.; Tilley, R. D.; Manome, Y.; Hirakuri, K. et al. Luminescent Passive-Oxidized Silicon Quantum Dots as Biological Staining Labels and Their Cytotoxicity Effects at High Concentration Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 415102 10.1088/0957-4484/19/41/415102
27. McVey, B. F. P.; Tilley, R. D. Solution Synthesis, Optical Properties and Bioimaging Applications of Silicon Nanocrystals Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 3045-3051 10.1021/ar500215v
28. Sychugov, I.; Fucikova, A.; Pevere, F.; Yang, Z.; Veinot, J. G. C.; Linnros, J. Ultranarrow Luminescence Linewidth of Silicon Nanocrystals and Influence of Matrix ACS Photonics 2014, 1, 998-1005 10.1021/ph500221z
29. Yang, Z.; Dasog, M.; Dobbie, A. R.; Lockwood, R.; Zhi, Y.; Meldrum, A.; Veinot, J. G. C. Highly Luminescent Covalently Linked Silicon Nanocrystal/Polystyrene Hybrid 26. Functional Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Processability Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 1345-1353 10.1002/adfm.201302091
30. Van Sickle, A. R.; Miller, J. B.; Moore, C.; Anthony, R. J.; Kortshagen, U. R.; Hobbie, E. K. Temperature Dependent Photoluminescence of Size-Purified Silicon Nanocrystals ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 4233-4238 10.1021/am400411a
31. Dohnalova, K.; Gregorkiewicz, T.; Kusova, K. Silicon Quantum Dots: Surface Matters J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2014, 26, 173201 10.1088/0953-8984/26/17/173201
32. Dohnalová, K.; Poddubny, A. N.; Prokofiev, A. A.; de Boer, W. D. A. M.; Umesh, C. P.; Paulusse, J. M. J.; Zuilhof, H.; Gregorkiewicz, T. Surface Brightens up Si Quantum Dots: Direct Bandgap-Like Size-Tunable Emission Light: Sci. Appl. 2013, 2, e47 10.1038/lsa.2013.3
33. Kallel, H.; Arbouet, A.; Carrada, M.; Ben Assayag, G.; Chehaidar, A.; Periwal, P.; Baron, T.; Normand, P.; Paillard, V. Photoluminescence Enhancement of Silicon Nanocrystals Placed in the Near Field of a Silicon Nanowire Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2013, 88, 081302 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.081302
34. Valenta, J.; Greben, M.; Gutsch, S.; Hiller, D.; Zacharias, M. Effects of Inter-Nanocrystal Distance on Luminescence Quantum Yield in Ensembles of Si Nanocrystals Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 243107 10.1063/1.4904472
35. 2 (g) Atmosphere J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 3654-3662 10.1021/jp2005452
36. Hua, Z.; Xu, Q. F.; Huang, X. N.; Zhang, C. F.; Wang, X. Y.; Xiao, M. Energy Transfer from a Single Semiconductor Nanocrystal to Dye Molecules ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7060-7066 10.1021/nn5019736
37. Ajayi, O. A.; Anderson, N. C.; Cotlet, M.; Petrone, N.; Gu, T.; Wolcott, A.; Gesuele, F.; Hone, J.; Owen, J. S.; Wong, C. W. Time-Resolved Energy Transfer from Single Chloride-Terminated Nanocrystals to Graphene Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 171101 10.1063/1.4874298
38. Xu, Z.; Hine, C.; Maye, M.; Cotlet, M. Shell-Thickness Dependent Hole Transfer in Conjugated Polymer/Quantum Dot Hybrids ACS Nano 2012, 6, 4984-4992 10.1021/nn300525b
39. Nguyen, H. M.; Seitz, O.; Peng, W. N.; Gartstein, Y. N.; Chabal, Y. J.; Malko, A. V. Efficient Radiative and Nonradiative Energy Transfer from Proximal CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals into Silicon Nanomembranes ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5574-5582 10.1021/nn301531b
40. Fernee, M. J.; Tamarat, P.; Lounis, B. Spectroscopy of Single Nanocrystals Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 1311-1337 10.1039/c3cs60209e
41. Vanmaekelbergh, D.; Casavola, M. Single-Dot Microscopy and Spectroscopy for Comprehensive Study of Colloidal Nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 2024-2031 10.1021/jz200713j
42. Galland, C.; Ghosh, Y.; Steinbruck, A.; Sykora, M.; Hollingsworth, J. A.; Klimov, V. I.; Htoon, H. Two Types of Luminescence Blinking Revealed by Spectroelectrochemistry of Single Quantum Dots Nature 2011, 479, 203-207 10.1038/nature10569
43. Pelton, M.; Smith, G.; Scherer, N. F.; Marcus, R. A. Evidence for a Diffusion-Controlled Mechanism for Fluorescence Blinking of Colloidal Quantum Dots Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104, 14249-14254 10.1073/pnas.0706164104
44. Tang, J.; Marcus, R. A. Determination of Energetics and Kinetics from Single-Particle Intermittency and Ensemble-Averaged Fluorescence Intensity Decay of Quantum Dots J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 044703 10.1063/1.2227394
45. Durisic, N.; Wiseman, P. W.; Gruetter, P.; Heyes, C. D. A Common Mechanism Underlies the Dark Fraction Formation and Fluorescence Blinking of Quantum Dots ACS Nano 2009, 3, 1167-1175 10.1021/nn800684z
46. Cichos, F.; von Borczyskowski, C.; Orrit, M. Power-Law Intermittency of Single Emitters Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 12, 272-284 10.1016/j.cocis.2007.07.012
47. Schmidt, R.; Krasselt, C.; Goehler, C.; von Borczyskowski, C. The Fluorescence Intermittency for Quantum Dots Is Not Power-Law Distributed: A Luminescence Intensity Resolved Approach ACS Nano 2014, 8, 3506-3521 10.1021/nn406562a
48. Bruhn, B.; Qejvanaj, F.; Gregorkiewicz, T.; Linnros, J. Temporal Correlation of Blinking Events in CdSe/ZnS and Si/SiO2 Nanocrystals Phys. B 2014, 453, 63-67 10.1016/j.physb.2013.12.036
49. Hefti, R.; Jones, M.; Moyer, P. J. Long-Range Correlated Fluorescence Blinking in CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 25617-25622 10.1021/jp3084343
50. Osborne, M. A.; Lees, S. F. Quantum Dot Photoluminescence Activation and Decay: Dark, Bright, and Reversible Populations in ZnS-Capped CdSe Nanocrystals ACS Nano 2011, 5, 8295-8304 10.1021/nn202994w
51. Volkan-Kacso, S.; Frantsuzov, P. A.; Janko, B. Correlations between Subsequent Blinking Events in Single Quantum Dots Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2761-2765 10.1021/nl100253r
52. Goushi, K.; Yamada, T.; Otomo, A. Excitation Intensity Dependence of Power-Law Blinking Statistics in Nanocrystal Quantum Dots J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 20161-20168 10.1021/jp811448k
53. Chung, I.; Witkoskie, J. B.; Cao, J. S.; Bawendi, M. G. Description of the Fluorescence Intensity Time Trace of Collections of CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots based on Single Quantum Dot Fluorescence Blinking Statistics Phys, Rev. E 2006, 73, 011106 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.011106
54. Tang, J.; Marcus, R. A. Mechanisms of Fluorescence Blinking in Semiconductor Nanocrystal Quantum Dots J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 054704 10.1063/1.1993567
55. Verberk, R.; Orrit, M. Photon Statistics in the Fluorescence of Single Molecules and Nanocrystals: Correlation Functions versus Distributions of On- and Off-Times J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 2214-2222 10.1063/1.1582848
56. Crouch, C. H.; Sauter, O.; Wu, X.; Purcell, R.; Querner, C.; Drndic, M.; Pelton, M. Facts and Artifacts in the Blinking Statistics of Semiconductor Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1692-1698 10.1021/nl100030e
57. Amecke, A.; Heber, A.; Cichos, F. Distortion of Power Law Blinking with Binning and Thresholding J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 140, 114306 10.1063/1.4868252
58. Houel, J.; Doan, Q. T.; Cajgfinger, T.; Ledoux, G.; Amans, D.; Aubret, A.; Dominjon, A.; Ferriol, S.; Barbier, R.; Nasilowski, M. et al. Autocorrelation Analysis for the Unbiased Determination of Power-Law Exponents in Single-Quantum-Dot Blinking ACS Nano 2015, 9, 886-893 10.1021/nn506598t
59. English, D. S.; Pell, L. E.; Yu, Z.; Barbara, P. F.; Korgel, B. A. Size Tunable Visible Luminescence from Individual Organic Monolayer Stabilized Silicon Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 681-685 10.1021/nl025538c
60. Munro, A. M.; Ginger, D. S. Photoluminescence Quenching of Single CdSe Nanocrystals by Ligand Adsorption Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2585-2590 10.1021/nl801132t
61. 2 and Si Nanoparticles Phys. Procedia 2011, 13, 28-32 10.1016/j.phpro.2011.02.007
62. Califano, M.; Gomez-Campos, F. M. Universal Trapping Mechanism in Semiconductor Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2047-2052 10.1021/nl4003014
63. Mangum, B. D.; Wang, F.; Dennis, A. M.; Gao, Y. Q.; Ma, X. D.; Hollingsworth, J. A.; Htoon, H. Competition between Auger Recombination and Hot-Carrier Trapping in PL Intensity Fluctuations of Type II Nanocrystals Small 2014, 10, 2892-2901 10.1002/smll.201302896
64. Bell, D. M.; Howder, C. R.; Johnson, R. C.; Anderson, S. L. Single CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals in an Ion Trap: Charge and Mass Determination and Photophysics Evolution with Changing Mass, Charge, and Temperature ACS Nano 2014, 8, 2387-2398 10.1021/nn405920k
65. Tenne, R.; Teitelboim, A.; Rukenstein, P.; Dyshel, M.; Mokari, T.; Oron, D. Studying Quantum Dot Blinking through the Addition of an Engineered Inorganic Hole Trap ACS Nano 2013, 7, 5084-5090 10.1021/nn4017845
66. Li, S.; Steigerwald, M. L.; Brus, L. E. Surface States in the Photoionization of High-Quality CdSe Core/Shell Nanocrystals ACS Nano 2009, 3, 1267-1273 10.1021/nn900189f
67. Wang, X. Y.; Ren, X. F.; Kahen, K.; Hahn, M. A.; Rajeswaran, M.; Maccagnano-Zacher, S.; Silcox, J.; Cragg, G. E.; Efros, A. L.; Krauss, T. D. Non-Blinking Semiconductor Nanocrystals Nature 2009, 459, 686-689 10.1038/nature08072
68. Park, Y. S.; Bae, W. K.; Padilha, L. A.; Pietryga, J. M.; Klimov, V. I. Effect of the Core/Shell Interface on Auger Recombination Evaluated by Single-Quantum-Dot Spectroscopy Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 396-402 10.1021/nl403289w
69. Zhang, A. D.; Dong, C. Q.; Liu, H.; Ren, J. C. Blinking Behavior of CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots Controlled by Alkylthiols as Surface Trap Modifiers J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 24592-24600 10.1021/jp408544x
70. Early, K. T.; Nesbitt, D. J. Size-Dependent Photoionization in Single CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4844-4849 10.1021/nl402607a
71. Qin, W.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Evidence for the Role of Holes in Blinking: Negative and Oxidized CdSe/CdS Dots ACS Nano 2012, 6, 9125-9132 10.1021/nn303396c
72. Jin, S.; Song, N.; Lian, T. Suppressed Blinking Dynamics of Single QDs on ITO ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1545-1552 10.1021/nn901808f
73. Velizhanin, K. A.; Piryatinski, A.; Chernyak, V. Y. Lowerature Hopping Dynamics with Energy Disorder: Renormalization Group Approach J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 139, 084118 10.1063/1.4819197
74. Brawand, N. P.; Voros, M.; Galli, G. Surface Dangling Bonds are a Cause of B-Type Blinking in Si Nanoparticles Nanoscale 2015, 7, 3737-3744 10.1039/C4NR06376G
75. Lin, Z.; Li, H.; Franceschetti, A.; Lusk, M. T. Efficient Exciton Transport between Strongly Quantum-Confined Silicon Quantum Dots ACS Nano 2012, 6, 4029-4038 10.1021/nn3003407
76. Allan, G.; Delerue, C. Energy Transfer between Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Validity of Förster″'s Theory Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2007, 75, 195311 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.195311
77. Bruhn, B.; Valenta, J.; Sangghaleh, F.; Linnros, J. Blinking Statistics of Silicon Quantum Dots Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5574-5580 10.1021/nl203618h
78. Valenta, J.; Fucikova, A.; Vacha, F.; Adamec, F.; Humpolickova, J.; Hof, M.; Pelant, I.; Kusova, K.; Dohnalova, K.; Linnros, J. Light-Emission Performance of Silicon Nanocrystals Deduced from Single Quantum Dot Spectroscopy Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 2666-2672 10.1002/adfm.200800397
79. Cichos, F.; Martin, J.; von Borczyskowski, C. Emission Intermittency in Silicon Nanocrystals Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2004, 70, 115314 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.115314
80. Wintle, H. J. Decay of Static Electrification by Conduction Processes in Polyethylene J. Appl. Phys. 1970, 41, 4004-4007 10.1063/1.1658402
81. Whitcomb, K. J.; Ryan, D. P.; Gelfand, M. P.; Van Orden, A. Blinking Statistics of Small Clusters of Semiconductor Nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 25761-25768 10.1021/jp407659y
82. Wang, S. Y.; Querner, C.; Dadosh, T.; Crouch, C. H.; Novikov, D. S.; Drndic, M. Collective Fluorescence Enhancement in Nanoparticle Clusters Nat. Commun. 2011, 2, 364 10.1038/ncomms1357
83. Shepherd, D. P.; Whitcomb, K. J.; Milligan, K. K.; Goodwin, P. M.; Gelfand, M. P.; Van Orden, A. Fluorescence Intermittency and Energy Transfer in Small Clusters of Semiconductor Quantum Dots J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 14831-14837 10.1021/jp105150x
84. Wang, S.; Querner, C.; Fischbein, M. D.; Willis, L.; Novikov, D. S.; Crouch, C. H.; Drndic, M. Blinking Statistics Correlated with Nanoparticle Number Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4020-4026 10.1021/nl802696f
85. Yu, M.; Van Orden, M. Enhanced Fluorescence Intermittency of CdSe-ZnS Quantum-Dot Clusters Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 237402 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.237402
86. Kowerko, D.; Schuster, J.; Amecke, N.; Abdel-Mottaleb, M.; Dobrawa, R.; Wurthner, F.; von Borczyskowski, C. FRET and Ligand Related Non-FRET Processes in Single Quantum Dot-Perylene Bisimide Assemblies Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 4112-4123 10.1039/b910308b
87. Akselrod, G. M.; Prins, F.; Poulikakos, L. V.; Lee, E. M.; Weidman, M. C.; Mork, A. J.; Willard, A. P.; Bulović, V.; Tisdale, W. A. Subdiffusive Exciton Transport in Quantum Dot Solids Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3556-3562 10.1021/nl501190s