Review article: What do we know about authoritarianism after ten years?

Comparative Politics

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 351-373

  Art, David ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84860608753     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5129/001041512800078977     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy", Foreign Affairs, 76 (November/December 1997).
2. Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science, 2(1999):115-44. 1 thank Barbara Geddes for not objecting to my use of a similar title for the present review.
3. The literature on both totalitarianism and military regimes is massive. Classic works on the former include Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956);
4. and Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian, 1951).
5. On military regimes, see Eric Nordlinger, Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977);
6. and Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).
7. Jason Brownlee, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
8. see Thomas Pepinsky, Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
9. Two recent examples are Jeremy Weinstein, Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007);
10. and Scott Strauss, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power and War in Rwanda (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006).
11. James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschmeyer, Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
12. See, also, the recent special issue edited by Daniel Ziblatt and Giovanni Capoccia, "The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond", Comparative Political Studies, 43(August/September 2010):931-68.
13. Gregory Luebbert, Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
14. Ioannis Evrigenis, Fear of Enemies and Collective Action (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
15. Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Moderns Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
16. The classic statement is Charles Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime", in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 169-87.
17. See, also, Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
18. Sheri Berman, "Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic", Wbrld Politics, 49(April 1997):401-29;
19. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
20. Peter Fritzsche, Germans Into Nazis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
21. Scholars of fascism that use this definition include Michael Mann, Fascists (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004);
22. and Robert Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Knopf, 2004).
23. On the definitional debate, see Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism:1914-1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995).
24. Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile, "The Doctrine of Fascism", in Benito Mussolini, Fascist Doctrine and Institutions (Rome: Ardita Publishers, 1935), pp. 7-42.
25. Mann, Fascists.
26. Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).
27. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
28. See Stanley Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999). In Romania, the fascists were violently repressed first by King Carol and later by General Antonescu.
29. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: WW Norton, 1997).
30. See, for example, Ellen Lust-Okar, Structuring Conflict in the Arab Wrld: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
31. See Geddes; Brownlee; and Benjamin Smith, "Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule", Wrld Politics, 57(Spring 2005):421-51.
32. Matthew McCubbins and Barry Weingast, "Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarm", American Journal of Political Science, 28(1984):165-79.
33. See Coase, "The Problem of Social Cost", Journal of Law and Economics, 3(Autumn 1960):1-44;
34. and the application of Coasian bargaining in John A. G. Conybeare, "International Organizations and the Theory of Property Rights", International Organization, 34(Summer 1980):307-44.
35. James Mahoney and Kathleen Thelen, eds., Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
36. Dan Slater, "Institutional Complexity and Autocratic Agency in Indonesia", in Streek and Thelen, pp. 132-67.
37. See Berman; and William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1922-1945 (New York: Franklin Watts, 1965).
38. Lisa Wedeen, Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
39. See J. Paul Goode, "Redefining Russia: Hybrid Regimes, Fieldwork, and Russian Politics", Perspectives on Politics, 8(December 2010):1055-75.
40. see Marcus Kreuzer, "Historical Knowledge and Quantitative Analysis: The Case of the Origins of Proportional Representation", American Political Science Review, 104(May 2010):369-92;
41. Thomas Cusask, Torben Iversen, and David Soskice, "Coevolution of Capitalism and Political Representation: The Choice of Electoral Systems", American Political Science Review, 104(May 2010):393-403;
42. Carles Boix, "Electoral Markets, Party Strategies, and Proportional Representation", American Political Science Review, 104(May 2010):404-13.
43. For an example of testing established arguments using primary source material, see Daniel Ziblatt, "Shaping Democratic Practices and the Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth Century Germany", American Political Science Review, 103(2009):1-22.
44. See also Daniel Ziblatt, "Does Landholding Block Democratization? A Test of the 'Bread and Democracy' Thesis and the Case of Prussia", World Politics, 60(2008):610-41.
45. For a recent contribution to this literature, see A. Trevor Thall and Jane K. Cramer, eds., American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear (New York: Routledge, 2009).
46. Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006);
47. Charles Boix, Democracy and Redistribution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
48. see Nancy Bermeo, "Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in the Choice for Fair Elections", Comparative Political Studies, 43(2010):931-68.
49. Slater, "Institutional Complexity", p. 135.
50. S. Larsen et al., eds., Who Were the Fascists? Social Roots of European Fascism (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1980);
51. See, also, Mann; and William Brustein, The Logic of Evil: The Social Origins of the Nazi Party. 1925-1933 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
52. On the durability of authoritarianism in the Arab world, see Oliver Schlumberger, ed., Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2007);
53. Eva Bellin, "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective", Comparative Politics, 36(January 2004):139-57;
54. Brownlee; Steven Heydemann, Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, 1946-1970 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
55. For a critical reflection on the failure of academics to predict the Arab Spring, see Gregory Gause, "Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability", Foreign Affairs, 90 (July/August 2011).