Regime types and democratic sequencing

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 142-155

  Møller, Jørgen ^a   Skaaning, Svend Erik ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875715487     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: 10863214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2013.0010     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. For a more elaborate discussion of the subtle distinctions between realistic, procedural, and substantive definitions of democracy, see Guillermo O'Donnell, Dissonances: Democratic Critique of Democracy (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007)
2. Jørgen Møller and Svend-Erik Skaaning, Requisites of Democracy: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Explanation (London: Routledge, 2011).
3. Terry L. Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America. " Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 2
4. Juan Linz, Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2000 [1975]), 57-58
5. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), ch. 1.
6. See also Guillermo O'Donnell, Dissonances
7. David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research, " World Politics 49 (April 1997): 430-51.
8. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Unwin University Books, 1974 [1942]).
9. See also Adam Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 16-18.
10. Pamela Paxton, "Women's Suffrage in the Measurement of Democracy: Problems of Operationalization, " Studies in Comparative International Development 35 (Fall 2000): 92-111
11. Diamond, Developing Democracy, 8-10
12. Jørgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "What Makes Elections Free and Fair, " Journal of Democracy 8 (July 1997): 32-46.
13. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
14. O'Donnell, Dissonances.
15. See also Diamond, Developing Democracy, 10-13
16. Wolfgang Merkel, "Embedded and Defective Democracies, " Democratization 11 (December 2004): 33-58.
17. Møller and Skaaning, Requisites of Democracy.
18. For a systematic overview of alternative definitions of rule of law and their relationship to each other, see Møller and Skaaning, "Systematizing Thin and Thick Conceptions of the Rule of Law, " Justice System Journal 33 (Fall 2012)
19. Brian Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
20. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Why the Rule of Law Matters, " Journal of Democracy 15 (October 2004), 33.
21. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 269, 271.
22. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 244.
23. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 270-71.
24. Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development, 16-18.
25. See Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm, " Journal of Democracy 13 (January 2002): 5-21.
26. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism, " Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 51-65.
27. Guillermo O'Donnell, "On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries, " World Development 21 (August 1993): 1361.
28. See also O'Donnell, Dissonances.
29. See www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-aggregate-and-subcategoryscores.
30. All thresholds are based on our knowledge of particular countries and on comparisons with the country distribution derived when employing the Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) to operationalize the three attributes. See Møller and Skaaning, Requisites of Democracy. Compared to the FH indicators, the BTI indicators have the advantage that the score levels are linked to qualitative descriptions, meaning that determining thresholds is less arbitrary.
31. Japan just missed the thresholds on both the freedom of expression indicator (scoring a 13) and the freedom of association indicator (scoring a 10).
32. Had we instead introduced more fine-grained distinctions, for example by distinguishing between three levels on all attributes (rather than only on electoral rights), the empirical fit would be lower, but still impressive. The additional thresholds used for this exercise are a score of (at least) 7 for the "freedom of expression and belief" indicator, and a score of (at least) 9 for the indicators on associational and organizational rights and rule of law. Using this further breakdown, 15 countries score in a way that is not in accord with the empirical hierarchy between the attributes. If the criterion is made even stricter by demanding a perfect cumulative (step-wise) logic between the three-level attributes, the number increases to 24 countries, meaning that 88 percent of all countries still match the conceptual hierarchy. Moreover, the clear patterns in the distribution of countries are virtually identical for the other years for which we have access to the disag-gregated Freedom House scores (2005-10). The precise distribution of countries for each year is available in an appendix that is available at www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/ supplemental-material.
33. T.H. Marshall and Tom Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto, 1996 [1949]).
34. See also O'Donnell, Dissonances.
35. Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, " Foreign Affairs 76 (November-December 1997): 22-43.
36. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (New York: Norton, 2003).
37. Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, "Exchange: The Sequencing 'Fallacy,'" Journal of Democracy 18 (July 2007): 7.
38. Thomas Carothers, "How Democracies Emerge: The 'Sequencing' Fallacy, " Journal of Democracy 18 (January 2007): 12-27.
39. Sheri Berman, "How Democracies Emerge: Lessons from Europe, " Journal of Democracy 18 (January 2007): 28-41.
40. Mansfield and Snyder, "Exchange: The Sequencing 'Fallacy,'" 6
41. Carothers, "How Democracies Emerge: The 'Sequencing' Fallacy, " 20-23.
42. If we trichotomize all three attributes, 97 movements in the typology emerge, out of which only 16 were not in accord with the conceptual hierarchy between the attributes.
43. Francis Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (London: Profile Books, 2011).
44. Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 4.
45. Carothers, "How Democracies Emerge: The 'Sequencing' Fallacy"
46. Marc F. Plattner, "From Liberalism to Liberal Democracy, " Journal of Democracy 10 (July 1999): 121-34.
47. Plattner, "From Liberalism to Liberal Democracy, " 132.