메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 470-481

The perfect storm: Preterm birth, neurodevelopmental mechanisms, and autism causation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTISTIC DISORDER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; NEWBORN; PHYSIOLOGY; PREMATURITY;

EID: 84945260484     PISSN: 00315982     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2014.0036     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 77953618733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic Inflammation Sensitizes the Neonatal Brain to Excitotoxicity Through a Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Imbalance: Key Role of TNFα Pathway and Protection by Etanercept
    • Åden, Ulrika, et al. 2010. “Systemic Inflammation Sensitizes the Neonatal Brain to Excitotoxicity Through a Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Imbalance: Key Role of TNFα Pathway and Protection by Etanercept.” Brain Behav Immun 24 (5): 747-58.
    • (2010) Brain Behav Immun , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 747-758
    • Åden, U.1
  • 2
    • 78649322790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated Plasma Cytokines in Autism Spectrum Disorders Provide Evidence of Immune Dysfunction and Are Associated with Impaired Behavioral Outcome
    • Ashwood, Paul, et al. 2011. “Elevated Plasma Cytokines in Autism Spectrum Disorders Provide Evidence of Immune Dysfunction and Are Associated with Impaired Behavioral Outcome.” Brain Behav Immun 25 (1): 40-45.
    • (2011) Brain Behav Immun , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-45
    • Ashwood, P.1
  • 3
    • 84870499875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autism After Infection, Febrile Episodes, and Antibiotic Use During Pregnancy: An Exploratory Study
    • Atladottir, H. O., et al. 2012. “Autism After Infection, Febrile Episodes, and Antibiotic Use During Pregnancy: An Exploratory Study.” Pediatrics 130 (6): e1447-54.
    • (2012) Pediatrics , vol.130 , Issue.6 , pp. e1447-e1454
    • Atladottir, H.O.1
  • 4
    • 78650886933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Big-World Network in ASD: Dynamical Connectivity Analysis Reflects a Deficit in Long-Range Connections and an Excess of Short-Range Connections
    • Barttfeld, Pablo, et al. 2011. “A Big-World Network in ASD: Dynamical Connectivity Analysis Reflects a Deficit in Long-Range Connections and an Excess of Short-Range Connections.” Neuropsychologia 49 (2): 254-63.
    • (2011) Neuropsychologia , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 254-263
    • Barttfeld, P.1
  • 5
    • 74549131536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Worldwide Incidence of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review of Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
    • Beck, Stacy, et al. 2010. “The Worldwide Incidence of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review of Maternal Mortality and Morbidity.” Bull WHO 88 (1): 31-38.
    • (2010) Bull WHO , vol.88 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-38
    • Beck, S.1
  • 6
    • 84876696909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Genomics of Preterm Birth: From Animal Models to Human Studies
    • Bezold, K. Y., et al. 2013. “The Genomics of Preterm Birth: From Animal Models to Human Studies.” Genome Med 5 (4): 34.
    • (2013) Genome Med , vol.5 , Issue.4
    • Bezold, K.Y.1
  • 7
    • 84912029503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief Report: Are Autistic-Behaviors in Children Related to Prenatal Vitamin Use and Maternal Whole Blood Folate Concentrations?
    • Braun, Joseph M., et al. 2014. “Brief Report: Are Autistic-Behaviors in Children Related to Prenatal Vitamin Use and Maternal Whole Blood Folate Concentrations?” J Autism Dev Disord 44 (10): 2602-7.
    • (2014) J Autism Dev Disord , vol.44 , Issue.10 , pp. 2602-2607
    • Braun, J.M.1
  • 8
    • 34249864530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Autistic Children
    • Chez, Michael G., et al. 2007. “Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Autistic Children.” Pediatr Neurol 36 (6): 361-65
    • (2007) Pediatr Neurol , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 361-365
    • Chez, M.G.1
  • 10
    • 79251483155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical Underconnectivity Coupled with Preserved Visuospatial Cognition in Autism: Evidence from an fMRI Study of an Embedded Figures Task
    • Damarla, Saudamini Roy, et al. 2010. “Cortical Underconnectivity Coupled with Preserved Visuospatial Cognition in Autism: Evidence from an fMRI Study of an Embedded Figures Task.” Autism Res 3 (5): 273-79.
    • (2010) Autism Res , vol.3 , Issue.5 , pp. 273-279
    • Damarla, S.R.1
  • 11
    • 0030924241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal Intrauterine Infection, Cytokines, and Brain Damage in the Preterm Newborn
    • Dammann, Olaf, and Alan Leviton. 1997. “Maternal Intrauterine Infection, Cytokines, and Brain Damage in the Preterm Newborn.” Pediatr Res 42 (1): 1-8.
    • (1997) Pediatr Res , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-8
    • Dammann, O.1    Leviton, A.2
  • 12
    • 84896840077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermittent or Sustained Systemic Inflammation and the Preterm Brain
    • Dammann, Olaf, and Alan Leviton. 2014. “Intermittent or Sustained Systemic Inflammation and the Preterm Brain.” Pediatr Res 75 (3): 376-80.
    • (2014) Pediatr Res , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 376-380
    • Dammann, O.1    Leviton, A.2
  • 13
    • 56049091743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines and Perinatal Brain Damage
    • Dammann, Olaf, and T. Michael O’Shea. 2008. “Cytokines and Perinatal Brain Damage.” Clin Perinatol 35 (4): 643-63.
    • (2008) Clin Perinatol , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 643-663
    • Dammann, O.1    Michael O’Shea, T.2
  • 14
    • 0036309511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinatal Infection, Fetal Inflammatory Response, White Matter Damage, and Cognitive Limitations in Children Born Preterm
    • Dammann, Olaf, Karl C. K. Kuban, and Alan Leviton. 2002. “Perinatal Infection, Fetal Inflammatory Response, White Matter Damage, and Cognitive Limitations in Children Born Preterm.” Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 8 (1): 46-50.
    • (2002) Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-50
    • Dammann, O.1    Kuban, K.C.K.2    Leviton, A.3
  • 15
    • 79954947943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aberrant Striatal Functional Connectivity in Children with Autism
    • Di Martino, Adriana, et al. 2011. “Aberrant Striatal Functional Connectivity in Children with Autism.” Biol Psychiatry 69 (9): 847-56.
    • (2011) Biol Psychiatry , vol.69 , Issue.9 , pp. 847-856
    • Di, M.1
  • 16
    • 79955847863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic Stimulation of TLR2 Impairs Neonatal Mouse Brain Development
    • Du, Xiaonan, et al. 2011. “Systemic Stimulation of TLR2 Impairs Neonatal Mouse Brain Development.” PloS One 6 (5): e19583.
    • (2011) Plos One , vol.6 , Issue.5
    • Du, X.1
  • 17
    • 80054789759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic Inflammation Disrupts the Developmental Program of White Matter
    • Favrais, Geraldine, et al. 2011. “Systemic Inflammation Disrupts the Developmental Program of White Matter.” Ann Neurol 70 (4): 550-65.
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.70 , Issue.4 , pp. 550-565
    • Favrais, G.1
  • 18
    • 84905582433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Most Genetic Risk for Autism Resides with Common Variation
    • Gaugler, Trent, et al. 2014. “Most Genetic Risk for Autism Resides with Common Variation.” Nat Genet 46 (8): 881-85.
    • (2014) Nat Genet , vol.46 , Issue.8 , pp. 881-885
    • Gaugler, T.1
  • 19
    • 84912027605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Utero Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
    • Gidaya, Nicole B., et al. 2014. “In Utero Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder.” J Autism Dev Disord 44 (10): 2558-67.
    • (2014) J Autism Dev Disord , vol.44 , Issue.10 , pp. 2558-2567
    • Gidaya, N.B.1
  • 20
    • 84865317948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Autism: Parental Report, Clinical Evaluation, and Associated Factors
    • Gorrindo, Phillip, et al. 2012. “Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Autism: Parental Report, Clinical Evaluation, and Associated Factors.” Autism Res 5 (2): 101-8.
    • (2012) Autism Res , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 101-108
    • Gorrindo, P.1
  • 21
    • 84901060888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuro-Immune Abnormalities in Autism and Their Relationship with the Environment: A Variable Insult Model for Autism
    • Goyal, Daniel K., and Jaleel A. Miyan. 2014. “Neuro-Immune Abnormalities in Autism and Their Relationship with the Environment: A Variable Insult Model for Autism.” Front Endocrinol 5: 29.
    • (2014) Front Endocrinol , vol.5
    • Goyal, D.K.1    Miyan, J.A.2
  • 22
    • 67649975964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Children at Age 8 Years
    • Hack, Maureen, et al. 2009. “Behavioral Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Children at Age 8 Years.” J Dev Behav Pediatr 30 (2): 122.
    • (2009) J Dev Behav Pediatr , vol.30 , Issue.2
    • Hack, M.1
  • 23
    • 84860222551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation During Fetal and Neonatal Life: Implications for Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disease in Children and Adults
    • Hagberg, Henrik, Pierre Gressens, and Carina Mallard. 2012. “Inflammation During Fetal and Neonatal Life: Implications for Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disease in Children and Adults.” Ann Neurology 71 (4): 444-57.
    • (2012) Ann Neurology , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 444-457
    • Hagberg, H.1    Gressens, P.2    Mallard, C.3
  • 24
    • 80051944739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs with Autism
    • Hallmayer, Joachim, et al. 2011. “Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs with Autism.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 68 (11): 1095-102.
    • (2011) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.68 , Issue.11 , pp. 1095-1102
    • Hallmayer, J.1
  • 25
    • 84901660061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Births: Preliminary Data for 2013
    • Hamilton, Brady E., et al. 2014. “Births: Preliminary Data for 2013.” Natl Vital Stat Rep 64 (6): 1-19.
    • (2014) Natl Vital Stat Rep , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 1-19
    • Hamilton, B.E.1
  • 26
    • 33749032127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to Give Up on a Single Explanation for Autism
    • Happe, Francesca, Angelica Ronald, and Robert Plomin. 2006. “Time to Give Up on a Single Explanation for Autism.” Nat Neurosci 9 (10): 1218-20.
    • (2006) Nat Neurosci , vol.9 , Issue.10 , pp. 1218-1220
    • Happe, F.1    Ronald, A.2    Plomin, R.3
  • 27
    • 84912101541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Contribution of De Novo Coding Mutations to Autism Spectrum Disorder
    • Iossifov, Ivan, et al. 2014. “The Contribution of De Novo Coding Mutations to Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Nature 515 (7526): 216-21.
    • (2014) Nature , vol.515 , Issue.7526 , pp. 216-221
    • Iossifov, I.1
  • 28
  • 29
    • 77949426387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autism Spectrum Disorders in Extremely Preterm Children
    • Johnson, Samantha, et al. 2010. “Autism Spectrum Disorders in Extremely Preterm Children.” J Pediatr 156 (4): 525-531
    • (2010) J Pediatr , vol.156 , Issue.4 , pp. 525-531
    • Johnson, S.1
  • 30
    • 84857697904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autism as a Neural Systems Disorder: A Theory of Frontal-Posterior Underconnectivity
    • Just, Marcel Adam, et al. 2012. “Autism as a Neural Systems Disorder: A Theory of Frontal-Posterior Underconnectivity.” Neurosc Biobehav Rev 36 (4): 1292-313.
    • (2012) Neurosc Biobehav Rev , vol.36 , Issue.4 , pp. 1292-1313
    • Just, M.A.1
  • 31
    • 0031714939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development Itself is the Key to Understanding Developmental Disorders
    • Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. 1998. “Development Itself is the Key to Understanding Developmental Disorders.” Trends Cogn Sci 2 (10): 389-98.
    • (1998) Trends Cogn Sci , vol.2 , Issue.10 , pp. 389-398
    • Karmiloff-Smith, A.1
  • 32
    • 59349095043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in CNS Diseases
    • Kerschensteiner, Martin, Edgar Meinl, and Reinhard Hohlfeld. 2009. “Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in CNS Diseases.” Neuroscience 158 (3): 1122-32.
    • (2009) Neuroscience , vol.158 , Issue.3 , pp. 1122-1132
    • Kerschensteiner, M.1    Meinl, E.2    Hohlfeld, R.3
  • 33
    • 62649088380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive Screening on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns
    • Kuban, Karl C. K., et al. 2009. “Positive Screening on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns.” J Pediatr 154 (4): 535-40.
    • (2009) J Pediatr , vol.154 , Issue.4 , pp. 535-540
    • Kuban, K.C.K.1
  • 34
    • 84896715530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autism
    • (3-8-14)
    • Lai, Meng-Chuan, Michael V. Lombardo, and Simon Baron-Cohen. 2014. “Autism.” Lancet 383 (9920) (3-8-14): 896-910.
    • (2014) Lancet , vol.383 , Issue.9920 , pp. 896-910
    • Lai, M.-C.1    Lombardo, M.V.2    Baron-Cohen, S.3
  • 35
    • 84867892977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age Infants
    • Lampi, K. M., et al. 2012. “Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age Infants.” J Pediatr 161 (5): 830-36.
    • (2012) J Pediatr , vol.161 , Issue.5 , pp. 830-836
    • Lampi, K.M.1
  • 36
    • 34548512545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal Damage Accompanies Perinatal White-Matter Damage
    • Leviton, Alan, and Pierre Gressens. 2007. “Neuronal Damage Accompanies Perinatal White-Matter Damage.” Trends Neurosci 30 (9): 473-78.
    • (2007) Trends Neurosci , vol.30 , Issue.9 , pp. 473-478
    • Leviton, A.1    Gressens, P.2
  • 37
    • 22244470745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite Generated by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and NADPH Oxidase Mediates Microglial Toxicity to Oligodendrocytes
    • Li, J., et al. 2005. “Peroxynitrite Generated by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and NADPH Oxidase Mediates Microglial Toxicity to Oligodendrocytes.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (28): 9936-41.
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.102 , Issue.28 , pp. 9936-9941
    • Li, J.1
  • 38
    • 42949115964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive Screening for Autism in Ex-Preterm Infants: Prevalence and Risk Factors
    • Limperopoulos, Catherine, et al. 2008. “Positive Screening for Autism in Ex-Preterm Infants: Prevalence and Risk Factors.” Pediatrics 121 (4): 758-65.
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.121 , Issue.4 , pp. 758-765
    • Limperopoulos, C.1
  • 39
    • 77955292676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered Inflammatory Responses in Preterm Children with Cerebral Palsy
    • Lin, Chang‐Yi, et al. 2010. “Altered Inflammatory Responses in Preterm Children with Cerebral Palsy.” Ann Neurol 68 (2): 204-12.
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.68 , Issue.2 , pp. 204-212
    • Lin, C.1
  • 40
    • 84899825846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorders
    • Lyall, K., R. J. Schmidt, and I. Hertz-Picciotto. 2014. “Maternal Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorders.” Int J Epidemiol 43 (2): 443-64.
    • (2014) Int J Epidemiol , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 443-464
    • Lyall, K.1    Schmidt, R.J.2    Hertz-Picciotto, I.3
  • 41
    • 0002101626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinking About Mechanisms
    • Machamer, Peter, Lindley Darden, and Carl F. Craver. 2000. “Thinking About Mechanisms.” Philos Sci 67 (1): 1-25.
    • (2000) Philos Sci , vol.67 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-25
    • Machamer, P.1    Darden, L.2    Craver, C.F.3
  • 42
    • 0000990212 scopus 로고
    • Causes and Conditions
    • Mackie, John L. 1965. “Causes and Conditions.” Am Philos Q 2 (4): 245-64.
    • (1965) Am Philos Q , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 245-264
    • Mackie, J.L.1
  • 43
    • 84884517218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autism Spectrum Disorders and Prematurity: A Review Across Gestational Age Subgroups
    • Mahoney, A. D., et al. 2013. “Autism Spectrum Disorders and Prematurity: A Review Across Gestational Age Subgroups.” Adv Neonatal Care 13 (4): 247-51.
    • (2013) Adv Neonatal Care , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 247-251
    • Mahoney, A.D.1
  • 44
    • 70349283489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal Inflammatory Response and Brain Injury in the Preterm Newborn
    • Malaeb, Shadi, and Olaf Dammann. 2009. “Fetal Inflammatory Response and Brain Injury in the Preterm Newborn.” J Child Neurol 24 (9): 1119-26.
    • (2009) J Child Neurol , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 1119-1126
    • Malaeb, S.1    Dammann, O.2
  • 45
    • 84996524137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Sustained Postnatal Systemic Inflammation on Hippocampal Volume and Function in Mice
    • Malaeb, Shadi N., et al. 2014. “Effect of Sustained Postnatal Systemic Inflammation on Hippocampal Volume and Function in Mice.” Pediatr Res 76 (4): 363-69.
    • (2014) Pediatr Res , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 363-369
    • Malaeb, S.N.1
  • 46
    • 79954578712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenia and autism: Both Shared and Disorder-Specific Pathogenesis via Perinatal Inflammation?
    • Meyer, Urs, Joram Feldon, and Olaf Dammann. 2011. “Schizophrenia and autism: Both Shared and Disorder-Specific Pathogenesis via Perinatal Inflammation?” Pediatr Res 69 (5, part 2): 26R-33R.
    • (2011) Pediatr Res , vol.69 , Issue.5 , pp. 26R-33R
    • Meyer, U.1    Feldon, J.2    Dammann, O.3
  • 47
    • 77949383668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nature of Brain Dysfunction in Autism: Functional Brain Imaging Studies
    • Minshew, N. J., and T. A. Keller. 2010. “The Nature of Brain Dysfunction in Autism: Functional Brain Imaging Studies.” Curr Opin Neurol 23 (2): 124-30.
    • (2010) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 124-130
    • Minshew, N.J.1    Keller, T.A.2
  • 48
    • 77955684004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglial activation and Increased Microglial Density Observed in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Autism
    • Morgan, John T., et al. 2010. “Microglial activation and Increased Microglial Density Observed in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Autism.” Biol Psychiatry 68 (4): 368-76.
    • (2010) Biol Psychiatry , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 368-376
    • Morgan, J.T.1
  • 49
    • 67749114055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune Involvement in Schizophrenia and Autism: Etiology, Pathology and Animal Models
    • Patterson, Paul H. 2009. “Immune Involvement in Schizophrenia and Autism: Etiology, Pathology and Animal Models.” Behav Brain Res 204 (2): 313-21.
    • (2009) Behav Brain Res , vol.204 , Issue.2 , pp. 313-321
    • Patterson, P.H.1
  • 50
    • 84909613176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential Role of Selenoenzymes and Antioxidant Metabolism in Relation to Autism Etiology and Pathology
    • Raymond, Laura J., Richard C. Deth, and Nicholas V. C. Ralston. 2014. “Potential Role of Selenoenzymes and Antioxidant Metabolism in Relation to Autism Etiology and Pathology.” Autism Res Treat 2014:164938. doi: 10.1155/2014/164938
    • (2014) Autism Res Treat , pp. 2014
    • Raymond, L.J.1    Deth, R.C.2    Ralston, N.V.C.3
  • 51
    • 84871280445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of Microglial Activation in Autism and Its Possible Role in Brain Underconnectivity
    • Rodriguez, Juan I., and Janet K. Kern. 2011. “Evidence of Microglial Activation in Autism and Its Possible Role in Brain Underconnectivity.” Neuron Glia Biology 7 (2-4): 205-13.
    • (2011) Neuron Glia Biology , vol.7 , Issue.2-4 , pp. 205-213
    • Rodriguez, J.I.1    Kern, J.K.2
  • 52
    • 84892799819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of De Novo Mutations in the Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders
    • Ronemus, Michael, et al. 2014. “The Role of De Novo Mutations in the Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders.” Nat Rev Genet 15 (2): 133-41.
    • (2014) Nat Rev Genet , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-141
    • Ronemus, M.1
  • 53
    • 84859005372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Review of Research Trends in Physiological Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Immune Dysregulation, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Environmental Toxicant Exposures
    • Rossignol, D. A., and R. E. Frye. 2012. “A Review of Research Trends in Physiological Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Immune Dysregulation, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Environmental Toxicant Exposures.” Mol Psychiatry 17 (4): 389-401.
    • (2012) Mol Psychiatry , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 389-401
    • Rossignol, D.A.1    Frye, R.E.2
  • 54
    • 0017271975 scopus 로고
    • Causes
    • Rothman, Kenneth J. 1976. “Causes.” Am J Epidemiol 104 (6): 587-92.
    • (1976) Am J Epidemiol , vol.104 , Issue.6 , pp. 587-592
    • Rothman, K.J.1
  • 55
    • 84971229194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causation and Causal Inference
    • 3rd ed, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
    • Rothman, Kenneth J., Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash, eds. 2008. “Causation and Causal Inference.” In Modern Epidemiology, 3rd ed., 5-31. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
    • (2008) Modern Epidemiology , pp. 5-31
    • Rothman, K.J.1    Greenland, S.2    Lash, T.L.3
  • 56
    • 33646111717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal Exposure to LPS Induces Hypomyelination in the Internal Capsule and Programmed Cell Death in the Deep Gray Matter in Newborn Rats
    • Rousset, Catherine I., et al. 2006. “Maternal Exposure to LPS Induces Hypomyelination in the Internal Capsule and Programmed Cell Death in the Deep Gray Matter in Newborn Rats.” Pediatr Res 59 (3): 428-33.
    • (2006) Pediatr Res , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 428-433
    • Rousset, C.I.1
  • 57
    • 84899784475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Familial Risk of Autism
    • Sandin, Sven, et al. 2014. “The Familial Risk of Autism.” JAMA 311 (17): 1770-77.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , Issue.17 , pp. 1770-1777
    • Sandin, S.1
  • 58
    • 48949097186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth Weight and Gestational Age Characteristics of Children with Autism, Including a Comparison with Other Developmental Disabilities
    • Schendel, Diana, and Tanya Karapurkar Bhasin. 2008. “Birth Weight and Gestational Age Characteristics of Children with Autism, Including a Comparison with Other Developmental Disabilities.” Pediatrics 121 (6): 1155-64.
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.121 , Issue.6 , pp. 1155-1164
    • Schendel, D.1    Bhasin, T.K.2
  • 59
    • 0034788883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles Behind Definitions of Diseases: A Criticism of the Principle of Disease Mechanism and the Development of a Pragmatic Alternative
    • Severinsen, Morten. 2001. “Principles Behind Definitions of Diseases: A Criticism of the Principle of Disease Mechanism and the Development of a Pragmatic Alternative.” Theor Med Bioeth 22 (4): 319-36.
    • (2001) Theor Med Bioeth , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 319-336
    • Severinsen, M.1
  • 61
    • 84865320997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-Field Diffusion Tensor Imaging Characterization of Cerebral White Matter Injury in Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Fetal Sheep
    • Van De Looij, Yohan, et al. 2012. “High-Field Diffusion Tensor Imaging Characterization of Cerebral White Matter Injury in Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Fetal Sheep.” Pediatr Res 72 (3): 285-92.
    • (2012) Pediatr Res , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 285-292
    • Looij, V.D.1
  • 62
    • 11144230769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in the Brain of Patients with Autism
    • Vargas, Diana L., et al. 2005. “Neuroglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in the Brain of Patients with Autism.” Ann Neurology 57 (1): 67-81.
    • (2005) Ann Neurology , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-81
    • Vargas, D.L.1
  • 63
    • 84857546336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglial Reaction in Axonal Crossroads Is a Hallmark of Noncystic Periventricular White Matter Injury in Very Preterm Infants
    • Verney, C., et al. 2012. “Microglial Reaction in Axonal Crossroads Is a Hallmark of Noncystic Periventricular White Matter Injury in Very Preterm Infants.” J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 71 (3): 251-64.
    • (2012) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 251-264
    • Verney, C.1
  • 64
    • 57149118216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain Injury in Premature Infants: A Complex Amalgam of Destructive and Developmental Disturbances
    • Volpe, Joseph J. 2009. “Brain Injury in Premature Infants: A Complex Amalgam of Destructive and Developmental Disturbances.” Lancet Neurol 8 (1): 110-24.
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 110-124
    • Volpe, J.J.1
  • 65
    • 84978086036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic Theories of Causality. Part I
    • Williamson, Jon. 2011a. “Mechanistic Theories of Causality. Part I.” Philos Compass 6 (6): 421-32.
    • (2011) Philos Compass , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 421-432
    • Williamson, J.1
  • 66
    • 84978086036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic Theories of Causality. Part II
    • Williamson, Jon. 2011b. “Mechanistic Theories of Causality. Part II.” Philos Compass 6 (6): 433-44.
    • (2011) Philos Compass , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 433-444
    • Williamson, J.1
  • 67
    • 84933675862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered Neural Connectivity in Excitatory and Inhibitory Cortical Circuits in Autism
    • Zikopoulos, Basilis, and Helen Barbas. 2013. “Altered Neural Connectivity in Excitatory and Inhibitory Cortical Circuits in Autism.” Front Hum Neurosci 7: 609.
    • (2013) Front Hum Neurosci , vol.7
    • Zikopoulos, B.1    Barbas, H.2
  • 68
    • 27644586632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Markers of Inflammation in Autism
    • Zimmerman, Andrew W., et al. 2005. “Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Markers of Inflammation in Autism.” Pediatr Neurol 33 (3): 195-201
    • (2005) Pediatr Neurol , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 195-201
    • Zimmerman, A.W.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.