Efficient Transfer Doping of Carbon Nanotube Forests by MoO3

ACS Nano

Volumn 9, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 10422-10430

  Esconjauregui, Santiago ^a   D'Arsié, Lorenzo ^a   Guo, Yuzheng ^a   Yang, Junwei ^a   Sugime, Hisashi ^a   Caneva, Sabina ^a   Cepek, Cinzia ^b   Robertson, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b LABORATORIO TASC   (Italy)

Author keywords

carbon nanotubes; doping; forests; interconnects; MoO3; resistivity

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON NANOTUBES; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY; DOPING (ADDITIVES); ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; FORESTRY; METALLIC COMPOUNDS; MOLYBDENUM OXIDE; NANOTUBES; OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

CONDUCTION CHANNEL; CONDUCTIVE POLYMER; DOPING MECHANISM; FORESTS; HOMOGENOUS COATINGS; MOO3; NANOTUBE FORESTS; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE;

YARN;

EID: 84945956695     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04644     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Avouris, P.; Chen, J. Nanotube Electronics and Optoelectronics Mater. Today 2006, 9, 46-54 10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71653-4
2. Katagiri, M.; Sakuma, N.; Suzuki, M.; Sakai, T.; Sato, S.; Hyakushima, T.; Nihei, M.; Awano, Y. Carbon Nanotube Vias Fabricated by Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 47, 2024-2027 10.1143/JJAP.47.2024
3. Awano, Y.; Sato, S.; Nihei, M.; Sakai, T.; Ohno, Y.; Mizutani, T. Carbon Nanotubes for VLSI: Interconnect and Transistor Applications Proc. IEEE 2010, 98, 2015-2031 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2068030
4. Robertson, J.; Zhong, G. F.; Esconjauregui, C. S.; Bayer, B. C.; Zhang, C.; Fouquet, M.; Hofmann, S. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 51, 8 10.1143/JJAP.51.01AH01
5. Robertson, J.; Zhong, G.; Hofmann, S.; Bayer, B. C.; Esconjauregui, C. S.; Telg, H.; Thomsen, C. Use of Carbon Nanotubes for VLSI Interconnects Diamond Relat. Mater. 2009, 18, 957-962 10.1016/j.diamond.2009.02.008
6. Nihei, M.; Horibe, M.; Kawabata, A.; Awano, Y. Simultaneous Formation of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Their End-Bonded Ohmic Contacts to Ti Electrodes for Future ULSI Interconnects Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1 2004, 43, 1856-1859 jj 10.1143/JJAP.43.1856
7. Hata, K.; Futaba, D. N.; Mizuno, K.; Namai, T.; Yumura, M.; Iijima, S. Water-Assisted Highly Efficient Synthesis of Impurity-Free Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Science 2004, 306, 1362-1364 10.1126/science.1104962
8. Li, X.; Cao, A.; Jung, Y. J.; Vajtai, R.; Ajayan, P. M. Bottom-Up Growth of Carbon Nanotube Multilayers: Unprecedented Growth Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1997-2000 10.1021/nl051486q
9. Yamada, T.; Maigne, A.; Yudasaka, M.; Mizuno, K.; Futaba, D. N.; Yumura, M.; Iijima, S.; Hata, K. Revealing the Secret of Water-Assisted Carbon Nanotube Synthesis by Microscopic Observation of the Interaction of Water on the Catalysts Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4288-4292 10.1021/nl801981m
10. Esconjauregui, S.; Fouquet, M.; Bayer, B. C.; Ducati, C.; Smajda, R.; Hofmann, S.; Robertson, J. Growth of Ultra-High Density Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Forests for Interconnects ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7431-7436 10.1021/nn1025675
11. Zhong, G.; Warner, J. H.; Fouquet, M.; Robertson, A. W.; Chen, B.; Robertson, J. Growth of Ultrahigh Density Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Forests by Improved Catalyst Design ACS Nano 2012, 6, 2893-2903 10.1021/nn203035x
12. Esconjauregui, S.; Xie, R.; Fouquet, M.; Cartwright, R.; Hardeman, D.; Yang, J.; Robertson, J. Measurement of Area Density of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Forests by the Weight-Gain Method J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 113, 144309 10.1063/1.4799417
13. Sugime, H.; Esconjauregui, S.; D'Arsié, L.; Yang, J.; Makaryan, T.; Robertson, J. Growth Kinetics and Growth Mechanism of Ultrahigh Mass Density Carbon Nanotube Forests on Conductive Ti/Cu Supports ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 15440-15447 10.1021/am504048h
14. Harutyunyan, A. R.; Chen, G.; Paronyan, T. M.; Pigos, E. M.; Kuznetsov, O. A.; Hewaparakrama, K.; Kim, S. M.; Zakharov, D.; Stach, E. A.; Sumanasekera, G. U. Preferential Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Metallic Conductivity Science 2009, 326, 116-120 10.1126/science.1177599
15. Koziol, K. K. K.; Ducati, C.; Windle, A. H. Carbon Nanotubes with Catalyst Controlled Chiral Angle Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 4904-4911 10.1021/cm100916m
16. Sundaram, R. M.; Koziol, K. K. K.; Windle, A. H. Continuous Direct Spinning of Fibers of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Metallic Chirality Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 5064-5068 10.1002/adma.201102754
17. Sanchez-Valencia, J.; Dienel, T.; Gröning, O.; Shorubalko, I.; Mueller, A.; Jansen, M.; Amsharov, K.; Ruffieux, P.; Fasel, R. Controlled Synthesis of Single-Chirality Carbon Nanotubes Nature 2014, 512, 61-64 10.1038/nature13607
18. Yang, F.; Wang, X.; Zhang, D.; Yang, J.; Luo, D.; Xu, Z.; Wei, J.; Jian-Qiang, W.; Xu, Z.; Peng, F. et al. Chirality-Specific Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Solid Alloy Catalysts Nature 2014, 510, 522-524 10.1038/nature13434
19. Hersam, M. Progress Towards Monodisperse Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 387-394 10.1038/nnano.2008.135
20. Yokoyama, D.; Iwasaki, T.; Ishimaru, K.; Sato, S.; Hyakushima, T.; Nihei, M.; Awano, Y.; Kawarada, H. Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Grown at a Low Temperature for Use as Interconnects Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 47, 1985-1990 10.1143/JJAP.47.1985
21. Chiodarelli, N.; Masahito, S.; Kashiwagi, Y.; Li, Y.; Arstila, K.; Richard, O.; Cott, D. J.; Heyns, M.; Gendt, S. D.; Groeseneken, G. et al. Measuring the Electrical Resistivity and Contact Resistance of Vertical Carbon Nanotube Bundles for Application as Interconnects Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 085302 10.1088/0957-4484/22/8/085302
22. 2 Treatment on Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Networks J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 5125-5131 10.1021/ja046685a
23. Hellstrom, S. L.; Vosgueritchian, M.; Stoltenberg, R. M.; Irfan, I.; Hammock, M.; Wang, Y. B.; Jia, C.; Guo, X.; Gao, Y.; Bao, Z. Strong and Stable Doping of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene by MoOx for Transparent Electrodes Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3574-3580 10.1021/nl301207e
24. Lee, R. S.; Kim, H. J.; Fischer, J. E.; Thess, A.; Smalley, R. E. Conductivity Enhancement in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Bundles Doped with K and Br Nature 1997, 388, 255 10.1038/40822
25. Zhao, Y.; Wei, J.; Vajtai, R.; Ajayan, P. M.; Barrera, E. V. Iodine Doped Carbon Nanotube Cables Exceeding Specific Electrical Conductivity of Metals Sci. Rep. 2011, 1, 83 10.1038/srep00083
26. Graupner, R.; Abraham, J.; Vencelová, A.; Seyller, T.; Hennrich, F.; Kappes, M. M.; Hirsch, A.; Ley, L. Doping of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Bundles by Brønsted Acids Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2003, 5, 5472-5476 10.1039/b311016h
27. Zhou, W.; Vavro, J.; Nemes, N. M.; Fischer, J. E.; Borondics, F.; Kamarás, K.; Tanner, D. B. Charge Transfer and Fermi Level Shift in p-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2005, 71, 205423 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.205423
28. 3 Intercalated Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes at High Doping Phys. Status Solidi B 2009, 246, 2732 10.1002/pssb.200982337
29. 3-Doping of Carbon Nanotubes ACS Nano 2011, 5, 1236-1242 10.1021/nn1028532
30. Greiner, M. T.; Helander, M. G.; Tang, W. M.; Wang, Z. B.; Qiu, J.; Lu, Z. H. Universal Energy-Level Alignment of Molecules on Metal Oxides Nat. Mater. 2011, 11, 76-81 10.1038/nmat3159
31. 3/Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitor J. Electroanal. Chem. 2013, 699, 28 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.03.022
32. 3 Nanodots on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Improved Performance of Supercapacitors J. Power Sources 2013, 235, 187 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.165
33. 3 Nanobelts with Enhanced Lithium-Storage Capability J. Power Sources 2014, 247, 90 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.068
34. De, S.; Coleman, J. N. Are There Fundamental Limitations on the Sheet Resistance and Transmittance of Thin Graphene Films? ACS Nano 2010, 4, 2713-2720 10.1021/nn100343f
35. 2 Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 103103 10.1063/1.4895025
36. Wu, Q.-H.; Zhao, Y.; Hong, G.; Ren, J.-G.; Wang, C.; Zhang, W.; Lee, S.-T. Electronic Structure of MoO3-x/Graphene Interface Carbon 2013, 65, 46 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.091
37. 3 Thin Film Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 213104 10.1063/1.3441263
38. Han, C.; Lin, J.; Xiang, D.; Wang, C.; Wang, L.; Chen, W. Improving Chemical Vapor Deposition Graphene Conductivity Using Molybdenum Trioxide: an in-situ Field Effect Transistor Study Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 103, 263117 10.1063/1.4860418
39. Han, C.; Xiang, D.; Zheng, M.; Lin, J.; Zhong, J.; Sow, C. H.; Chen, W. Tuning the Electronic Properties of ZnO Nanowire Field Effect Transistors via Surface Functionalization Nanotechnology 2015, 26, 095202 10.1088/0957-4484/26/9/095202
40. Xiang, D.; Han, C.; Wu, J.; Zhong, S.; Liu, Y.; Lin, J.; Zhang, X.-A.; Hu, W. P.; Özyilmaz, B.; Castro Neto, A. H. et al. Surface Transfer Doping Induced Effective Modulation on Ambipolar Characteristics of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6485 10.1038/ncomms7485
41. Vasilopoulou, M.; Douvas, A. M.; Georgiadou, D. G.; Palilis, L. C.; Kennou, S.; Sygellou, L.; Soultati, A.; Kostis, I.; Papadimitropoulos, G.; Davazoglou, D. et al. The Influence of Hydrogenation and Oxygen Vacancies on Molybdenum Oxides Work Function and Gap States for Application in Organic Optoelectronics J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 16178 10.1021/ja3026906
42. Futaba, D. N.; Hata, K.; Yamada, T.; Hiraoka, T.; Hayamizu, Y.; Kakudate, Y.; Tanaike, O.; Hatori, H.; Yumura, M.; Iijima, S. Shape-Engineerable and Highly-Dense Packed Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application as Super-Capacitor Electrodes Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 987-994 10.1038/nmat1782
43. Chakrapani, N.; Wei, B.; Carrillo, A.; Ajayan, P. M.; Kane, R. S. Capillarity-Driven Assembly of Two-Dimensional Cellular Carbon Nanotube Foams Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101, 4009-4012 10.1073/pnas.0400734101
44. Xu, M.; Futaba, D. N.; Yumura, M.; Hata, K. Alignment Control of Carbon Nanotube Forest from Random to Nearly Perfectly Aligned by Utilizing the Crowding Effect ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5837-5844 10.1021/nn300142j
45. Krishnan, K. S.; Ganguli, N. Large Anisotropy of the Electrical Conductivity of Graphite Nature 1939, 144, 667-667 10.1038/144667a0
46. Cho, Y. C.; Lee, S.; Ajmal, M.; Kim, W. K.; Cho, C. R.; Jeong, S. Y.; Park, J. H.; Park, S. E.; Park, S.; Pak, H. K. et al. Copper Better than Silver: Electrical Resistivity of the Grain-Free Single-Crystal Copper Wire Cryst. Growth Des. 2010, 10, 2780-2784 10.1021/cg1003808
47. 3 Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 222110 10.1063/1.4903538
48. Delaney, P.; Choi, H. J.; Ihm, J.; Louie, S. G.; Cohen, M. L. Broken Symmetry and Pseudogaps in Ropes of Carbon Nanotubes Nature 1998, 391, 466-468 10.1038/35099
49. Zhou, W.; Vavro, J.; Nemes, N.; Fischer, J. Charge Transfer and Fermi Level Shift in p-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2005, 71, 205423 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.205423
50. Woodruff, D. P.; Delchar, T. A. Modern Techniques of Surface Science; Cambridge University: Cambridge, 1994.